. Au, nous ne retrouvons aucun problème de cicatrisation cutanée contrairement à Bosse et al (70), qui à 2 ans de recul, dans son travail retrouve

. Meyrueis, Cazenave : Consolidation des fractures ? Encyclopédie-Médico-Chirurgicale 14-031-A, p.20, 2004.

T. Bonnel, Biologie de la cicatrisation des fractures, Le tissu osseux. Sauramps Médical, pp.171-179, 1989.

. Sumner-smith, Nonunion: pathogenesis and treatment, Bone in clinical orthopaedics, pp.399-425, 1982.

. Rhinelander, Blood supply to developing, mature and healing bone, Bone in clinical orthopaedics, pp.81-157, 1982.

F. Dubrana, M. Genestet, G. Moineau, R. Gérard, L. Nen et al., Fractures ouvertes de jambe, Appareil Locomoteur, pp.14-086, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/S0246-0521(07)41018-X

. Van-cauwenberge, Actualités dans le traitement des pseudarthroses aseptiques, Revue Médicale de Liège, pp.5-6, 2007.

B. Weber and O. Cech, Pseudarthrosis. Patho-physiology, 1976.

R. Gustilo and J. Anderson, Prevention of infection in the treatment of one thousand and twenty-five open fractures of long bones, The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, vol.58, issue.4, pp.453-461, 1976.
DOI : 10.2106/00004623-197658040-00004

A. Masquelet, Les pseudarthroses infectées de jambe. Cahier de la SOFCOT n°40, Exp Scient Fr, pp.177-187, 1991.

A. Camilleri, P. Anract, G. Missenard, J. Larivière, and D. Ménager, Amputations et désarticulations des membres, Membre inférieur. Encyclopédie Médico-Chirurgicale (Éditions Scientifiques et Médicales Elsevier SAS Orthopédie Traumatologie, pp.44-109, 2000.

. Tampe, Lower Extremities soft-tissue reconstruction and amputation rates in patients with open tibial fractures in Sweden between 1998-2010 -BMC Surg, pp.80-90, 2014.

J. André and J. Paysant, Les Amputés en chiffre : Approche épidémiologiques des membres, 2006.

. Données-de-la-caisse-nationale-d, Assurance Maladie ? 1984 sur l'amputation traumatique 16 Pinzur et al: Controversies in Lower Amputation ? J Bone Joint Surg Am, pp.1118-1127, 2007.

. Soldan, La prise en charge des flessum des patients amputés fémoraux d'orignie vasculaire : les recommandations de la littérature

J. Ertl, J. Ertl, W. Ertl, and J. Stokosa, The Ertl Osteomyoplastic Transtibial Amputation Reconstruction: Description of Technique and Long Term Results

R. Clifford, Open fractures ? AO Principles of Fracture Management, 2001.

. Lange, Open Tibial Fractures with Associated Vascular Injuries, The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol.25, issue.3, pp.203-211, 1985.
DOI : 10.1097/00005373-198503000-00006

F. Bonnomet, P. Clavert, and J. Cognet, Fracture de la diaphyse fémorale de l'adulte. Encyclopédie Médico-Chirurgicale, 2006.

A. Bahnini and E. Kieffer, Complications vasculaires en orthop??die et traumatologie, Appareil Locomoteur ? 14-031-D-10, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/S0246-0521(06)29312-4

J. Cauchoix, J. Duparc, and P. Boulez, Traitement des fractures ouvertes de jambe, Mem Acad Chir Paris, vol.83, pp.811-833, 1957.

J. Cauchoix, P. Lagneau, and P. Boulez, Traitement des fractures ouvertes de jambe, Mem Acad Chir (Paris), vol.19, pp.1520-1552, 1964.

J. Duparc and D. Huten, Traitement des fractures récentes de jambe. Conférence d'enseignement de la SOFCOT, pp.62-72, 1981.

R. Gustilo, R. Mendoza, and D. Williams, Problems in the Management of Type III (Severe) Open Fractures, The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol.24, issue.8, pp.742-748, 1984.
DOI : 10.1097/00005373-198408000-00009

L. Nen, D. , L. Guillou, E. Carop, F. Dubrana et al., Utilisation des lambeaux musculaires dans le traitement des fractures ouvertes des membres : à propos de 42 cas, Rev Chir Orthop, vol.83, pp.423-457, 1997.

M. Muller, S. Nazarian, and P. Koch, Classification AO des fractures, 1990.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-662-06263-0

. Annabi, Réflexion à propos des classifications de fractures ouvertes ? Tunisie Orthopédique, 2009.

. Anglen, Comparison of soap and antibiotics solution for irrigation of lower-limb open fracture wounds, J Bone Joint Surg Am, vol.85, issue.7, pp.1415-1422, 2005.

K. Okike and T. Bhattacharyya, Recommandations pour la prise en charge des fractures ouvertes Trends in the management of open fractures, J Bone Joint Surg Am, issue.12, pp.88-2739, 2006.

H. Byrd, The Management of Open Tibial Fractures with Associated Soft-Tissue Loss, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, vol.68, issue.1, pp.73-82, 1981.
DOI : 10.1097/00006534-198107000-00015

P. Worlock and H. Slack, The prevention of infection in open fractures: an experimental study of the effect of fracture stability, Injury, vol.25, issue.1, pp.25-31, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0020-1383(94)90181-3

L. Nen, Fractures ouvertes de jambe : Vingt ans d'expérience : ostéosynthèse et de chirurgie des lambeaux, e-mémoire de l'Académie Nationale de Chirurgie, pp.10-025, 2011.

. Blachut, External fixation and delayed intramedullary nailing of open fractures of the tibial shaft. A sequential protocol., The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, vol.72, issue.5, pp.72-729, 1990.
DOI : 10.2106/00004623-199072050-00013

N. Hummer and C. Ch, Opent tibial fractures ??? Results in our series, European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, vol.6, issue.1, pp.29-30, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02718693

M. Godina, Early Microsurgical Reconstruction of Complex Trauma of the Extremities, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, vol.78, issue.3, pp.285-92, 1986.
DOI : 10.1097/00006534-198609000-00001

L. Bellidenty, R. Chastel, and Y. Tropet, Reconstruction des pertes de substance de membres inférieurs par lambeau libre en urgence. A propos de 35 ans d'expérience ? Annales de Chir Plast Esth, pp.35-41, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.anplas.2013.08.004

D. Mainard and J. Delagoutte, Open fractures of the leg ??? Series from the University Hospital of Nancy, European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, vol.6, issue.1, pp.33-36, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02718695

K. Johansen, Objective Criteria Accurately Predict Amputation following Lower Extremity Trauma, The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol.30, issue.5, pp.568-72, 1990.
DOI : 10.1097/00005373-199005000-00007

H. Byrd, Management of Open Tibial Fractures, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, vol.76, issue.5, pp.719-749, 1985.
DOI : 10.1097/00006534-198511000-00011

P. Bonnevialle, Distal leg fractures: How critical is the fibular fracture and its fixation?, Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research, vol.96, issue.6, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.otsr.2010.07.002

URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otsr.2010.07.002

P. Guillon, J. M. Carcopino, L. Marie, and P. Moinet, Le syndrome du tunnel tarsien : diagnostic, étiologies et traitement. Maitrise Orthopédique, 2001.

D. Kreis, G. Plasencia, and D. Augenstein, Preventable Trauma Deaths, The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol.26, issue.7, pp.649-54, 1986.
DOI : 10.1097/00005373-198607000-00010

J. Lee and A. Peitzman, Damage-control laparotomy, Current Opinion in Critical Care, vol.12, issue.4, pp.346-50, 2006.
DOI : 10.1097/01.ccx.0000235213.63988.9a

L. Noël, A. Mérat, S. Ausset, S. , D. Rudnicki et al., Le concept de damage control resuscitation, Annales Fran??aises d'Anesth??sie et de R??animation, vol.30, issue.9, pp.665-678, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/j.annfar.2011.05.016

G. Taeger, Damage Control Orthopedics in Patients with Multiple Injuries Is Effective, Time Saving, and Safe, The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol.59, issue.2, pp.409-425, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/01.ta.0000175088.29170.3e

M. Chaulanges, Seve : Textes historiques 1815-1848. Documents et civilisation du Moyen-Age à, p.135, 1944.

B. Paratte, C. Arnold, and P. Calmels, Appareillage : contraintes et tolérance, Techni Média, vol.27, pp.13-16, 1991.

J. Foell, R. Bekrater-bodmann, H. Flor, and C. J. , Phantom Limb Pain After Lower Limb Trauma, The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds, vol.45, issue.4, p.224, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s10484-005-2177-8

J. André, J. Paysant, N. Martinet, and J. Beis, Classification et m??canismes des perceptions et illusions corporelles des amput??s, Annales de R??adaptation et de M??decine Physique, vol.44, issue.1, pp.13-21, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0168-6054(00)00058-1

I. Loiret, J. Paysant, N. Martinet, and J. André, ??valuation des amput??s, Annales de R??adaptation et de M??decine Physique, vol.48, issue.6, pp.307-316, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.annrmp.2005.03.009

A. Quesnel, Devenir fonctionnel d???une cohorte de patients amput??s de membre inf??rieur, thèse pour le doctorat en médecine soutenue le 21 octobre 2013 à Rouen
DOI : 10.1016/j.rehab.2014.03.469

URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2014.03.469

D. Taormina, Older Age Does Not Affect HealingTime and Functional Outcomes After Fracture Nonunion Surgery, Geriatric Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation, vol.2014, issue.53, pp.116-121
DOI : 10.1177/2151458514532811

URL : http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2151458514532811

J. Truntzer, B. Vopat, M. Feldstein, and A. Matityahu, Smoking cessation and bone healing: optimal cessation timing, European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, vol.78, issue.6, pp.211-215, 2015.
DOI : 10.1080/17453670710014563

A. Jain, Delayed amputation following trauma increases residual lower limb infection, Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, vol.66, issue.4, pp.531-537, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bjps.2012.11.026

P. Calmels, F. Béthoux, B. Le-quang, P. Chagnon, and F. Rigal, ??chelles d????valuation fonctionnelle et amputation du membre inf??rieur, Annales de R??adaptation et de M??decine Physique, vol.44, issue.8, pp.499-507, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0168-6054(01)00147-7

H. Pernot, Daily functioning of the lower extremity amputee: an overview of the literature, Clinical Rehabilitation, vol.129, issue.4, pp.93-106, 1997.
DOI : 10.2106/00004623-197658010-00007

D. Saddawi-konefka, A Systematic Review of Outcomes and Complications of Reconstruction and Amputation for Type IIIB and IIIC Fractures of the Tibia, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, vol.122, issue.6, pp.1796-1805, 2008.
DOI : 10.1097/PRS.0b013e31818d69c3

F. Lamandé, J. Dupré, O. Baudin, F. Cécile, V. Frison et al., Rééducation de la personne amputée de membre inférieur. EMC, Kinésithérapie-Médecine physique-réadaptation, pp.26-270, 2011.

R. Castillo, M. Bosse, E. Mackenzie, B. Patterson, and L. Group, Impact of Smoking on Fracture Healing and Risk of Complications in Limb-Threatening Open Tibia Fractures, Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma, vol.19, issue.3, pp.151-157, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/00005131-200503000-00001

C. Adams and J. Keating, Cigarette smoking and open tibial fractures, Injury, vol.32, issue.1, pp.61-65, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0020-1383(00)00121-2

J. Hernigou and F. Schuind, Smoking as a predictor of negative outcome in diaphyseal fracture healing, International Orthopaedics, vol.84, issue.1, pp.883-887, 2013.
DOI : 10.1302/0301-620X.84B1.11347

T. Schmalz, S. Blumentritt, and R. Jarasch, Energy expenditure and biomechanical characteristics of lower limb amputee gait:, Gait & Posture, vol.16, issue.3, pp.255-263, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0966-6362(02)00008-5

V. Langer, Management of Major Limb Injuries, The Scientific World Journal, vol.60, issue.243, pp.640-630, 2014.
DOI : 10.1054/jhsb.2001.0635

K. Kumar and M. , Salvage versus amputation : utility of mangled extremity severity score in severely injured limbs, Indian J Orthop, issue.3, pp.183-187, 2007.

S. Hansen and . Jr, The type-IIIC Gustilo tibial fracture : salvage or amputation, J Bone Jour Surg Am, 1987.

T. Francel, Microvascular Soft-Tissue Transplantation for Reconstruction of Acute Open Tibial Fractures, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, vol.89, issue.3, pp.478-87, 1992.
DOI : 10.1097/00006534-199203000-00014

J. Busse, Complex limb salvage or early amputationfor severe lower-limb injury : a metaanalysis of observational studies, J Orthop Trauma, issue.21, pp.70-76, 2007.

M. Bosse, An Analysis of Outcomes of Reconstruction or Amputation after Leg-Threatening Injuries, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.347, issue.24, p.24, 2002.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa012604

M. Bosse, The insensate foot following severe lower extremity trauma : an indication for amputation ? J Bone Jour Surg Am, pp.2601-2608, 2005.

D. Fufa, Survival and Secondary Surgery Following Lower Extremity Replantation, Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery, vol.30, issue.06, pp.419-445, 2014.
DOI : 10.1055/s-0033-1363778

C. Lin, The Functional Outcome of Lower-Extremity Fractures with Vascular Injury, The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol.43, issue.3, pp.480-485, 1997.
DOI : 10.1097/00005373-199709000-00015

M. Bosse, A Prospective Evaluation of the Clinical Utility of the Lower-Extremity Injury-Severity Scores, The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-American Volume, vol.83, issue.1, pp.3-14, 2001.
DOI : 10.2106/00004623-200101000-00002

A. Sheean, Evaluation of the Mangled Extremity Severity Score in Combat-Related Type III Open Tibia Fracture, Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma, vol.28, issue.9, pp.523-527, 2014.
DOI : 10.1097/BOT.0000000000000054

G. Georgiadis, Open tibial fractures with severe soft-tissue loss. Limb salvage compared with below-the-knee amputation., The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, vol.75, issue.10, pp.1431-1472, 1993.
DOI : 10.2106/00004623-199310000-00003

R. Hertel, N. Strebel, and R. Ganz, Amputation Versus Reconstruction in Traumatic Defects of the Leg: Outcome and Costs, Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma, vol.10, issue.4, pp.223-232, 1996.
DOI : 10.1097/00005131-199605000-00001

S. Pipitone and S. Rehman, Management of Traumatic Bone Loss in the Lower Extremity, Orthopedic Clinics of North America, vol.45, issue.4, pp.469-482, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ocl.2014.06.008

P. Stafford and B. Norris, Reamer-irrigator-aspirator bone graft and bi Masquelet technique for segmental bone defect nonunions: a review of 25 cases, Injury, vol.41, pp.41-72, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/S0020-1383(10)70014-0

J. Scolaro, Cigarette Smoking Increases Complications Following Fracture, The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-American Volume, vol.96, issue.8, pp.674-81, 2014.
DOI : 10.2106/JBJS.M.00081

K. Chung, A Cost-Utility Analysis of Amputation versus Salvage for Gustilo Type IIIB and IIIC Open Tibial Fractures, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, vol.124, issue.6, pp.1965-1973, 2009.
DOI : 10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181bcf156

M. Fairhust, The function of below-knee amputation versus patient with salvaged grade III tibial fracture, Clin Orthop Rel Res, issue.301, pp.227-259, 1994.

A. Dagum, Salvage after Severe Lower-Extremity Trauma: Are the Outcomes Worth the Means?, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, vol.103, issue.4, pp.1212-1220, 1999.
DOI : 10.1097/00006534-199904010-00017

A. Soni, Gustilo IIIC fractures in the lower limb, The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume, vol.94, issue.5, pp.698-703, 2012.
DOI : 10.1302/0301-620X.94B5.27948

L. Flint and J. Richardson, Arterial injuries with lower extremity fracture, Surgery, vol.93, pp.5-8, 1983.

R. Caudle and P. Stern, Severe open fractures of the tibia., The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, vol.69, issue.6, pp.801-808, 1987.
DOI : 10.2106/00004623-198769060-00002

Y. Tropet, Conduite ?? tenir en urgence devant un patient pr??sentant une fracture ouverte de jambe type III de Cauchoix (ou IIIb de Gustilo), Annales de Chirurgie Plastique Esth??tique, vol.49, issue.4, pp.399-401, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.anplas.2004.05.002

J. Agel, Potential Predictive Ability of the Orthopaedic Trauma Association Open Fracture Classification, Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma, vol.28, issue.5, pp.300-306, 2014.
DOI : 10.1097/BOT.0b013e3182a70f39

J. Penn-barwell, Outcomes in lower limb amputation following trauma: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Injury, vol.42, issue.12, pp.1474-1479, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.injury.2011.07.005