C. R. Cloninger, Personality and psychopathology, 1999.

M. E. Morean and W. R. Corbin, Subjective Response to Alcohol: A Critical Review of the Literature, Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, vol.28, issue.3, pp.385-395, 2010.
DOI : 10.15288/jsa.1987.48.430

P. Perney, H. Rigole, and E. F. Blanc, ?[Alcohol dependence: diagnosis and treatment],? La Revue De Médecine Interne / Fondée, Par La Société Nationale Francaise De Médecine Interne, pp.297-304, 2008.

G. Addolorato, L. Leggio, L. Abenavoli, and E. G. Gasbarrini, Neurobiochemical and clinical aspects of craving in alcohol addiction: A review, Addictive Behaviors, vol.30, issue.6, pp.1209-1224, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.12.011

C. De-bruijn, W. Van-den-brink, R. De-graaf, and E. W. , The three year course of alcohol use disorders in the general population: DSM-IV, ICD-10 and the Craving Withdrawal Model, Addiction, vol.284, issue.3, pp.385-392, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04050.x

D. C. Drummond, Theories of drug craving, ancient and modern, Addiction, vol.96, issue.1, pp.33-46, 2001.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.961333.x

M. Corréard, V. Grundy, J. Ormal-grenon, and E. N. Pomier, The Oxford-Hachette French dictionary: French-English, 2001.

S. T. Tiffany, A cognitive model of drug urges and drug-use behavior: Role of automatic and nonautomatic processes., Psychological Review, vol.97, issue.2, pp.147-168, 1990.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-295X.97.2.147

R. W. Pickens and C. E. Johanson, Craving: consensus of status and agenda for future research, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, vol.30, issue.2, pp.127-131, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0376-8716(92)90017-7

J. G. Modell, F. B. Glaser, L. Cyr, and J. M. Mountz, Obsessive and Compulsive Characteristics of Craving for Alcohol in Alcohol Abuse and Dependence, Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, vol.16, issue.2, pp.272-274, 1992.
DOI : 10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007

R. F. Anton, ?Obsessive-compulsive aspects of craving: development of the Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale, Addiction, vol.95, issue.2, pp.211-217, 2000.

R. L. Collins, G. A. Parks, and G. A. , Social determinants of alcohol consumption: The effects of social interaction and model status on the self-administration of alcohol., Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, vol.53, issue.2, pp.189-200, 1985.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-006X.53.2.189

G. Addolorato, L. Abenavoli, L. Leggio, and E. G. Gasbarrini, How Many Cravings? Pharmacological Aspects of Craving Treatment in Alcohol Addiction: A Review, Neuropsychobiology, vol.62, issue.2, pp.59-66, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/alcalc/34.2.254

D. J. Rohsenow, P. M. Monti, A. V. Rubonis, A. D. Sirota, R. S. Niaura et al., Cue reactivity as a predictor of drinking among male alcoholics., Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, vol.62, issue.3, pp.620-626, 1994.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-006X.62.3.620

M. Stahl, Essential psychopharmacology: neuroscientific basis and practical applications, 2000.

K. Blum, E. R. Braverman, J. M. Holder, J. F. Lubar, V. J. Monastra et al., The Reward Deficiency Syndrome: A Biogenetic Model for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Impulsive, Addictive and Compulsive Behaviors, Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, vol.14, issue.6505, pp.1-112, 2000.
DOI : 10.1038/372425a0

A. Bowirrat and M. Oscar-berman, Relationship between dopaminergic neurotransmission, alcoholism, and reward deficiency syndrome, American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, vol.132, issue.1, pp.29-37, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/ajmg.b.30080

C. Der-goltz and F. Kiefer, Learning and memory in the aetiopathogenesis of addiction: future implications for therapy?, European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, vol.5, issue.3, pp.183-187, 2009.
DOI : 10.1113/jphysiol.1973.sp010273

R. Verheul, W. Van-den-brink, and E. P. Geerlings, A three-pathway psychobiological model of craving for alcohol., Alcohol and Alcoholism, vol.34, issue.2, pp.197-222, 1999.
DOI : 10.1093/alcalc/34.2.197

C. R. Cloninger, D. M. Svrakic, and T. R. Przybeck, A Psychobiological Model of Temperament and Character, Archives of General Psychiatry, vol.50, issue.12, pp.975-990, 1993.
DOI : 10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820240059008

W. Ooteman, M. Koeter, R. Verheul, and G. Schippers, DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF THE AMSTERDAM MOTIVES FOR DRINKING SCALE (AMDS): AN ATTEMPT TO DISTINGUISH RELIEF AND REWARD DRINKERS, Alcohol and Alcoholism, vol.41, issue.3, pp.284-292, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x

H. Rosenberg, Clinical and laboratory assessment of the subjective experience of drug craving, Clinical Psychology Review, vol.29, issue.6, pp.519-534, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.06.002

H. R. Kranzler and J. Van-kirk, Efficacy of Naltrexone and Acamprosate for Alcoholism Treatment: A Meta-Analysis, Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, vol.54, issue.9, pp.1335-1341, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)91682-7

M. Srisurapanont, Jarusuraisin, ?Opioid antagonists for alcohol dependence, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online), p.1867, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/14651858.cd001867

X. Liu and F. Weiss, ?Additive effect of stress and drug cues on reinstatement of ethanol seeking: exacerbation by history of dependence and role of concurrent activation of corticotropin-releasing factor and opioid mechanisms, The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, vol.22, pp.7856-7861, 2002.

K. Mann, P. Lehert, and M. Y. Morgan, The Efficacy of Acamprosate in the Maintenance of Abstinence in Alcohol-Dependent Individuals: Results of a Meta-Analysis, Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, vol.21, issue.1, pp.51-63, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)91682-7

B. A. Johnson, J. D. Roache, M. A. Javors, C. C. Diclemente, C. R. Cloninger et al., Ondansetron for Reduction of Drinking Among Biologically Predisposed Alcoholic Patients, JAMA, vol.284, issue.8, pp.963-971, 2000.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.284.8.963

Y. Jung and K. , Pharmacotherapy for Alcohol Dependence: Anticraving Medications for Relapse Prevention, Yonsei Medical Journal, vol.47, issue.2, pp.167-178, 2006.
DOI : 10.3349/ymj.2006.47.2.167

URL : http://synapse.koreamed.org/Synapse/Data/PDFData/0069YMJ/ymj-47-167.pdf

B. A. Johnson, N. Ait-daoud, C. L. Bowden, C. C. Diclemente, J. D. Roache et al., Oral topiramate for treatment of alcohol dependence: a randomised controlled trial, The Lancet, vol.361, issue.9370, pp.1677-1685, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13370-3

G. Addolorato, F. Caputo, E. Capristo, G. F. Stefanini, and E. G. Gasbarrini, Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid Efficacy, potential abuse, and dependence in the treatment of alcohol addiction, Alcohol, vol.20, issue.3, pp.217-222, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0741-8329(99)00084-1

G. L. Gessa, R. Agabio, M. A. Carai, C. Lobina, M. Pani et al., Mechanism of the antialcohol effect of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, Alcohol, vol.20, issue.3, pp.271-276, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0741-8329(99)00091-9

G. Addolorato, F. Caputo, E. Capristo, M. Domenicali, M. Bernardi et al., BACLOFEN EFFICACY IN REDUCING ALCOHOL CRAVING AND INTAKE: A PRELIMINARY DOUBLE-BLIND RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED STUDY, Alcohol and Alcoholism, vol.37, issue.5, pp.504-508, 2002.
DOI : 10.1093/alcalc/37.5.504

G. Addolorato, F. Caputo, E. Capristo, G. Colombo, and G. L. Gessa, Gasbarrini, ?Ability of baclofen in reducing alcohol craving and intake: II--Preliminary clinical evidence,? Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, vol.24, pp.67-71, 2000.

B. A. Flannery, J. C. Garbutt, M. W. Cody, W. Renn, K. Grace et al., Baclofen for Alcohol Dependence: A Preliminary Open-Label Study, Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, vol.12, issue.10, pp.1517-1523, 2004.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1989.tb00737.x

K. M. Carroll and L. S. Onken, Behavioral Therapies for Drug Abuse, American Journal of Psychiatry, vol.162, issue.8, pp.1452-1460, 2005.
DOI : 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1452

URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3633201?pdf=render

R. M. Kadden, Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavioral Treatments for Alcoholism Research Opportunities, Addictive Behaviors, vol.26, pp.489-507, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/0-306-47939-7_13

M. Heinze, K. Wölfling, and S. M. Grüsser, Cue-induced auditory evoked potentials in alcoholism, Clinical Neurophysiology, vol.118, issue.4, pp.856-862, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.clinph.2006.12.003

T. Hillemacher, K. Bayerlein, J. Wilhelm, U. Reulbach, H. Frieling et al., Alteration of prolactin serum levels during alcohol withdrawal correlates with craving in female patients, Addiction Biology, vol.9, issue.4, pp.337-343, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-3940(03)00565-2

T. Hillemacher, C. Weinland, A. Heberlein, M. Gröschl, A. Schanze et al., Increased levels of adiponectin and resistin in alcohol dependence???possible link to craving, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, vol.99, issue.1-3, pp.333-337, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.07.019

M. Cordovil-de-sousa-uva, O. Luminet, M. Cortesi, E. Constant, and M. Derely, Distinct Effects of Protracted Withdrawal on Affect, Craving, Selective Attention and Executive Functions among Alcohol-Dependent Patients, Alcohol and Alcoholism, vol.28, issue.9, pp.241-246, 2010.
DOI : 10.1097/01.ALC.0000139814.81811.62

G. Addolorato, L. Leggio, R. Agabio, G. Colombo, and E. G. Gasbarrini, Baclofen: a new drug for the treatment of alcohol dependence, International Journal of Clinical Practice, vol.40, issue.8, pp.1003-1008, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/alcalc/agh130

P. Perney, H. Rigole, and E. F. Blanc, ?[Alcohol dependence: diagnosis and treatment],? La Revue De Médecine Interne / Fondée, Par La Société Nationale Francaise De Médecine Interne, pp.297-304, 2008.

A. Mckeon and M. A. Frye, The alcohol withdrawal syndrome, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, vol.79, issue.8, pp.854-862, 2008.
DOI : 10.1136/jnnp.2007.128322

O. Vukovi?, T. Cveti?, M. Zebi?, N. Mari?, D. Britvi? et al., Jasovi?- Gasi?, ?Contemporary framework for alcohol craving, Psychiatria Danubina, vol.20, pp.500-507, 2008.

D. C. Drummond, T. Cooper, and S. P. Glautier, Conditioned learning in alcohol dependence: implications for cue exposure treatment, Addiction, vol.4, issue.6, pp.725-743, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0005-7967(82)90072-9

R. F. Anton, NEUROBEHAVIOURAL BASIS FOR THE PHARMACOTHERAPY OF ALCOHOLISM: CURRENT AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS, Alcohol and Alcoholism, vol.31, issue.supp1, pp.43-53, 1996.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a008217

D. M. Svrakic, C. Whitehead, T. R. Przybeck, and C. R. , Differential Diagnosis of Personality Disorders by the Seven-Factor Model of Temperament and Character, Archives of General Psychiatry, vol.50, issue.12, pp.991-999, 1993.
DOI : 10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820240075009

C. R. Cloninger, ?A unified biosocial theory of personality and its role in the development of anxiety states, Psychiatric Developments, vol.4, pp.167-226, 1986.

F. Gutiérrez, R. Navinés, P. Navarro, L. García-esteve, S. Subirá et al., What do all personality disorders have in common? Ineffectiveness and uncooperativeness, Comprehensive Psychiatry, vol.49, issue.6, pp.570-578, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.04.007

C. R. Cloninger and M. Bohman, Inheritance of Alcohol Abuse, Archives of General Psychiatry, vol.38, issue.8, pp.861-868, 1981.
DOI : 10.1001/archpsyc.1981.01780330019001

L. Leggio, G. A. Kenna, M. Fenton, E. Bonenfant, and R. M. , Typologies of Alcohol Dependence. From Jellinek to Genetics and Beyond, Neuropsychology Review, vol.34, issue.Suppl 1, pp.115-129, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00878.x

P. Basiaux, O. Le-bon, M. Dramaix, I. Massat, D. Souery et al., TEMPERAMENT AND CHARACTER INVENTORY (TCI) PERSONALITY PROFILE AND SUB-TYPING IN ALCOHOLIC PATIENTS: A CONTROLLED STUDY, Alcohol and Alcoholism, vol.36, issue.6, pp.584-587, 2001.
DOI : 10.1093/alcalc/36.6.584

C. Rengade, J. Kahn, and E. R. Schwan, Misuse of Alcohol among Methadone Patients, American Journal on Addictions, vol.18, issue.2, pp.162-166, 2009.
DOI : 10.1080/10550490802544433

M. Monras, S. Mondon, and E. J. Jou, Caracter??sticas de personalidad en pacientes alcoh??licos mediante el cuestionario Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Diferencias seg??n la existencia de abuso de benzodiacepinas (BZD) y trastornos de la personalidad, Adicciones, vol.20, issue.2, pp.143-148, 2008.
DOI : 10.20882/adicciones.278

I. Anghelescu, C. Klawe, P. Singer, C. Fehr, C. Hiemke et al., Low novelty seeking and high self directedness scores in alcohol-dependent patients without comorbid psychiatric disorders homozygous for the A10 allele of the dopamine transporter gene, The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, vol.144, issue.2-2, pp.382-389, 2010.
DOI : 10.1002/ajmg.b.30453

H. Tavares, M. L. Zilberman, and D. C. Hodgins, Comparison of Craving Between Pathological Gamblers and Alcoholics, Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, vol.48, issue.8, pp.1427-1431, 2005.
DOI : 10.1186/1471-244X-3-1

S. E. Müller, H. Weijers, J. Böning, and G. A. , Personality Traits Predict Treatment Outcome in Alcohol-Dependent Patients, Neuropsychobiology, vol.57, issue.4, pp.159-164, 2008.
DOI : 10.1159/000147469

K. Meszaros, E. Lenzinger, K. Hornik, T. Füreder, U. Willinger et al., The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire as a Predictor of Relapse in Detoxified Alcohol Dependents, Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, vol.13, issue.3, pp.483-486, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0899-3289(94)90039-6

M. M. Arnau, S. Mondon, and J. J. , Using the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) to Predict Outcome after Inpatient Detoxification during 100 Days of Outpatient Treatment, Alcohol and Alcoholism, vol.43, issue.3, pp.583-588, 2008.
DOI : 10.15288/jsa.1982.43.216

M. Reuter and P. Netter, The Influence of Personality on Nicotine Craving: A Hierarchical Multivariate Statistical Prediction Model, Neuropsychobiology, vol.44, issue.1, pp.47-53, 2001.
DOI : 10.1159/000054914

C. G. Mccusker and K. Brown, The cue-responsivity phenomenon in dependent drinkers: 'personality' vulnerability and anxiety as intervening variables, Addiction, vol.74, issue.4, pp.905-912, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0005-7967(88)90070-8

M. L. Zilberman and H. Tavares, Relationship between craving and personality in treatment-seeking women with substance-related disorders, BMC Psychiatry, vol.22, issue.2, p.1, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0306-4603(96)00060-3

G. Martinotti, C. R. Cloninger, and E. L. Janiri, Temperament and Character Inventory Dimensions and Anhedonia in Detoxified Substance-Dependent Subjects, The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, vol.33, issue.2, pp.177-183, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-3956(98)00036-3

G. Martinotti, S. Andreoli, M. D. Nicola, M. D. Giannantonio, M. Sarchiapone et al., Quetiapine decreases alcohol consumption, craving, and psychiatric symptoms in dually diagnosed alcoholics, Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, vol.20, issue.1, pp.417-424, 2008.
DOI : 10.1159/000054017

?. Janiri, tiapride and lorazepam in alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a multicentre , randomized, single-blind comparison trial, Addiction, vol.105, pp.288-299, 2010.

A. Pélissolo and J. P. , Normative data and factor structure of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) in the French version, Psychiatry Research, vol.94, issue.1, pp.67-76, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0165-1781(00)00127-X

J. G. Modell, F. B. Glaser, J. M. Mountz, S. Schmaltz, and E. L. Cyr, Obsessive and Compulsive Characteristics of Alcohol Abuse and Dependence: Quantification by a Newly Developed Questionnaire, Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, vol.127, issue.2, pp.266-271, 1992.
DOI : 10.1176/ajp.127.12.1653

M. Ansseau, J. Besson, M. Lejoyeux, E. Pinto, U. Landry et al., A French Translation of the Obsessive-Compulsive Drinking Scale for Craving in Alcohol-Dependent Patients: A Validation Study in Belgium, France, and Switzerland, European Addiction Research, vol.6, issue.2, pp.51-56, 2000.
DOI : 10.1159/000019010

M. Bouvard and J. Cottraux, Protocoles et échelles d'évaluation en psychiatrie et en psychologie, 2005.

M. Bouvard, Questionnaires et échelles d'évaluation de la personnalité, 2009.

S. W. Ewing, F. M. Filbey, L. D. Chandler, and K. E. Hutchison, Exploring the Relationship Between Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms and Neuronal Response to Alcohol Cues, Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, vol.30, issue.4, pp.396-403, 2010.
DOI : 10.15288/jsa.2006.67.770

S. Allnutt, L. Wedgwood, and K. Wilhelm, Butler, ?Temperament, substance use and psychopathology in a prisoner population: implications for treatment,? The Australian and New Zealand, Journal of Psychiatry, vol.42, pp.969-975, 2008.

C. R. Cloninger, ?The science of well being: An integrated approach to mental health and its disorders, Psychiatria Danubina, vol.18, pp.218-224, 2006.