L. Principales and M. , 33 2.1. L'audit clinique et l'audit clinique ciblé, p.33

C. Le-chemin, Les programmes d'amélioration continue de la qualité, p.34

R. Réseau, . Raisin, and E. France, Surveillance des infections nosocomiales en réanimation adulte Résultats 2013 at <http://www.invs.sante.fr/pmb Economic burden of ventilator-associated pneumonia in a developing country, J. Hosp. Infect, vol.81, pp.128-130, 2012.

A. S. Mathai, A. Phillips, P. Kaur, and R. Isaac, Incidence and attributable costs of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in a tertiary-level intensive care unit (ICU) in northern India, Journal of Infection and Public Health, vol.8, issue.2, pp.127-135, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jiph.2014.07.005

J. Chastre and J. Fagon, Ventilator-associated pneumonia, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care

M. H. Kollef, C. W. Hamilton, and F. Ernst, Economic impact of ventilatorassociated pneumonia in a large matched cohort, Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. Off. J. Soc

M. I. Restrepo, Economic Burden of Ventilator???Associated Pneumonia Based on Total Resource Utilization, Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, vol.31, issue.5, pp.509-515, 2010.
DOI : 10.1086/651669

W. G. Melsen, M. M. Rovers, and M. J. Bonten, Ventilator-associated pneumonia and mortality: a systematic review of observational studies, Crit. Care Med, vol.37, pp.2709-2718, 2009.

M. Nguile-makao, Attributable mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia: respective impact of main characteristics at ICU admission and VAP onset using conditional logistic regression and multi-state models, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.46, issue.2, pp.781-789, 2010.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.159.4.9807050

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00465413

M. Bekaert, Attributable Mortality of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.14, issue.10, pp.1133-1139, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-009-1722-y

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00841199

M. Klompas, K. Kleinman, and M. V. Murphy, Conclusions., Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, vol.6, issue.05, pp.502-510, 2014.
DOI : 10.1086/668770

W. G. Melsen, M. M. Rovers, M. Koeman, and M. J. Bonten, Estimating the attributable mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia from randomized prevention studies*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.39, issue.12
DOI : 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182281f33

M. Agrafiotis, I. I. Siempos, T. K. Ntaidou, and M. E. Falagas, Attributable mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a meta-analysis, The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, vol.15, issue.9
DOI : 10.5588/ijtld.10.0498

J. G. Muscedere, A. Day, and D. K. Heyland, Mortality, Attributable Mortality, and Clinical Events as End Points for Clinical Trials of Ventilator???Associated Pneumonia and Hospital???Acquired Pneumonia, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.51, issue.S1, pp.120-125, 2010.
DOI : 10.1086/653060

. America, Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcareassociated pneumonia, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med, vol.171, pp.388-416, 2005.

W. G. Melsen, Attributable mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised prevention studies, The Lancet Infectious Diseases, vol.13, issue.8
DOI : 10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70081-1

D. E. Craven, Preventing Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Adults, Chest, vol.130, issue.1, pp.251-260, 2006.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.130.1.251

D. E. Craven and K. Hjalmarson, Ventilator???Associated Tracheobronchitis and Pneumonia: Thinking Outside the Box, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.51, issue.S1, p.51
DOI : 10.1086/653051

URL : https://academic.oup.com/cid/article-pdf/51/Supplement_1/S59/1164973/51-Supplement_1-S59.pdf

R. H. Kallet, The Vexing Problem of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: Observations on Pathophysiology, Public Policy, and Clinical Science. Respir. Care, 2015.

M. H. Kollef, Silver-Coated Endotracheal Tubes and Incidence of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia, JAMA, vol.300, issue.7, pp.805-813, 2008.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.300.7.805

M. P. Charles, Ventilator-associated pneumonia, australasian medical journal, vol.7, pp.334-344, 2014.
DOI : 10.4066/AMJ.2014.2105

J. Rello, V. Ausina, J. Castella, A. Net, and G. Prats, Nosocomial Respiratory Tract Infections in Multiple Trauma Patients, Chest, vol.102, issue.2, pp.525-529, 1992.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.102.2.525

N. Singh, Pulmonary Infiltrates in the Surgical ICU, Chest, vol.114, issue.4, pp.1129-1136, 1998.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.114.4.1129

S. R. Grobmyer, S. P. Maniscalco, G. F. Purdue, and J. L. Hunt, Alcohol, Drug Intoxication, or Both at the Time of Burn Injury as a Predictor of Complications and Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With Burns, Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation, vol.17, issue.6, pp.532-539, 1996.
DOI : 10.1097/00004630-199611000-00010

R. A. Garibaldi, M. R. Britt, M. L. Coleman, J. C. Reading, and N. L. Pace, Risk factors for postoperative pneumonia, The American Journal of Medicine, vol.70, issue.3, pp.677-680, 1981.
DOI : 10.1016/0002-9343(81)90595-7

J. Chastre, Nosocomial Pneumonia in Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.153, issue.4, pp.1165-1172, 1998.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.155.2.9032170

J. L. Trouillet, Ventilator-associated Pneumonia Caused by Potentially Drug-resistant Bacteria, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.139, issue.2, pp.531-539, 1998.
DOI : 10.1093/clinids/21.5.1107

E. H. Ibrahim, S. Ward, G. Sherman, and M. H. Kollef, A Comparative Analysis of Patients With Early-Onset vs Late-Onset Nosocomial Pneumonia in the ICU Setting, Chest, vol.117, issue.5, pp.1434-1442, 2000.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.117.5.1434

S. T. Atherton and D. J. White, STOMACH AS SOURCE OF BACTERIA COLONISING RESPIRATORY TRACT DURING ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION, The Lancet, vol.312, issue.8097, pp.968-969, 1978.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(78)92530-8

A. 'court and C. H. , Microbiological lung surveillance in mechanically ventilated patients, using non-directed bronchial lavage and quantitative culture DefIAS_vcourte_Publi_Mai07 -rapport_vcourte.pdf. at <http://www.sante.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/rapport_vcourte.pdf> 33. Pugin, J. et al. Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia by bacteriologic analysis of bronchoscopic and nonbronchoscopic 'blind' bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, Q. J. Med. Am. Rev, vol.86, issue.32, pp.635-648, 1993.

N. Singh, P. Rogers, C. W. Atwood, M. M. Wagener, and V. L. Yu, Short-course Empiric Antibiotic Therapy for Patients with Pulmonary Infiltrates in the Intensive Care Unit, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.11, issue.2, pp.505-511, 2000.
DOI : 10.1093/clinids/24.2.211

C. Luyt, J. Chastre, and J. Fagon, Value of the clinical pulmonary infection score for the identification and management of ventilator-associated pneumonia, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.30, issue.5, pp.844-852, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-003-2125-0

F. Lauzier, The value of pretest probability and modified clinical pulmonary infection score to diagnose ventilator-associated pneumonia, Journal of Critical Care, vol.23, issue.1, pp.50-57, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jcrc.2008.01.006

C. A. Schurink, Clinical pulmonary infection score for ventilator-associated pneumonia: accuracy and inter-observer variability, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.265, issue.2, pp.217-224, 2004.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.1991.03460200084041

R. A. Caserta, A program for sustained improvement in preventing ventilator associated pneumonia in an intensive care setting, BMC Infectious Diseases, vol.36, issue.3, p.234, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-010-1824-6

M. Klompas, Multicenter Evaluation of a Novel Surveillance Paradigm for Complications of Mechanical Ventilation, PLoS ONE, vol.37, issue.3, p.18062, 2011.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0018062.t005

A. C. Morris, Evaluation of the effect of diagnostic methodology on the reported incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia, Thorax, vol.64, issue.6, pp.516-522, 2009.
DOI : 10.1136/thx.2008.110239

M. Klompas, M. Kulldorff, and R. Platt, Risk of Misleading Ventilator???Associated Pneumonia Rates with Use of Standard Clinical and Microbiological Criteria, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.147, issue.9
DOI : 10.1016/j.ajic.2007.04.001

S. Sen, C. Johnston, D. Greenhalgh, and T. Palmieri, Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Prevention Bundle Significantly Reduces the Risk of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Critically Ill Burn Patients, Journal of Burn Care & Research, vol.10, issue.3, 2014.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1362-1017.2005.00134.x

J. S. Eom, The impact of a ventilator bundle on preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia: A multicenter study, American Journal of Infection Control, vol.42, issue.1, pp.34-37, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ajic.2013.06.023

K. Lim, Efficacy of ventilator-associated pneumonia care bundle for prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in the surgical intensive care units of a medical center, Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection, vol.48, issue.3, pp.316-321, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jmii.2013.09.007

S. Benson, A. Johnson, and C. Petera, VAP Free for 1000 Days, It Can Be Done, Critical Care Nursing Quarterly, vol.36, issue.4
DOI : 10.1097/CNQ.0b013e3182a1eb01

M. B. Edmond, Getting to Zero: Is It Safe?, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, vol.30, issue.01
DOI : 10.1086/587987

M. Klompas, Is a ventilator-associated pneumonia rate of zero really possible? Curr

M. Klompas, Unintended consequences in the drive for zero, Thorax, vol.64, issue.6, pp.463-465, 2009.
DOI : 10.1136/thx.2009.114165

M. Klompas, Complications of Mechanical Ventilation ??? The CDC's New Surveillance Paradigm, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.368, issue.16, pp.1472-1475, 2013.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMp1300633

J. Reignier, Effect of Not Monitoring Residual Gastric Volume on Risk of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Adults Receiving Mechanical Ventilation and Early Enteral Feeding, JAMA, vol.309, issue.3, pp.249-256, 2013.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.2012.196377

G. Prat, Influence of the humidification device during acute respiratory distress syndrome, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.28, issue.12, pp.2211-2215, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-002-1285-7

K. G. Speroni, Comparative effectiveness of standard endotracheal tubes vs. endotracheal tubes with continuous subglottic suctioning on ventilator-associated pneumonia rates, Nurs. Econ, vol.29, pp.15-20, 2011.

C. Hallais, Conclusion., Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, vol.31, issue.02, pp.131-135, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/S1553-7250(05)31031-2

M. Klompas, Silver-Coated Endotracheal Tubes and Patient Outcomes in Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia, JAMA, vol.300, issue.22, pp.2605-2606, 2008.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.2008.760

A. F. Shorr, M. D. Zilberberg, and M. Kollef, Cost-effectiveness analysis of a silvercoated endotracheal tube to reduce the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia

J. Wang, Probiotics for Preventing Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of High-Quality Randomized Controlled Trials, PLoS ONE, vol.265, issue.12, p.83934, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0083934.s001

L. Bo, Probiotics for preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia
DOI : 10.1002/14651858.cd009066

URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4283465?pdf=render

R. Bruyere, Impact of prior statin therapy on the outcome of patients with suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia: an observational study, Évaluation des pratiques professionnelles -extrait_du_site_epp_nov06.pdf, p.83, 2014.
DOI : 10.1164/rccm.200406-746OC

M. Behnia, S. C. Logan, L. Fallen, and P. Catalano, Nosocomial and ventilator-associated pneumonia in a community hospital intensive care unit: a retrospective review and analysis, BMC Research Notes, vol.7, issue.1, p.232, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.09.021

E. Prospero, Improvement of the ventilator associated pneumonia rate with infection control practices in an Italian ICU, Minerva Anestesiol, vol.74, pp.537-541, 2008.

M. Magret, Bacteremia is an independent risk factor for mortality in nosocomial pneumonia: a prospective and observational multicenter study, Critical Care, vol.15, issue.1, p.62, 2011.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.08-1106

R. B. Bost, D. H. Tjan, and A. Van-zanten, Timing of (supplemental) parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients: a systematic review, Annals of Intensive Care, vol.381, issue.1, p.31, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61893-5

F. Tian, Effect of initial calorie intake via enteral nutrition in critical illness: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials, Critical Care, vol.31, issue.1, p.180, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.clnu.2011.12.006

L. Bouadma, Ventilator-Associated Events, Critical Care Medicine, vol.43, issue.9, 2015.
DOI : 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001091

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01393584

A. F. Boyer, A Prospective Evaluation of Ventilator-Associated Conditions and Infection-Related Ventilator-Associated Conditions, Chest, vol.147, issue.1, pp.68-81, 2015.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.14-0544

T. Mann, CONCLUSIONS, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, vol.36, issue.09, pp.1-5, 2015.
DOI : 10.1093/cid/cis926

K. M. Mcmullen, Surveillance versus clinical adjudication: Differences persist with new ventilator-associated event definition, American Journal of Infection Control, vol.43, issue.6, pp.589-591, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ajic.2015.03.004

C. M. Lilly, Prevalence and Test Characteristics of National Health Safety Network Ventilator-Associated Events, Critical Care Medicine, vol.42, issue.9, pp.2019-2028, 2014.
DOI : 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000396

E. Suys, Intermittent subglottic secretion drainage may cause tracheal damage in patients with few oropharyngeal secretions, Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, vol.29, issue.6
DOI : 10.1016/j.iccn.2013.02.007

L. Berra, Evaluation of continuous aspiration of subglottic secretion in an in vivo study*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.32, issue.10, pp.2071-2078, 2004.
DOI : 10.1097/01.CCM.0000142575.86468.9B

J. Quenot, Effect of a nurse-implemented sedation protocol on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.35, issue.9, pp.2031-2036, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/01.ccm.0000282733.83089.4d

V. Bistorin, Prévention des pneumopathies acquises sous ventilation mécanique (PAVM) par la mise en place d'un bundle en réanimation, Mémoire de Diplôme Universitaire de Prévention des Infections Nosocomiales, 2013.

M. E. Charlson, P. Pompei, K. L. Ales, and C. R. Mackenzie, A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: Development and validation, Journal of Chronic Diseases, vol.40, issue.5
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9681(87)90171-8