D. Hooper, Mechanisms of Action and Resistance of Older and Newer Fluoroquinolones, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.31, issue.Supplement 2, pp.24-32, 2000.
DOI : 10.1086/314056

K. Drlica, M. Malik, R. Kerns, and X. Zhao, Quinolone-Mediated Bacterial Death, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.52, issue.2, pp.385-392, 2008.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.01617-06

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2224783

H. Goossens, Antibiotic consumption and link to resistance, Clinical Microbiology and Infection, vol.15, issue.3, pp.12-15, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02725.x

URL : http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02725.x

J. Garau, M. Xercavins, M. Rodríguez-carballeira, J. Gómez-vera, and I. Coll, Emergence and dissemination of quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli in the community, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, vol.43, pp.2736-2741, 1999.

J. Strahilevitz, G. Jacoby, D. Hooper, and A. Robicsek, Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance: a Multifaceted Threat, Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol.22, issue.4, pp.664-689, 2009.
DOI : 10.1128/CMR.00016-09

L. Martínez-martínez, A. Pascual, and G. Jacoby, Quinolone resistance from a transferable plasmid, The Lancet, vol.351, issue.9105, pp.797-799, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)07322-4

G. Jacoby, V. Cattoir, D. Hooper, L. Martínez-martínez, and P. Nordmann, qnr Gene Nomenclature, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.52, issue.7, pp.2297-2299, 2008.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.00147-08

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2443900

M. Wang, Q. Guo, X. Xu, X. Wang, and X. Ye, New Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Gene, qnrC, Found in a Clinical Isolate of Proteus mirabilis, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.53, issue.5, pp.1892-1897, 2009.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.01400-08

L. Cavaco, H. Hasman, S. Xia, and F. Aarestrup, qnrD, a Novel Gene Conferring Transferable Quinolone Resistance in Salmonella enterica Serovar Kentucky and Bovismorbificans Strains of Human Origin, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.53, issue.2, pp.603-608, 2009.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.00997-08

E. Fonseca and A. Vicente, Epidemiology of qnrVC alleles and emergence out of the Vibrionaceae family, Journal of Medical Microbiology, vol.62, issue.Pt_10, pp.1628-1630, 2013.
DOI : 10.1099/jmm.0.062661-0

L. Poirel, J. Rodriguez-martinez, H. Mammeri, A. Liard, and P. Nordmann, Origin of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Determinant QnrA, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.49, issue.8, pp.3523-3525, 2005.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.49.8.3523-3525.2005

G. Jacoby, C. Griffin, and D. Hooper, Citrobacter spp. as a Source of qnrB Alleles, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.55, issue.11, pp.4979-4984, 2011.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.05187-11

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3195048

V. Cattoir, L. Poirel, D. Mazel, C. Soussy, and P. Nordmann, Vibrio splendidus as the Source of Plasmid-Mediated QnrS-Like Quinolone Resistance Determinants, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.51, issue.7, pp.2650-2651, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.00070-07

E. Cambau, C. Lascols, W. Sougakoff, C. Bébéar, and R. Bonnet, Occurrence of qnrA-positive clinical isolates in French teaching hospitals during 2002???2005, Clinical Microbiology and Infection, vol.12, issue.10, pp.1013-1020, 2002.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01529.x

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00406600

C. Lascols, I. Podglajen, C. Verdet, V. Gautier, and L. Gutmann, A Plasmid-Borne Shewanella algae Gene, qnrA3, and Its Possible Transfer In Vivo between Kluyvera ascorbata and Klebsiella pneumoniae, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.190, issue.15, pp.5217-5223, 2008.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.00243-08

C. Kehrenberg, K. Hopkins, E. Threlfall, and S. Schwarz, Complete nucleotide sequence of a small qnrS1-carrying plasmid from Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Typhimurium DT193, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.60, issue.4, pp.903-905, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dkm283

T. Guillard, E. Cambau, C. Neuwirth, T. Nenninger, and A. Mbadi, Description of a 2,683-Base-Pair Plasmid Containing qnrD in Two Providencia rettgeri Isolates, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.56, issue.1, pp.565-568, 2012.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.00081-11

T. Guillard, H. Moret, L. Brasme, A. Carlier, and V. Vernet-garnier, Rapid detection of qnr and qepA plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes using real-time PCR, Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, vol.70, issue.2, pp.253-259, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2011.01.004

T. Kieser, Factors affecting the isolation of CCC DNA from Streptomyces lividans and Escherichia coli, Plasmid, vol.12, issue.1, pp.19-36, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/0147-619X(84)90063-5

M. Reese, Application of a time-delay neural network to promoter annotation in the Drosophila melanogaster genome, Computers & Chemistry, vol.26, issue.1, pp.51-56, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0097-8485(01)00099-7

A. Carattoli, A. Bertini, L. Villa, V. Falbo, and K. Hopkins, Identification of plasmids by PCR-based replicon typing, Journal of Microbiological Methods, vol.63, issue.3, pp.219-228, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mimet.2005.03.018

D. Champs, C. Monne, C. Bonnet, R. Sougakoff, W. Sirot et al., New TEM Variant (TEM-92) Produced by Proteus mirabilis and Providencia stuartii Isolates, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.45, issue.4, pp.1278-1280, 2001.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.45.4.1278-1280.2001

J. Betley, M. Frith, J. Graber, S. Choo, and J. Deshler, A Ubiquitous and Conserved Signal for RNA Localization in Chordates, Current Biology, vol.12, issue.20, pp.1756-1761, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01220-4

A. Cesaro, R. D. Bettoni, R. Lascols, C. Mérens, A. Soussy et al., Low selection of topoisomerase mutants from strains of Escherichia coli harbouring plasmid-borne qnr genes, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.61, issue.5, pp.1007-1015, 2008.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dkn077

J. Zhao, Z. Chen, S. Chen, Y. Deng, and Y. Liu, Prevalence and Dissemination of oqxAB in Escherichia coli Isolates from Animals, Farmworkers, and the Environment, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.54, issue.10, pp.4219-4224, 2010.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.00139-10

D. Ogbolu, O. Daini, A. Ogunledun, A. Alli, and M. Webber, High levels of multidrug resistance in clinical isolates of Gram-negative pathogens from Nigeria, International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, vol.37, issue.1, pp.62-66, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.08.019

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00651642

J. Li, T. Wang, B. Shao, J. Shen, and S. Wang, Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Genes and Antibiotic Residues in Wastewater and Soil Adjacent to Swine Feedlots: Potential Transfer to Agricultural Lands, Environmental Health Perspectives, vol.120, issue.8, 2012.
DOI : 10.1289/ehp.1104776

J. Zhao and H. Dang, Coastal Seawater Bacteria Harbor a Large Reservoir of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Determinants, Microb Ecol, 2012.

E. Kristiansson, J. Fick, A. Janzon, R. Grabic, and C. Rutgersson, Pyrosequencing of Antibiotic-Contaminated River Sediments Reveals High Levels of Resistance and Gene Transfer Elements, PLoS ONE, vol.19, issue.2, p.17038, 2011.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0017038.s024

A. Mazzariol, B. Kocsis, R. Koncan, E. Kocsis, and P. Lanzafame, Description and plasmid characterization of qnrD determinants in Proteus mirabilis and Morganella morganii, Clinical Microbiology and Infection, vol.18, issue.3, pp.46-48, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03728.x

S. Zhang, J. Sun, X. Liao, Q. Hu, and B. Liu, Isolated from Animals, Retail Meat Products, and Humans, Microbial Drug Resistance, vol.19, issue.4, pp.331-335, 2013.
DOI : 10.1089/mdr.2012.0146

M. Galac and B. Lazzaro, Comparative pathology of bacteria in the genus Providencia to a natural host, Drosophila melanogaster, Microbes and Infection, vol.13, issue.7, pp.673-683, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.02.005

Y. Chen, P. Braathen, C. Léonard, and J. Mahillon, MIC231, a naturally occurring mobile insertion cassette from Bacillus cereus, Molecular Microbiology, vol.144, issue.3, pp.657-668, 1999.
DOI : 10.1006/plas.1993.1041

D. Palmenaer, D. Vermeiren, C. Mahillon, and J. , IS231-MIC231 elements from Bacillus cereus sensu lato are modular, Molecular Microbiology, vol.96, issue.2, pp.457-467, 2004.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04146.x

V. Cattoir, L. Poirel, C. Aubert, C. Soussy, and P. Nordmann, spp., Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.14, issue.2, pp.231-237, 2008.
DOI : 10.3201/eid1402.070677

V. Cattoir, P. Nordmann, J. Silva-sanchez, P. Espinal, and L. Poirel, ISEcp1-Mediated Transposition of qnrB-Like Gene in Escherichia coli, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.52, issue.8, pp.2929-2932, 2008.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.00349-08

G. Jacoby, K. Walsh, D. Mills, V. Walker, and H. Oh, qnrB, Another Plasmid-Mediated Gene for Quinolone Resistance, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.50, issue.4, pp.1178-1182, 2006.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.50.4.1178-1182.2006

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1426915

L. Poirel, V. Cattoir, A. Soares, C. Soussy, and P. Nordmann, Novel Ambler Class A ??-Lactamase LAP-1 and Its Association with the Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Determinant QnrS1, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.51, issue.2, pp.631-637, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.01082-06

L. Poirel, A. Liard, J. Rodriguez-martinez, and P. Nordmann, Vibrionaceae as a possible source of Qnr-like quinolone resistance determinants, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.56, issue.6, pp.1118-1121, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dki371

T. Saga, M. Kaku, Y. Onodera, S. Yamachika, and K. Sato, Vibrio parahaemolyticus Chromosomal qnr Homologue VPA0095: Demonstration by Transformation with a Mutated Gene of Its Potential To Reduce Quinolone Susceptibility in Escherichia coli, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.49, issue.5, pp.2144-2145, 2005.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.49.5.2144-2145.2005

N. Allou, E. Cambau, L. Massias, F. Chau, and B. Fantin, Impact of Low-Level Resistance to Fluoroquinolones Due to qnrA1 and qnrS1 Genes or a gyrA Mutation on Ciprofloxacin Bactericidal Activity in a Murine Model of Escherichia coli Urinary Tract Infection, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.53, issue.10, pp.4292-4297, 2009.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.01664-08

J. Rodríguez-martínez, C. Pichardo, I. García, M. Pachón-ibañ-ez, and F. Docobo-pérez, Activity of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin in experimental pneumonia caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae deficient in porins, expressing active efflux and producing QnrA1, Clinical Microbiology and Infection, vol.14, issue.7, pp.691-697, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02020.x

L. Jakobsen, V. Cattoir, K. Jensen, A. Hammerum, and P. Nordmann, Impact of low-level fluoroquinolone resistance genes qnrA1, qnrB19 and qnrS1 on ciprofloxacin treatment of isogenic Escherichia coli strains in a murine urinary tract infection model, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.67, issue.10, pp.2438-2482, 2012.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dks224

A. Michon, N. Allou, F. Chau, I. Podglajen, and B. Fantin, Plasmidic qnrA3 Enhances Escherichia coli Fitness in Absence of Antibiotic Exposure, PLoS ONE, vol.69, issue.9, p.24552, 2011.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0024552.s003