R. Chevalier, Growth factors and apoptosis in neonatal ureteral obstruction, J Am Soc Nephrol, vol.7, issue.8, pp.1098-1105, 1996.

W. Kennedy, A. Stenberg, G. Lackgren, T. Hensle, and I. Sawczuk, Renal Tubular Apoptosis after Partial Ureteral Obstruction, The Journal of Urology, vol.152, issue.2, pp.658-664, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5347(17)32675-7

A. Beck, The Effect of Intra-uterine Urinary Obstruction Upon the Development of the Fetal Kidney, The Journal of Urology, vol.105, issue.6, pp.784-789, 1971.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5347(17)61629-X

B. Stoneking, T. Hunley, and H. Nishimura, RENAL ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME PROMOTES RENAL DAMAGE DURING URETERAL OBSTRUCTION, The Journal of Urology, vol.160, issue.3, pp.1070-1074, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)62699-5

C. Herndon, F. Ferrer, A. Freedman, and P. Mckenna, CONSENSUS ON THE PRENATAL MANAGEMENT OF ANTENATALLY DETECTED UROLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES, The Journal of Urology, vol.164, issue.3, pp.1052-1056, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)67248-5

D. Hothi, A. Wade, R. Gilbert, and P. Winyard, Mild Fetal Renal Pelvis Dilatation--Much Ado About Nothing?, Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol.4, issue.1, pp.168-177, 2009.
DOI : 10.2215/CJN.00810208

URL : http://cjasn.asnjournals.org/content/4/1/168.full.pdf

M. Dinneen, H. Dhillon, H. Ward, P. Duffy, and P. Ransley, Antenatal Diagnosis of Posterior Urethral Valves, British Journal of Urology, vol.135, issue.3, pp.364-369, 1993.
DOI : 10.1136/adc.63.7_Spec_No.719

K. Hutton, D. Thomas, and B. Davies, Prenatally Detected Posterior Urethral Valves, The Journal of Urology, vol.158, pp.1022-1025, 1997.
DOI : 10.1097/00005392-199709000-00087

R. Robyr, A. Benachi, F. Daikha-dahmane, J. Martinovich, Y. Dumez et al., Correlation between ultrasound and anatomical findings in fetuses with lower urinary tract obstruction in the first half of pregnancy, Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol.23, issue.5, pp.478-482, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/pd.717

J. Wells, S. Mukerji, H. Chandran, K. Parashar, and L. Mccarthy, Urinomas protect renal function in posterior urethral valves???a population based study, Journal of Pediatric Surgery, vol.45, issue.2, pp.407-410, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2009.10.084

A. Bischoff, M. Calvo-garcia, and N. Baregamian, Prenatal counseling for cloaca and cloacal exstrophy???challenges faced by pediatric surgeons, Pediatric Surgery International, vol.157, issue.3, pp.781-788, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)65132-2

URL : https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00383-012-3133-3.pdf

R. Morris, G. Malin, K. Khan, and M. Kilby, Antenatal ultrasound to predict postnatal renal function in congenital lower urinary tract obstruction: systematic review of test accuracy, BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, vol.346, issue.10, pp.1290-1299, 2009.
DOI : 10.7326/0003-4819-140-3-200402030-00010

A. El-ghoneimi, A. Desgrippes, and D. Luton, OUTCOME OF POSTERIOR URETHRAL VALVES: TO WHAT EXTENT IS IT IMPROVED BY PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS?, The Journal of Urology, vol.162, issue.3, pp.849-853, 1999.
DOI : 10.1097/00005392-199909010-00076

O. Sarhan, I. Zaccaria, and M. Macher, Long-Term Outcome of Prenatally Detected Posterior Urethral Valves: Single Center Study of 65 Cases Managed by Primary Valve Ablation, The Journal of Urology, vol.179, issue.1, pp.307-313, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.juro.2007.08.160

A. Bökenkamp, C. Dieterich, and F. Dressler, Fetal serum concentrations of cystatin C and ??2-microglobulin as predictors of postnatal kidney function, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol.185, issue.2, pp.468-475, 2001.
DOI : 10.1067/mob.2001.115283

F. Muller, M. Dommergues, L. Mandelbrot, M. Aubry, C. Nihoul-fekete et al., Fetal urinary biochemistry predicts postnatal renal function in children with bilateral obstructive uropathies, Obstet Gynecol, vol.82, issue.5, pp.813-820, 1993.

R. Morris, Q. , E. Kilby, M. Khan, and K. , Systematic review of accuracy of fetal urine analysis to predict poor postnatal renal function in cases of congenital urinary tract obstruction, Prenatal Diagnosis, vol.12, issue.10, pp.900-911, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/S0002-9378(87)80031-5

R. Morris, R. Ruano, and M. Kilby, Effectiveness of fetal cystoscopy as a diagnostic and therapeutic intervention for lower urinary tract obstruction: a systematic review, Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol.34, issue.6, pp.629-637, 2011.
DOI : 10.1002/uog.6413

R. Morris, G. Malin, K. Khan, and M. Kilby, Systematic review of the effectiveness of antenatal intervention for the treatment of congenital lower urinary tract obstruction, BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, vol.128, issue.1 Pt 1, pp.382-390, 2010.
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G. Podevin, L. Mandelbrot, E. Vuillard, J. Oury, and Y. Aigrain, Outcome of Urological Abnormalities Prenatally Diagnosed by Ultrasound, Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy, vol.11, issue.3, pp.181-190, 1996.
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A. G. Séminaire-de-chirurgie-pédiatrique-viscérale, Société française de chirurgie pédiatrique, Section française d'urologie pédiatrique. Les uropathies congénitales de diagnostic anténatal. 1 ère ed. Paris:Sauramps médical, pp.113-130

G. Smith, D. Canning, S. Schulman, H. Snyder, and J. Duckett, The long-term outcome of posterior urethral valves treated with primary valve ablation and observation

A. Freedman, M. Johnson, C. Smith, R. Gonzalez, and M. Evans, Long-term outcome in children after antenatal intervention for obstructive uropathies, The Lancet, vol.354, issue.9176, pp.374-377, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)11006-1

J. Biard, M. Johnson, and M. Carr, Long-Term Outcomes in Children Treated by Prenatal Vesicoamniotic Shunting for Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction, Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol.106, issue.3, pp.503-508, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/01.AOG.0000171117.38929.eb

P. Hennus, G. Van-der-heijden, J. Bosch, D. Jong, T. et al., A Systematic Review on Renal and Bladder Dysfunction after Endoscopic Treatment of Infravesical Obstruction in Boys, PLoS ONE, vol.7, issue.9, p.2012, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0044663.s002

J. Heikkilä, R. Rintala, and S. Taskinen, Vesicoureteral Reflux in Conjunction With Posterior Urethral Valves, The Journal of Urology, vol.182, issue.4, pp.1555-1560, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.juro.2009.06.057

M. Ansari, A. Gulia, A. Srivastava, and R. Kapoor, Risk factors for progression to end-stage renal disease in children with posterior urethral valves, Journal of Pediatric Urology, vol.6, issue.3, pp.261-264, 2010.
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O. Sarhan, A. El-ghoneimi, T. Helmy, M. Dawaba, A. Ghali et al., Posterior Urethral Valves: Multivariate Analysis of Factors Affecting the Final Renal Outcome, The Journal of Urology, vol.185, issue.6, pp.2491-2496, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.juro.2011.01.023

S. Uthup, R. Binitha, S. Geetha, R. Hema, and L. Kailas, A follow-up study of children with posterior urethral valve, Indian Journal of Nephrology, vol.20, issue.2, pp.72-75, 2010.
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J. Heikkilä, C. Holmberg, L. Kyllönen, R. Rintala, and S. Taskinen, Long-Term Risk of End Stage Renal Disease in Patients With Posterior Urethral Valves, The Journal of Urology, vol.186, issue.6, pp.2392-2396, 2011.
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J. Routh, S. Mcgee, R. Ashley, Y. Reinberg, and D. Vandersteen, Predicting Renal Outcomes in Children With Anterior Urethral Valves: A Systematic Review, The Journal of Urology, vol.184, issue.4, pp.1615-1619, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.juro.2010.03.119

S. Warne, D. Wilcox, S. Ledermann, and P. Ransley, Renal Outcome in Patients With Cloaca, The Journal of Urology, vol.167, issue.6, pp.2548-2551, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)65034-3

S. Warne, M. Hiorns, J. Curry, and I. Mushtaq, Understanding cloacal anomalies, Archives of Disease in Childhood, vol.96, issue.11, pp.1072-1076, 2011.
DOI : 10.1136/adc.2009.175034

H. Amsalem, B. Fitzgerald, and S. Keating, Congenital megalourethra: prenatal diagnosis and postnatal/autopsy findings in 10 cases, Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol.114, issue.6, pp.678-683, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01382.x

URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.8862/pdf

A. Kajbafzadeh, S. Payabvash, and G. Karimian, Urodynamic changes in patients with anterior urethral valves: Before and after endoscopic valve ablation, Journal of Pediatric Urology, vol.3, issue.4, pp.295-300, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpurol.2006.11.002

S. Arena, C. Romeo, F. Borruto, S. Racchiusa, D. Benedetto et al., Anterior urethral valves in children: an uncommon multipathogenic cause of obstructive uropathy, Pediatric Surgery International, vol.138, issue.7
DOI : 10.1046/j.1464-410X.1997.00317.x

S. Warne, D. Wilcox, and P. Ransley, Long-term Urological Outcome of Patients Presenting with Persistent Cloaca, The Journal of Urology, vol.168, issue.4, pp.1859-1862, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)64430-8

J. Schober, L. Dulabon, R. Gor, and C. Woodhouse, Pyospermia in an adult cohort with persistent lower urinary tract symptoms and a history of ablated posterior urethral valve, Journal of Pediatric Urology, vol.6, issue.6, pp.614-618, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpurol.2010.09.003

G. Holmdahl and U. Sillén, BOYS WITH POSTERIOR URETHRAL VALVES: OUTCOME CONCERNING RENAL FUNCTION, BLADDER FUNCTION AND PATERNITY AT AGES 31 TO 44 YEARS, The Journal of Urology, vol.174, issue.3, pp.1031-1034, 2005.
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M. Bomalaski, J. Anema, D. Coplen, H. Koo, T. Rozanski et al., DELAYED PRESENTATION OF POSTERIOR URETHRAL VALVES: A NOT SO BENIGN CONDITION, The Journal of Urology, vol.162, issue.6, pp.2130-2132, 1999.
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R. Chevalier, Growth factors and apoptosis in neonatal ureteral obstruction, J Am Soc Nephrol, vol.7, issue.8, pp.1098-1105, 1996.

W. Kennedy, A. Stenberg, G. Lackgren, T. Hensle, and I. Sawczuk, Renal Tubular Apoptosis after Partial Ureteral Obstruction, The Journal of Urology, vol.152, issue.2, pp.658-664, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5347(17)32675-7

A. Beck, The Effect of Intra-uterine Urinary Obstruction Upon the Development of the Fetal Kidney, The Journal of Urology, vol.105, issue.6, pp.784-789, 1971.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5347(17)61629-X

B. Stoneking, T. Hunley, and H. Nishimura, RENAL ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME PROMOTES RENAL DAMAGE DURING URETERAL OBSTRUCTION, The Journal of Urology, vol.160, issue.3, pp.1070-1074, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)62699-5

C. Herndon, F. Ferrer, A. Freedman, and P. Mckenna, CONSENSUS ON THE PRENATAL MANAGEMENT OF ANTENATALLY DETECTED UROLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES, The Journal of Urology, vol.164, issue.3, pp.1052-1056, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)67248-5

D. Hothi, A. Wade, R. Gilbert, and P. Winyard, Mild Fetal Renal Pelvis Dilatation--Much Ado About Nothing?, Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol.4, issue.1, pp.168-177, 2009.
DOI : 10.2215/CJN.00810208

URL : http://cjasn.asnjournals.org/content/4/1/168.full.pdf

M. Dinneen, H. Dhillon, H. Ward, P. Duffy, and P. Ransley, Antenatal Diagnosis of Posterior Urethral Valves, British Journal of Urology, vol.135, issue.3, pp.364-369, 1993.
DOI : 10.1136/adc.63.7_Spec_No.719

K. Hutton, D. Thomas, and B. Davies, Prenatally Detected Posterior Urethral Valves, The Journal of Urology, vol.158, pp.1022-1025, 1997.
DOI : 10.1097/00005392-199709000-00087

R. Robyr, A. Benachi, F. Daikha-dahmane, J. Martinovich, Y. Dumez et al., Correlation between ultrasound and anatomical findings in fetuses with lower urinary tract obstruction in the first half of pregnancy, Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol.23, issue.5, pp.478-482, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/pd.717

J. Wells, S. Mukerji, H. Chandran, K. Parashar, and L. Mccarthy, Urinomas protect renal function in posterior urethral valves???a population based study, Journal of Pediatric Surgery, vol.45, issue.2, pp.407-410, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2009.10.084

A. Bischoff, M. Calvo-garcia, and N. Baregamian, Prenatal counseling for cloaca and cloacal exstrophy???challenges faced by pediatric surgeons, Pediatric Surgery International, vol.157, issue.3, pp.781-788, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)65132-2

URL : https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00383-012-3133-3.pdf

R. Morris, G. Malin, K. Khan, and M. Kilby, Antenatal ultrasound to predict postnatal renal function in congenital lower urinary tract obstruction: systematic review of test accuracy, BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, vol.346, issue.10, pp.1290-1299, 2009.
DOI : 10.7326/0003-4819-140-3-200402030-00010

A. El-ghoneimi, A. Desgrippes, and D. Luton, OUTCOME OF POSTERIOR URETHRAL VALVES: TO WHAT EXTENT IS IT IMPROVED BY PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS?, The Journal of Urology, vol.162, issue.3, pp.849-853, 1999.
DOI : 10.1097/00005392-199909010-00076

O. Sarhan, I. Zaccaria, and M. Macher, Long-Term Outcome of Prenatally Detected Posterior Urethral Valves: Single Center Study of 65 Cases Managed by Primary Valve Ablation, The Journal of Urology, vol.179, issue.1, pp.307-313, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.juro.2007.08.160

A. Bökenkamp, C. Dieterich, and F. Dressler, Fetal serum concentrations of cystatin C and ??2-microglobulin as predictors of postnatal kidney function, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol.185, issue.2, pp.468-475, 2001.
DOI : 10.1067/mob.2001.115283

F. Muller, M. Dommergues, L. Mandelbrot, M. Aubry, C. Nihoul-fekete et al., Fetal urinary biochemistry predicts postnatal renal function in children with bilateral obstructive uropathies, Obstet Gynecol, vol.82, issue.5, pp.813-820, 1993.

R. Morris, Q. , E. Kilby, M. Khan, and K. , Systematic review of accuracy of fetal urine analysis to predict poor postnatal renal function in cases of congenital urinary tract obstruction, Prenatal Diagnosis, vol.12, issue.10, pp.900-911, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/S0002-9378(87)80031-5

R. Morris, R. Ruano, and M. Kilby, Effectiveness of fetal cystoscopy as a diagnostic and therapeutic intervention for lower urinary tract obstruction: a systematic review, Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol.34, issue.6, pp.629-637, 2011.
DOI : 10.1002/uog.6413

R. Morris, G. Malin, K. Khan, and M. Kilby, Systematic review of the effectiveness of antenatal intervention for the treatment of congenital lower urinary tract obstruction, BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, vol.128, issue.1 Pt 1, pp.382-390, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-3468(84)80348-6

G. Podevin, L. Mandelbrot, E. Vuillard, J. Oury, and Y. Aigrain, Outcome of Urological Abnormalities Prenatally Diagnosed by Ultrasound, Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy, vol.11, issue.3, pp.181-190, 1996.
DOI : 10.1159/000264300

A. G. Séminaire-de-chirurgie-pédiatrique-viscérale, Société française de chirurgie pédiatrique, Section française d'urologie pédiatrique. Les uropathies congénitales de diagnostic anténatal. 1 st ed. Paris:Sauramps médical, pp.113-130

G. Smith, D. Canning, S. Schulman, H. Snyder, and J. Duckett, The long-term outcome of posterior urethral valves treated with primary valve ablation and observation

A. Freedman, M. Johnson, C. Smith, R. Gonzalez, and M. Evans, Long-term outcome in children after antenatal intervention for obstructive uropathies, The Lancet, vol.354, issue.9176, pp.374-377, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)11006-1

J. Biard, M. Johnson, and M. Carr, Long-Term Outcomes in Children Treated by Prenatal Vesicoamniotic Shunting for Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction, Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol.106, issue.3, pp.503-508, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/01.AOG.0000171117.38929.eb

P. Hennus, G. Van-der-heijden, J. Bosch, D. Jong, T. et al., A Systematic Review on Renal and Bladder Dysfunction after Endoscopic Treatment of Infravesical Obstruction in Boys, PLoS ONE, vol.7, issue.9, p.2012
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0044663.s002

J. Heikkilä, R. Rintala, and S. Taskinen, Vesicoureteral Reflux in Conjunction With Posterior Urethral Valves, The Journal of Urology, vol.182, issue.4, pp.1555-1560, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.juro.2009.06.057

M. Ansari, A. Gulia, A. Srivastava, and R. Kapoor, Risk factors for progression to end-stage renal disease in children with posterior urethral valves, Journal of Pediatric Urology, vol.6, issue.3, pp.261-264, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpurol.2009.09.001

O. Sarhan, A. El-ghoneimi, T. Helmy, M. Dawaba, A. Ghali et al., Posterior Urethral Valves: Multivariate Analysis of Factors Affecting the Final Renal Outcome, The Journal of Urology, vol.185, issue.6, pp.2491-2496, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.juro.2011.01.023

S. Uthup, R. Binitha, S. Geetha, R. Hema, and L. Kailas, A follow-up study of children with posterior urethral valve, Indian Journal of Nephrology, vol.20, issue.2, pp.72-75, 2010.
DOI : 10.4103/0971-4065.65298

J. Heikkilä, C. Holmberg, L. Kyllönen, R. Rintala, and S. Taskinen, Long-Term Risk of End Stage Renal Disease in Patients With Posterior Urethral Valves, The Journal of Urology, vol.186, issue.6, pp.2392-2396, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.juro.2011.07.109

J. Routh, S. Mcgee, R. Ashley, Y. Reinberg, and D. Vandersteen, Predicting Renal Outcomes in Children With Anterior Urethral Valves: A Systematic Review, The Journal of Urology, vol.184, issue.4, pp.1615-1619, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.juro.2010.03.119

S. Warne, D. Wilcox, S. Ledermann, and P. Ransley, Renal Outcome in Patients With Cloaca, The Journal of Urology, vol.167, issue.6, pp.2548-2551, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)65034-3

S. Warne, M. Hiorns, J. Curry, and I. Mushtaq, Understanding cloacal anomalies, Archives of Disease in Childhood, vol.96, issue.11, pp.1072-1076, 2011.
DOI : 10.1136/adc.2009.175034

H. Amsalem, B. Fitzgerald, and S. Keating, Congenital megalourethra: prenatal diagnosis and postnatal/autopsy findings in 10 cases, Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol.114, issue.6, pp.678-683, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01382.x

URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.8862/pdf

A. Kajbafzadeh, S. Payabvash, and G. Karimian, Urodynamic changes in patients with anterior urethral valves: Before and after endoscopic valve ablation, Journal of Pediatric Urology, vol.3, issue.4, pp.295-300, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpurol.2006.11.002

S. Arena, C. Romeo, F. Borruto, S. Racchiusa, D. Benedetto et al., Anterior urethral valves in children: an uncommon multipathogenic cause of obstructive uropathy, Pediatric Surgery International, vol.138, issue.7
DOI : 10.1046/j.1464-410X.1997.00317.x

S. Warne, D. Wilcox, and P. Ransley, Long-term Urological Outcome of Patients Presenting with Persistent Cloaca, The Journal of Urology, vol.168, issue.4, pp.1859-1862, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)64430-8

J. Schober, L. Dulabon, R. Gor, and C. Woodhouse, Pyospermia in an adult cohort with persistent lower urinary tract symptoms and a history of ablated posterior urethral valve, Journal of Pediatric Urology, vol.6, issue.6, pp.614-618, 2010.
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