?. Aarestrup, F. Wegener, H. Collignon, and P. , Resistance in bacteria of the food chain: epidemiology and control strategies, Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, vol.11, issue.5, pp.733-50, 2008.
DOI : 10.3201/eid1112.010977

?. Abe, N. Kadowaki, T. Okamoto, K. Nakayama, K. Ohishi et al., Biochemical and Functional Properties of Lysine-Specific Cysteine Proteinase (Lys-Gingipain) as a Virulence Factor of Porphyromonas gingivalis in Periodontal Disease, Journal of Biochemistry, vol.123, issue.2, pp.305-317, 1998.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a021937

?. Afssaps, Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits de Santé) Prescription des antibiotiques en odontologie et stomatologie -Recommandations et argumentaires [en ligne], 2001.

?. Afssaps, Dix ans d'évolution des consommations d'antibiotiques en France [en ligne]. 2011a [consulté le 15 février 2015] Disponible sur: http://ansm.sante.fr/var/ansm_site/storage/original/application/263354f238b8f7061cdb52319655ca 07.pdf ? AFSSAPS (Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits de Santé) Prescription des antibiotiques en pratique bucco-dentaire -Argumentaire, p.2011

. Disponible-sur, Prescription des antibiotiques en pratique bucco-dentaire -Recommandations [en ligne], p.2011

. Disponible-sur, F. Romano, I. Torta, D. Cirillo, P. Caposio et al., Debridement and local application of tetracycline-loaded fibres in the management of persistent periodontitis: results after 12 months, J Clin Periodontol. mars, vol.31, issue.3, pp.166-72, 2004.

?. Akcali, A. Huck, O. Tenenbaum, H. Davideau, J. Buduneli et al., Periodontal diseases and stress: a brief review, Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, vol.79, issue.1, pp.60-68, 2013.
DOI : 10.1902/jop.2008.080220

?. Alauzet and C. , Cours de microbiologie -Antibiotiques et pathologies dentaires, 2010.

?. Alauzet, C. Mory, F. Teyssier, C. Hallage, H. Carlier et al., Metronidazole Resistance in Prevotella spp. and Description of a New nim Gene in Prevotella baroniae, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.54, issue.1, pp.60-64, 2010.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.01003-09

?. Albandar, J. Tinoco, and E. , Global epidemiology of periodontal diseases in children and young persons, Periodontology 2000, vol.69, issue.1, pp.153-76, 2000.
DOI : 10.1902/jop.1989.60.11.604

?. Anaes-(-agence-nationale-andersen, R. Loebel, N. Hammond, D. Wilson, and M. , Accréditation et d'Evaluation en Santé) Parodontopathies : diagnostic et traitements [en ligne] [consulté le 3 septembre 2014] Disponible sur: http://www.hassante .fr/portail/upload/docs/application/pdf/Parodontopathies_recos Treatment of periodontal disease by photodisinfection compared to scaling and root planing, J Clin Dent, vol.18, issue.2, pp.34-42, 2002.

?. Andriankaja, O. Trevisan, M. Falkner, K. Dorn, J. Hovey et al., Association between periodontal pathogens and risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction, Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, vol.146, issue.2, pp.177-85, 2011.
DOI : 10.1902/annals.1996.1.1.1

?. Ansm, Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament et des produits de santé) Caractérisation des antibiotiques considérés comme « critiques» [en ligne]. 2013

C. Pdf and ?. Ansm, Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament et des produits de santé) L'évolution des consommations d'antibiotiques en France entre: rapport [en ligne]. Paris: Agence Nationale de sécurité du médicament et des produits de santé, p.36, 2000.

?. Anthony and M. , Lien entre le stress, la dépression et les maladies parodontales, JADC. juin, vol.75, issue.5, pp.329-359, 2009.

?. Davies and D. , Understanding biofilm resistance to antibacterial agents, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, vol.2, issue.2, pp.114-136, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/nrd1008

?. Davies, D. Parsek, M. Pearson, J. Iglewski, B. Costerton et al., The Involvement of Cell-to-Cell Signals in the Development of a Bacterial Biofilm, Science, vol.280, issue.5361, pp.295-303, 1998.
DOI : 10.1126/science.280.5361.295

?. Decarlo, A. Windsor, L. Bodden, M. Harber, G. Birkedal-hansen et al., Activation and Novel Processing of Matrix Metalloproteinases by a Thiol-proteinase from the Oral Anaerobe Porphyromonas gingivalis, Journal of Dental Research, vol.269, issue.6, pp.1260-70, 1997.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1981.tb00977.x

?. Decoster, A. Lemahieu, J. Dehecq, E. Duhamel, M. Desvarieux et al., Antibiotiques mode d'action, classification et résistances [cours de bactériologie en ligne]. Faculté de médecine de Lille Diabetes Care, Periodontal status and A1C change: longitudinal results from the study of health in Pomerania (SHIP), pp.1037-1080, 2008.

?. Donlan, R. Costerton, and J. , Biofilms: Survival Mechanisms of Clinically Relevant Microorganisms, Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol.15, issue.2, pp.167-93, 2002.
DOI : 10.1128/CMR.15.2.167-193.2002

?. Drawz, S. Bonomo, and R. , Three Decades of ??-Lactamase Inhibitors, Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol.23, issue.1, pp.160-201, 2010.
DOI : 10.1128/CMR.00037-09

?. Dufour, T. Svoboda, and J. , Pathogénie bactérienne des parodontolyses. EMC -Odontologie, pp.46-57, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.emcodo.2005.01.003

?. Dumitrescu and A. , Antibiotics and Antiseptics in Periodontal Therapy, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-13211-7

?. Edlund, A. Santiago-rodriguez, T. Boehm, T. Pride, and D. , Bacteriophage and their potential roles in the human oral cavity, Journal of Oral Microbiology, vol.19, issue.1, p.27423, 2015.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1996.tb00218.x

?. Eickholz, P. Kim, T. Bürklin, T. Schacher, B. Renggli et al., Non-surgical periodontal therapy with adjunctive topical doxycycline: a double-blind randomized controlled multicenter study. (I). Study design and clinical results, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol.22, issue.2, pp.108-125, 2002.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-051X.1995.tb01795.x

?. Eick, S. Pfister, W. Straube, and E. , Antimicrobial susceptibility of anaerobic and capnophilic bacteria isolated from odontogenic abscesses and rapidly progressive periodontitis, International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, vol.12, issue.1, pp.41-47, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0924-8579(99)00056-4

?. Faure and S. Antiseptiques, Actual Pharm, pp.45-53, 2010.

?. Faure, S. Pubert, C. Rabiller, J. Taillez, J. Yvain et al., Que savons-nous des probiotiques???, Actualit??s Pharmaceutiques, vol.52, issue.528, pp.18-21, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.actpha.2013.06.011

?. Ficheux and H. , Principes et applications th??rapeutiques de la phototh??rapie dynamique, Annales Pharmaceutiques Fran??aises, vol.67, issue.1, pp.32-40, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pharma.2008.10.013

?. Fives-taylor, P. Meyer, D. Mintz, K. Brissette, and C. , Virulence factors of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Periodontology 2000, vol.41, issue.1728, pp.136-67, 1999.
DOI : 10.1902/jop.1990.61.11.699

?. Francetti, L. , D. Fabbro, M. Testori, T. Weinstein et al., Chlorhexidine spray versus chlorhexidine mouthwash in the control of dental plaque after periodontal surgery, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol.27, issue.6, pp.425-455, 2000.
DOI : 10.1034/j.1600-051x.2000.027006425.x

?. Fredericks, D. Relman, and D. , Sequence-based identification of microbial pathogens: a reconsideration of Koch's postulates, Clin Microbiol Rev, vol.9, issue.1, pp.18-33, 1996.

?. Galmiche, A. Boquet, and P. , Toxines bactériennes : facteurs de virulence et outils de biologie cellulaire. médecine/science, pp.6-7691, 2011.
DOI : 10.4267/10608/1993

?. Gocke, D. Ponticas, S. Pollack, and W. , In vitro studies of the killing of clinical isolates by povidone-iodine solutions, Journal of Hospital Infection, vol.6, pp.59-66, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/S0195-6701(85)80047-5

?. Gonzy, ?. Silarhtml, J. Gordon, C. Walker, C. Hovliaras et al., Les éléments mobiles, caractéristiques générales des éléments transposables [Cours de génétique en ligne]. Université Paris VII. Disponible sur: http://gec.sdv.univ-paris-diderot.fr/genetique/chapitre10 Efficacy of clindamycin hydrochloride in refractory periodontitis: 24-month results, J Periodontol, issue.11, pp.61686-91, 1990.

?. Grenier, D. Bertrand, J. Mayrand, and D. , Porphyromonas gingivalis outer membrane vesicles promote bacterial resistance to chlorhexidine, Oral Microbiology and Immunology, vol.4, issue.5, pp.319-339, 1995.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-051X.1988.tb00999.x

?. Guerrero, A. Griffiths, G. Nibali, L. Suvan, J. Moles et al., Adjunctive benefits of systemic amoxicillin and metronidazole in non-surgical treatment of generalized aggressive periodontitis: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol.63, issue.10, pp.1096-107, 2005.
DOI : 10.1034/j.1600-051X.1999.260507.x

?. Guilfoile, P. Alcamo, and I. , Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria, 2007.

?. Haffajee, A. Socransky, and S. , Microbial etiological agents of destructive periodontal diseases, Periodontology 2000, vol.41, issue.1, pp.78-111, 1994.
DOI : 10.1902/jop.1990.61.11.699

?. Haffajee, A. Socransky, S. Gunsolley, and J. , Systemic Anti-Infective Periodontal Therapy. A Systematic Review, Annals of Periodontology, vol.28, issue.3, pp.115-81, 2003.
DOI : 10.1902/annals.2003.8.1.1

?. Hall-stoodley, L. Costerton, J. Stoodley, and P. , Bacterial biofilms: from the natural environment to infectious diseases Disponible sur: http://www.invs.sante.fr/Publications-et-outils/Rapports-et-syntheses/Maladies- infectieuses/2014/Consommation-d-antibiotiques-et-resistance-aux-antibiotiques-en-France- necessite-d-une-mobilisation-determinee-et-durable Suppression of Periodontal Pathogenic Bacteria in the Saliva of Humans by the Administration of Lactobacillus salivarius TI 2711, 95?108. mobilisation déterminée et durable. [en ligne]. 2014. [consulté le 5 mars 2015]. p. 10, pp.105-117, 2003.

?. Jame, O. Orti, V. Bousquet, P. Calas, I. Gibert et al., Antiseptiques en parodontie. EMC -Odontologie, pp.49-54, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.emcden.2003.09.002

?. Joachim, F. Charon, and J. , Quelle est la place de la microbiologie en parodontie clinique? Le Fil Dentaire, pp.16-21, 2010.

?. Johnson, J. Chen, R. Lenton, P. Zhang, G. Hinrichs et al., Persistence of Extracrevicular Bacterial Reservoirs After Treatment of Aggressive Periodontitis, Journal of Periodontology, vol.84, issue.12, pp.2305-2317, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1399-302X.1996.tb00200.x

?. Kaur, G. Holtfreter, B. Rathmann, W. Rathmann, W. Schwahn et al., Association between type 1 and type 2 diabetes with periodontal disease and tooth loss, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol.51, issue.(Spec. No.), pp.765-74, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/0030-4220(86)90417-2

?. Keestra, J. A. Grosjean, I. Coucke, W. Quirynen, M. Teughels et al., Non-surgical periodontal therapy with systemic antibiotics in patients with untreated aggressive periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Journal of Periodontal Research, vol.29, issue.6, pp.294-314, 2014.
DOI : 10.1034/j.1600-051X.29.s3.8.x

?. Kiran, M. Arpak, N. Unsal, E. Erdo?an, and M. , The effect of improved periodontal health on metabolic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol.172, issue.3, pp.266-72, 2005.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.1960.03020080006003

?. Klingler, C. Filloux, A. Lazdunski, and A. , Les biofilms, forteresses bactériennes. [en ligne] La Recherche - L'actualité des sciences. Dossier spécial. [consulté le 16 mars, p.42, 2005.

?. Kornman, K. Crane, A. Wang, H. Giovlne, F. D. Newman et al., The interleukin-1 genotype as a severity factor in adult periodontal disease, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol.40, issue.6, pp.72-79, 1997.
DOI : 10.1084/jem.177.2.557

?. Kornman, K. Newman, M. Moore, D. Singer, and R. , The Influence of Supragingival Plaque Control on Clinical and Microbial Outcomes Following the Use of Antibiotics for the Treatment of Periodontitis, Journal of Periodontology, vol.19, issue.9, pp.848-54, 1994.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-051X.1992.tb00658.x

?. Kulik, E. Waltimo, T. Weiger, R. Schweizer, I. Lenkeit et al., Development of resistance of mutans streptococci and Porphyromonas gingivalis to chlorhexidine digluconate and amine fluoride/stannous fluoride-containing mouthrinses, in vitro, Clinical Oral Investigations, vol.23, issue.6, 2014.
DOI : 10.1111/jocn.12312

?. Kumar, S. Varela, and M. , Biochemistry of Bacterial Multidrug Efflux Pumps, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol.57, issue.12, pp.4484-95, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.addr.2005.04.004

?. Lakhdar, L. Abdallaoui, L. Ennibi, and O. , La polyvidone iodée: quel apport en parodontie? Rev Odontostomatol, pp.209-229, 2009.

?. Lamont, R. Chan, A. Belton, C. Izutsu, K. Vasel et al., Porphyromonas gingivalis invasion of gingival epithelial cells, Infect Immun, vol.63, issue.10, pp.3878-85, 1995.

D. Washington, American Society of Microbiology

?. Land, K. Johnson, and P. , Molecular basis of metronidazole resistance in pathogenic bacteria and protozoa, Drug Resistance Updates, vol.2, issue.5, pp.289-94, 1999.
DOI : 10.1054/drup.1999.0104

?. Lanker-klossner, B. Widmer, H. Frey, and F. , Nondevelopment of Resistance by Bacteria during Hospital Use of Povidone-lodine, Dermatology, vol.195, issue.2, pp.10-13, 1997.
DOI : 10.1159/000246024

?. De-lastours, V. Fantin, and B. , Résistance aux fluoroquinolones en 2013 : quel impact pour l'interniste ? Rev Médecine Interne, pp.601-609, 2014.

?. Launay-vacher and V. , Bases pharmacocinétiques de la prescription médicale chez le patient insuffisant rénal. EMC -AKOS (traité de Médecine), pp.1-4, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/s1634-6939(06)75443-6

?. Laurent and F. Biofilm-bactérien, Disponible sur: http://www.infectiologie.com/site/medias/enseignement/seminaires_desc/2011-mai/desc-mai2011- biofilm-laurent.pdf ? Laurent F, Faculté de médecine Lyon est Mécanismes physiopathologiques de la persistance au cours des Infections Ostéo- Articulaires (IOA), pp.280-285, 2011.

?. Lebeaux, D. Ghigo, J. Beloin, and C. , Tol??rance des biofilms aux antibiotiques??: comprendre pour mieux traiter, Journal des Anti-infectieux, vol.16, issue.3, pp.112-133, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.antinf.2014.04.001

?. Le-belleguy and P. , Influences des parodontites sur les maladies cardiovasculaires [Thèse de Chirurgie- Dentaire en ligne]action?, Disponible sur, pp.37-40, 2003.

?. Leonhardt, A. Bergström, C. Krok, L. Cardaropoli, and G. , Healing following ultrasonic debridement and PVPiodine in individuals with severe chronic periodontal disease: a randomized, controlled clinical study

?. Lepargneur, J. Rousseau, and V. , Rôle protecteur de la flore de Doderleïn, J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod, issue.5, pp.31-485, 2002.

?. Listgarten and M. , The structure of dental plaque, Periodontology 2000, vol.58, issue.1, pp.52-65, 1994.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1985.tb00833.x

?. Listgarten, M. Heneghan, and J. , Observations on the Periodontium and Acquired Pellicle of Adult Germfree Dogs, Journal of Periodontology, vol.1, issue.2, pp.85-91, 1973.
DOI : 10.1016/0003-9969(65)90004-X

?. Löfmark, S. Edlund, C. Nord, and C. , Metronidazole Is Still the Drug of Choice for Treatment of Anaerobic Infections, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.50, issue.s1, pp.16-23, 2010.
DOI : 10.1086/647939

?. Loos, B. Louwerse, P. , V. Winkelhoff, A. Burger et al., Use of barrier membranes and systemic antibiotics in the treatment of intraosseous defects, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol.16, issue.10, pp.910-931, 2002.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-051X.1989.tb01626.x

?. López, N. Gamonal, and J. , Effects of Metronidazole Plus Amoxicillin in Progressive Untreated Adult Periodontitis: Results of a Single 1-Week Course After 2 and 4 Months, Journal of Periodontology, vol.9, issue.11, pp.1291-1299, 1998.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.36.7.1347

?. López, N. Socransky, S. , D. Silva, I. Japlit et al., Effects of metronidazole plus amoxicillin as the only therapy on the microbiological and clinical parameters of untreated chronic periodontitis, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol.25, issue.(Suppl), pp.648-60, 2006.
DOI : 10.1902/jop.1985.56.11s.67

?. Lu, H. Chei, and C. , Efficacy of subgingivally applied minocycline in the treatment of chronic periodontitis, Journal of Periodontal Research, vol.39, issue.1, pp.20-27, 2005.
DOI : 10.1034/j.1600-0757.2003.03103.x

?. Mackowiak, P. Goggans, M. Torres, W. , D. Nogare et al., SUMMARY, Epidemiology and Infection, vol.120, issue.02, pp.411-431, 1991.
DOI : 10.1093/infdis/120.6.698

?. Magnusson, I. Low, S. Mcarthur, W. Marks, R. Walker et al., Treatment of subjects with refractory periodontal disease, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol.10, issue.9, pp.628-665, 1994.
DOI : 10.1902/jop.1985.56.8.464

?. Marcinkiewicz and J. , Taurine bromamine (TauBr) - its role in immunity and new perspectives for clinical use, Journal of Biomedical Science, vol.17, issue.Suppl 1, p.3, 2010.
DOI : 10.1186/1423-0127-17-S1-S3

?. Marcinkiewicz, J. Strus, M. Pasich, and E. , Antibiotic resistance: a « dark side » of biofilm?associated chronic infections, Pol Arch Med Wewn, vol.123, issue.6, pp.309-322, 2013.

?. Mark, L. Haffajee, A. Socransky, S. Kent, R. Guerrero et al., Effect of the interleukin-1 genotype on monocyte IL-1beta expression in subjects with adult periodontitis, Journal of Periodontal Research, vol.35, issue.3, pp.172-179, 2000.
DOI : 10.1034/j.1600-0765.2000.035003172.x

?. Marsh, P. Moter, A. Devine, and D. , Dental plaque biofilms: communities, conflict and control, Periodontology 2000, vol.80, issue.Suppl. 3, pp.16-35, 2000.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.176.2.1228

?. Martinez, V. , and C. E. Métronidazole, Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénérologie, pp.903-909, 2008.

?. Matsuoka, M. Sasaki, and T. , Inactivation of Macrolides by Producers and Pathogens, Current Drug Target -Infectious Disorders, vol.4, issue.3, pp.217-257, 2004.
DOI : 10.2174/1568005043340696

?. Mattout, C. Bourgeois, D. Bouchard, and P. , Type 2 diabetes and periodontal indicators: epidemiology in France 2002-2003, Journal of Periodontal Research, vol.67, issue.4, pp.253-261, 2006.
DOI : 10.1902/jop.1996.67.10s.1085

?. Mayanagi, G. Kimura, M. Nakaya, S. Hirata, H. Sakamoto et al., WB21-containing tablets on periodontopathic bacteria: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol.67, issue.(Suppl. 6), pp.506-519, 2009.
DOI : 10.1902/annals.1996.1.1.879

?. Mccoll, E. Patel, K. Dahlen, G. Tonetti, M. Graziani et al., Supportive periodontal therapy using mechanical instrumentation or 2% minocycline gel: a 12 month randomized, controlled, single masked pilot study, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol.68, issue.2, pp.141-50, 2006.
DOI : 10.1034/j.1600-051x.2000.027009648.x

?. Mcdonnell, G. Russell, and A. , Antiseptics and Disinfectants: Activity, Action, and Resistance, Clin Microbiol Rev, vol.12, issue.1, pp.147-79, 1999.

?. Mérens, A. Servonnet, and A. , Mécanismes et épidémiologie de la résistance aux fluoroquinolones en 2010. [en ligne]. Revue Francophone des Laboratoires. [consulté le 22 septembre, pp.33-41, 2010.

?. Meurman and J. , Probiotics: do they have a role in oral medicine and dentistry?, European Journal of Oral Sciences, vol.38, issue.3, pp.188-96, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2004.00166.x

?. Michel, J. F. Standly, Y. Poblete-michel, and M. , Le biofilm, données actuelles Disponible sur: http://www.aplicformation .fr/wp-content/uploads/Biofilm.09.10.pdf ? Ministère de la Santé. Plan national d'alerte sur les antibiotiques, Actual Pharm, vol.50, issue.505, pp.16-24, 2010.

A. Mombelli, Du bon usage des antibiotiques en parodontologie. Rev Mens Suisse Odonto-Stomatol, pp.976-81, 1998.

?. Mombelli and A. , Periodontitis as an infectious disease: specific features and their implications, Oral Diseases, vol.32, issue.s1, pp.6-10, 2003.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1399-302X.1987.tb00300.x

?. Mombelli, A. Samaranayake, and L. , Topical and systemic antibiotics in the management of periodontal diseases*, International Dental Journal, vol.24, issue.Supplement, pp.3-14, 2004.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-051X.1997.tb00214.x

?. Moran and J. , Home-use oral hygiene products: mouthrinses, Periodontology 2000, vol.77, issue.Suppl. 3, pp.42-53, 2000.
DOI : 10.1002/j.1875-595X.2002.tb00923.x

?. Morice, V. Heidari, M. , A. Bouraima, and S. , [consulté le 6 septembre 2014] Disponible sur: http://www.chups.jussieu.fr/polys Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy as an adjunctive modality in the treatment of chronic periodontis, Anatomie fonctionnelle des bactéries, pp.141-147, 2003.

?. Mustapha, I. Debrey, S. Oladubu, M. Ugarte, and R. , Markers of Systemic Bacterial Exposure in Periodontal Disease and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Journal of Periodontology, vol.34, issue.11, pp.2289-302, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ahj.2005.06.018

?. Muster and D. , Antiseptiques en chirurgie dentaire et stomatologie. EMC -Médecine buccale, pp.1-10, 2008.

?. Nakajima and Y. , Mechanisms of bacterial resistance to macrolide antibiotics, Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy, vol.5, issue.2, pp.61-74, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/s101560050011

?. Neulier and C. , Le point en 2010 sur l'utilisation des antiseptiques cutanés en pratique officinale [Thèse de doctorat en pharmacie en ligne]

?. Ng, V. Bissada, and N. , Clinical Evaluation of Systemic Doxycycline and Ibuprofen Administration as an Adjunctive Treatment for Adult Periodontitis, Journal of Periodontology, vol.2, issue.6, pp.772-778, 1998.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-051X.1993.tb00697.x

?. Numazaki, K. Asanuma, and H. , Inhibitory effect of povidone-iodine for the antigen expression of human cytomegalovirus, In Vivo, vol.13, issue.3, pp.239-280, 1998.

?. Olsen and I. , Biofilm-specific antibiotic tolerance and resistance, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, vol.416, issue.6882, pp.877-86, 2015.
DOI : 10.1038/416740a

URL : https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10096-015-2323-z.pdf

?. Olsen, I. Tribble, G. Fiehn, N. Wang, and B. , Bacterial sex in dental plaque, Journal of Oral Microbiology, vol.46, issue.1, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01451.x

?. Oms, Course contre la montre pour mettre au point de nouveaux antibiotiques [en ligne], pp.11-030211, 2011.

?. Orti, V. , J. O. Calas, I. Gibert, and P. , Antibioth??rapie et maladies parodontales, EMC - Dentisterie, vol.1, issue.1, pp.62-70, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.emcden.2003.09.001

?. Page, R. Kornman, and K. , The pathogenesis of human periodontitis: an introduction, Periodontology 2000, vol.322, issue.1, pp.9-11, 1997.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-051X.1991.tb02310.x

?. Pagès and J. , Porines bact??riennes et sensibilit?? aux antibiotiques, m??decine/sciences, vol.20, issue.3, pp.346-51, 2004.
DOI : 10.1051/medsci/2004203346

?. Pavia, M. Nobile, C. Angelillo, and I. , Meta-Analysis of Local Tetracycline in Treating Chronic Periodontitis, Journal of Periodontology, vol.68, issue.6, pp.916-948, 2003.
DOI : 10.1128/CMR.14.4.727-752.2001

?. Phelan and J. , What Is Life? A Guide to Biology, 2011.

?. Philippon and A. , Résistance bactérienne : définitions, mécanismes, évolution. EMC -Maladies Infectieuses, pp.1-13, 2008.

?. Pichot, A. Mimoz, O. Couet, W. Pierrard, L. Braux et al., Pharmacologie des antibiotiques en réanimation Disponible sur: http://sofia.medicalistes.org/spip, Etiopathogénie des maladies parodontales. EMC -Médecine Buccale, vol.10, issue.1, pp.20131-20140, 2015.

?. Polansky, R. Haas, M. Heschl, A. Wimmer, and G. , Clinical effectiveness of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of periodontitis, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol.30, issue.(Suppl. 3), pp.575-80, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2009.01412.x

?. Poole and K. , Mechanisms of bacterial biocide and antibiotic resistance, Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol.43, issue.s1, pp.55-64, 2002.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.01926.x

?. Queiroz-junior, C. Madeira, M. Coelho, F. Costa, V. Bessoni et al., Experimental Arthritis Triggers Periodontal Disease in Mice: Involvement of TNF-?? and the Oral Microbiota, The Journal of Immunology, vol.187, issue.7, pp.3821-3851, 2011.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.1101195

?. Rabaud, C. Birge, and J. , Le référentiel antibioville: une aide à la prescription antibiotique, pp.2015-2041

?. Rabelo, C. Feres, M. Gonçalves, C. Figueiredo, L. Faveri et al., Systemic antibiotics in the treatment of aggressive periodontitis. A systematic review and a Bayesian Network meta-analysis, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol.84, issue.1, pp.647-57, 2015.
DOI : 10.1902/jop.2012.120040

?. Radvar, M. Pourtaghi, N. Kinane, and D. , Comparison of 3 Periodontal Local Antibiotic Therapies in Persistent Periodontal Pockets, Journal of Periodontology, vol.8, issue.9, pp.860-865, 1996.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-051X.1986.tb01500.x

?. Raghavendra, M. Koregol, A. Bhola, and S. , Photodynamic therapy: a targeted therapy in periodontics, Australian Dental Journal, vol.51, issue.1 Suppl, pp.102-111, 2009.
DOI : 10.1038/bjc.1991.470

?. Rahn, R. Schneider, S. Diehl, O. Schäfer, V. Shah et al., PREVENTING POST-TREATMENT BACTEREMIA: COMPARING TOPICAL POVIDONE-IODINE AND CHLORHEXIDINE, The Journal of the American Dental Association, vol.126, issue.8, pp.1145-1154, 1939.
DOI : 10.14219/jada.archive.1995.0334

?. Rammaert, B. , and A. S. Macrolides, EMC -Maladies Infectieuses, pp.1-13, 2006.

?. Rams, T. Degener, J. Van-winkelhoff, and A. , Prevalence of ??-lactamase-producing bacteria in human periodontitis, Journal of Periodontal Research, vol.83, issue.4, pp.493-502, 2013.
DOI : 10.1902/jop.2012.110625

?. Rams, T. Degener, J. Van-winkelhoff, and A. , Antibiotic Resistance in Human Chronic Periodontitis Microbiota, Journal of Periodontology, vol.15, issue.1, pp.160-169, 2014.
DOI : 10.1902/jop.2005.76.5.778

?. Reading, N. Sperandio, and V. , Quorum sensing: the many languages of bacteria, FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol.254, issue.1, pp.1-11, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2005.00001.x

?. Reig, M. Mir, N. Baquero, and F. , Penicillin resistance in Veillonella, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, vol.41, issue.5, p.1210, 1997.

?. Rhissassi, M. Benrachadi, L. Benzarti, and N. , Etiopathogénie des maladies parodontales. Quelle est la place des virus ?, Rev Odontostomatol, issue.33, pp.275-83, 2004.

?. Ribeiro-ribas, R. N. , D. Carvalho, M. R. Vieira, C. A. Apolônio et al., isolate, Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol.12, issue.2, pp.699-705, 2009.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.11.4.718

?. Roberts and M. , Antibiotic toxicity, interactions and resistance development, Periodontology 2000, vol.37, issue.suppl 2, pp.280-97, 2000.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.37.9.1966

?. Rooney, J. Wade, W. Sprague, S. Newcombe, R. Addy et al., Adjunctive effects to non-surgical periodontal therapy of systemic metronidazole and amoxycillin alone and combined. A placebo controlled study, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol.1, issue.4, pp.342-50, 2002.
DOI : 10.1902/annals.1996.1.1.879

?. Rosling, B. Hellström, M. Ramberg, P. Socransky, S. Lindhe et al., The use of PVP-iodine as an adjunct to non-surgical treatment of chronic periodontitis, J Clin Periodontol, vol.28, issue.11, pp.1023-1054, 2001.

?. Russell and A. , Whither triclosan?, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.53, issue.5, pp.693-698, 2004.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dkh171

URL : https://academic.oup.com/jac/article-pdf/53/5/693/2237912/dkh171.pdf

?. Salvi, G. Lang, and N. , The Effects of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (Selective and Non-Selective) on the Treatment of Periodontal Diseases, Current Pharmaceutical Design, vol.11, issue.14, pp.1757-69, 2005.
DOI : 10.2174/1381612053764878

?. Samuelson and J. , Why Metronidazole Is Active against both Bacteria and Parasites, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, vol.43, issue.7, pp.1533-1574, 1999.

?. Sansonetti and P. , Vie bactérienne communautaire, on se compte et on s'adapte: le Quorum Sensing [cours de microbiologie et maladies infectieuses en ligne] Collège de France Disponible sur: http://www.college-de-france.fr/media/philippe- sansonetti/UPL3750847292590728858_20091210.pdf ? Sansonetti P. Vie bactérienne communautaire, l'union fait la force: les biofilms [cours de microbiologie et maladies infectieuses en ligne], Disponible sur, 2009.

?. Sanz, I. , A. B. Carasol, M. Herrera, D. Sanz et al., Nonsurgical Treatment of Periodontitis, Journal of Evidence Based Dental Practice, vol.12, issue.3, pp.76-86, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/S1532-3382(12)70019-2

?. Schroeder and H. , Formation and Inhibition of Dental Calculus, Journal of Periodontology, vol.40, issue.11, pp.643-649, 1969.
DOI : 10.1902/jop.1969.40.11.643

?. Sculean, A. Blaes, A. Arweiler, N. Reich, E. Donos et al., The Effect of Postsurgical Antibiotics on the Healing of Intrabony Defects Following Treatment With Enamel Matrix Proteins, Journal of Periodontology, vol.15, issue.2, pp.190-195, 2001.
DOI : 10.1902/jop.1999.70.8.878

?. Sedlacek, M. Walker, and C. , Antibiotic resistance in an in vitro subgingival biofilm model, Oral Microbiology and Immunology, vol.2, issue.5, pp.333-342, 2007.
DOI : 10.1902/jop.2005.76.9.1443

?. Shimauchi, H. Mayanagi, G. Nakaya, S. Minamibuchi, M. Ito et al., WB21: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol.53, issue.(Suppl. 6), pp.897-905, 2008.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.31.8.1231

?. Singer, E. Calvet, L. Mory, F. Muller, C. Chomarat et al., Surveillance de la r??sistance aux antibiotiques des ana??robies stricts ?? Gram n??gatif, M??decine et Maladies Infectieuses, vol.38, issue.5, pp.256-63, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.medmal.2008.03.007

?. Soares, G. Figueiredo, L. Faveri, M. Cortelli, S. Duarte et al., Mechanisms of action of systemic antibiotics used in periodontal treatment and mechanisms of bacterial resistance to these drugs, Journal of Applied Oral Science, vol.95, issue.11, pp.295-309, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mcna.2011.03.012

?. Socransky, S. Haffajee, and A. , Dental biofilms: difficult therapeutic targets, Periodontology 2000, vol.65, issue.suppl 2, pp.12-55, 2000.
DOI : 10.1902/annals.1996.1.1.879

?. Socransky, S. Haffajee, A. Cugini, M. Smith, C. Kent et al., Microbial complexes in subgingival plaque, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol.11, issue.2, pp.134-178, 1998.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-051X.1993.tb00694.x

?. Socransky, S. Smith, C. Haffajee, and A. , Subgingival microbial profiles in refractory periodontal disease, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol.24, issue.3, pp.260-268, 2002.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-051X.1997.tb00231.x

?. Sreenivasan, P. Gaffar, and A. , Antiplaque biocides and bacterial resistance: a review, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol.20, issue.11, pp.965-74, 2002.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-051X.1993.tb00371.x

?. Stewart, P. Costerton, and W. , Antibiotic resistance of bacteria in biofilms, The Lancet, vol.358, issue.9276, pp.135-143, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05321-1

?. Suvan, J. , D. Aiuto, F. Moles, D. Petrie et al., Association between overweight/obesity and periodontitis in adults. A systematic review, Obesity Reviews, vol.86, issue.12, pp.381-404, 2011.
DOI : 10.1177/154405910708600314

?. Sweeney, L. , D. J. Chambers, P. Heritage, and J. , Antibiotic resistance in general dental practice--a cause for concern?, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.53, issue.4, pp.567-76, 2004.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dkh137

?. Taille-spdf, ?. Takasaki, A. Aoki, A. Mizutani, K. Schwarz et al., Université Henri Poincaré -Nancy 1 140 p. Disponible sur: http://docnum.univlorraine .fr/public/SCDPHA_TD_2009_TAILLE_STEPHANIE Application of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in periodontal and peri-implant diseases, Periodontol, vol.51, issue.1, pp.109-149, 2000.

?. Teughels, W. Durukan, A. Ozcelik, O. Pauwels, M. Quirynen et al., probiotics in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: a randomized placebo-controlled study, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol.107, issue.Suppl. 11, pp.1025-1060, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04243.x

?. Theilade, E. Wright, W. Jensen, S. Löe, and H. , Experimental gingivitis in man., Journal of Periodontal Research, vol.35, issue.1, pp.1-13, 1966.
DOI : 10.1902/jop.1964.35.3.197

?. Tonetti, M. , D. Aiuto, F. Nibali, L. Donald et al., Treatment of Periodontitis and Endothelial Function, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.356, issue.9, pp.911-931, 2007.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa063186

?. Tonetti, M. Van-dyke, and T. , Periodontitis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: consensus report of the Joint EFP/AAP Workshop on Periodontitis and Systemic Diseases, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol.22, issue.Suppl 6, pp.24-33, 2013.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-199709150-00012

?. Tsaousoglou, P. Nietzsche, S. Cachovan, G. Sculean, A. Eick et al., Antibacterial activity of moxifloxacin on bacteria associated with periodontitis within a biofilm, Journal of Medical Microbiology, vol.130, issue.3, pp.284-92, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.05.020

?. Umvf and . Structure-et-physiologie-de-la-bactérie, Anatomie -Structure [en ligne] Collégiale des enseignants de bactériologie-virologie-hygiène; 2014. [consulté le 25 octobre 2014] Disponible sur: http://umvf.univ-nantes.fr/microbiologie/enseignement/microbiologie_4/site/html/cours, pdf ? Vaillant L. Les antiseptiques, c'est pas automatique... Annales de dermatologie et de vénérologie, pp.949-952, 2005.

?. Vitkov, L. Krautgartner, W. Hannig, and M. , Bacterial internalization in periodontitis, Oral Microbiology and Immunology, vol.66, issue.5, pp.317-338, 2005.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1462-5822.2002.00192.x

?. Walker, C. Karpinia, K. Baehni, and P. , Chemotherapeutics: antibiotics and other antimicrobials, Periodontology 2000, vol.97, issue.1, pp.146-65, 2000.
DOI : 10.1034/j.1600-051x.2001.028004296.x

?. Walker and C. , The acquisition of antibiotic resistance in the periodontal microflora, Periodontology 2000, vol.2, issue.6, pp.79-88, 1996.
DOI : 10.1902/jop.1985.56.11s.67

?. Walsh, M. Buchanan, S. Hoover, C. Newbrun, E. Taggart et al., Clinical and microbiologic effects of single-dose metronidazole or scaling and root planing in treatment of adult periodontitis, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol.54, issue.2, pp.151-158, 1986.
DOI : 10.1902/jop.1983.54.12.707

?. Warburton, P. Palmer, R. Munson, M. Wade, and W. , Demonstration of in vivo transfer of doxycycline resistance mediated by a novel transposon, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.60, issue.5, pp.973-80, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dkm331

?. Wegener and H. , Antibiotic resistance?linking human and animal health, Disponible sur, 2012.

?. Weinberg, A. Belton, C. Park, Y. Lamont, and R. , Role of fimbriae in Porphyromonas gingivalis invasion of gingival epithelial cells, Infect Immun, vol.65, issue.1, pp.313-319, 1997.

?. Wilson, W. Taubert, K. Gewitz, M. Lockhart, P. Baddour et al., Prevention of Infective Endocarditis: Guidelines From the American Heart Association: A Guideline From the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group, Circulation, vol.116, issue.15, pp.3-24, 2008.
DOI : 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.183095

?. Winkel, E. , V. Winkelhoff, A. Timmerman, M. Vangsted et al., Effects of metronidazole in patients with "refractory" periodontitis associated with Bacteroides forsythus, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol.2, issue.8, pp.573-582, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00429320

?. Van-winkelhoff, A. Gonzales, D. Winkel, E. Dellemijn-kippuw, N. Vandenbroucke-grauls et al., Antimicrobial resistance in the subgingival microflora in patients with adult periodontitis, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol.27, issue.2, pp.79-86, 2000.
DOI : 10.1034/j.1600-051x.2000.027002079.x

?. Van-winkelhoff, A. J. Winkel, E. G. Barendregt, D. Dellemijn-kippuw, N. Stijne et al., beta-lactamase producing bacteria in adult periodontitis, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol.26, issue.8, pp.538-581, 1997.
DOI : 10.1902/jop.1992.63.1.52

?. Xie, Y. Chen, J. He, J. Miao, X. Xu et al., Antimicrobial Resistance and Prevalence of Resistance Genes of Obligate Anaerobes Isolated From Periodontal Abscesses, Journal of Periodontology, vol.24, issue.2, pp.327-361, 2014.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dkh256

?. Zanatta, G. Bittencourt, S. Nociti, F. Sallum, E. Sallum et al., Periodontal Debridement With Povidone-Iodine in Periodontal Treatment: Short-Term Clinical and Biochemical Observations, Journal of Periodontology, vol.15, issue.3, pp.498-505, 2006.
DOI : 10.1902/jop.1990.61.9.579

?. Zunzarren and R. , Guide clinique d'odontologie, 2011.