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Concentrations of urinary phthalate metabolites are associated with increased waist circumference and insulin resistance in adult U.S. males. Environ. Health Perspect, pp.876-882, 2007. ,
Association of Urinary Bisphenol A Concentration With Medical Disorders and Laboratory Abnormalities in Adults, JAMA, vol.300, issue.11, pp.1303-1310, 2008. ,
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The Association between Asthma and Allergic Symptoms in Children and Phthalates in House Dust: A Nested Case-Control Study, Environmental Health Perspectives, vol.112, issue.14, pp.1393-1397, 2004. ,
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Urinary Metabolites of Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate Are Associated With Decreased Steroid Hormone Levels in Adult Men, Journal of Andrology, vol.30, issue.3, pp.287-297, 2009. ,
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boîtes de conserve (sodas, conserves, boîtes de lait infantile), emballages alimentaires, plats pour micro-ondes, biberons, vaisselle en PC, boîtiers de téléphone portable, disques compacts, montures optiques,... et dans certaines applications médicales (14). Le BPA est capable de migrer dans l'environnement ,
Comment est-on exposé au BPA ? La voie d'exposition majoritaire est la voie orale, par l'alimentation contaminée. D'autres voies existent : voie cutanée, voie respiratoire par inhalation d'air et de poussières contaminées ,
Est-on exposé ? Les études ont démontré que l'exposition de la population au BPA est généralisée, qu'elle est plus importante chez les enfants, mais qu'elle est inférieure aux valeurs du TDI admis par l'Europe ,
Quelle est la toxicité des phtalates dans les études sur les animaux ? Les études animales ont démontré la toxicité du BPA sur la reproduction à des doses faibles (19), des perturbations de la thyroïde, du système immunitaire (21), une augmentation du risque de certains cancers (22) et de l'obésité (23), des effets sur le cerveau et des troubles du comportement ,
Y a-t-il des preuves de toxicité dans l'espèce humaine ? ,
Les données encore insuffisantes pour permettre des conclusions définitives mais il semble exister un lien entre exposition au BPA et : ? anomalies de l'appareil reproducteur de la femme, ? des perturbations des hormones thyroïdiennes (25), ? un risque cardiovasculaire augmenté (26), ? des perturbations du comportement de l'enfant ,
Où est le problème ? L'exposition de la population est inférieure au TDI. Or de nombreuses études montrent des effets du BPA à des doses bien plus faibles que les estimations de doses journalières absorbées. C'est la question des « faibles doses, En effet, certains toxiques peuvent avoir des effets à petites doses, effets qui ne sont pas forcément retrouvés à des doses plus élevées ,
Des périodes à risque ont-elles été identifiées, et pourquoi ? ,
et les périodes les plus à sensibles aux dérèglements hormonaux sont les fenêtres critiques de développement de l'enfant (développement de l'appareil génital, du système nerveux, la période néonatale, la petite enfance, p.la grossesse ,
Endocrine disrupting chemicals in indoor and outdoor air, Atmospheric Environment, vol.43, issue.1, pp.170-181, 2009. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.025
What are the sources of exposure to eight frequently used phthalic acid esters in Europeans? Risk Anal, pp.803-824, 2006. ,
Determination of phthalate monoesters in human milk, consumer milk, and infant formula by tandem mass spectrometry (LC???MS???MS), Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol.206, issue.4, pp.1084-1092, 2005. ,
DOI : 10.1093/jat/27.5.284
Environmental phthalate exposure in relation to reproductive outcomes and other health endpoints in humans, Environmental Research, vol.108, issue.2, pp.177-184, 2008. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.envres.2008.08.007
Daily intake of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) by German children ??? A comparison of two estimation models based on urinary DEHP metabolite levels, International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, vol.210, issue.1, pp.35-42, 2007. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijheh.2006.11.009
Fetal exposure to phthalates ??? a pilot study, International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, vol.212, issue.5, pp.492-498, 2009. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijheh.2009.04.001
Human Breast Milk Contamination with Phthalates and Alterations of Endogenous Reproductive Hormones in Infants Three Months of Age, Environmental Health Perspectives, vol.114, issue.2, pp.270-276, 2006. ,
DOI : 10.1289/ehp.8075
The association between asthma and allergic symptoms in children and phthalates in house dust: a nested case-control study[cité 2010 août 24 ] 12 The role of exposure to phthalates from polyvinyl chloride products in the development of asthma and allergies: a systematic review and meta-analysis Exploring novel endpoints, exposure, low-dose and mixture effects in humans, aquatic wildlife and laboratory animals, Environ. Health Perspect Environ. Health Perspect Final Report. [Internet], vol.112116, issue.147, pp.1393-1397845, 2004. ,
Bisphenol A Exposure: Human Risk and Health Policy [Internet] Journal of Pediatric Nursing [sans date], pp.6-10 ,
Human exposure to bisphenol A, Toxicology, vol.226, issue.2-3, pp.79-89, 2006. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.tox.2006.06.009
Human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) Determination of endocrine-disrupting phenolic compounds and estrogens in surface and drinking water by HRGC-(NCI)-MS in the picogram per liter range, Reproductive Toxicology Environ. Sci. Technol, vol.2435, issue.215, pp.139-1773201, 2001. ,
An observational study of the potential exposures of preschool children to pentachlorophenol, bisphenol-A, and nonylphenol at home and daycare[cité 2010 avr 23 ] 19. vom Saal FS, Hughes C. An extensive new literature concerning low-dose effects of bisphenol A shows the need for a new risk assessment Thyroid hormone action is disrupted by bisphenol A as an antagonist, Environmental Research Environ. Health Perspect J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab, vol.10311387, issue.1811, pp.9-20926, 2002. ,
Impact of oral bisphenol A at reference doses on intestinal barrier function and sex differences after perinatal exposure in rats, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.37, issue.6, p.907697107, 2009. ,
DOI : 10.1093/nar/gkp045
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01608653
Induction of mammary gland ductal hyperplasias and carcinoma in situ following fetal bisphenol A exposure[cité 2010 août 25 ] 23 Bisphenol A: Perinatal exposure and body weight Large effects from small exposures. II. The importance of positive controls in lowdose research on bisphenol A-ethylhexyl) phthalate are associated with decreased steroid hormone levels in adult men, .[cité 2010 mai 26 ] 25. Meeker JD, Calafat AM, Hauser R. Urinary metabolites of di, pp.383-39055, 2006. ,
Association of urinary bisphenol A concentration with medical disorders and laboratory abnormalities in adults Prenatal bisphenol A exposure and early childhood behavior Chapel Hill bisphenol A expert panel consensus statement: integration of mechanisms, effects in animals and potential to impact human health at current levels of exposure, JAMA Environ. Health Perspect Reprod. Toxicol, vol.30011724, issue.11122, pp.1303-13101945, 2007. ,
Quelle est la toxicité des phtalates dans les études sur les animaux ? La toxicité de certains phtalates dont le DEHP a été démontrée sur la reproduction ,
Y a-t-il des preuves de toxicité dans l'espèce humaine ? ,
même si les données sont encore parcellaires : il semble exister des perturbations de la reproduction (9), de certaines hormones, un lien avec l'asthme et les allergies ,
Où est le problème ? ,
Des périodes à risque ont-elles été identifiées. Pourquoi ? Les périodes de développement de l'organisme (notamment pour le système hormonal, l'appareil génital et le système nerveux) sont particulièrement sensibles à leur action. On sait aujourd'hui que le moment de l'exposition est très important pour déterminer la toxicité de ces molécules, La période de développement foetal la période néonatale, la petite enfance et la puberté sont donc des périodes à risque ,
Qu'est-ce que le bisphénol A ? Produit chimique issu de l'industrie du plastique, utilisé surtout dans la fabrication de plastiques de type polycarbonate (plastiques durs et résistants) et de résines époxy (revêtement de boîtes de conserve et canettes) Il peut être utilisé comme additif dans le PVC également, Ces plastiques peuvent être repérés par le chiffre 3 (PVC), 7 (other) ou PC (polycarbonate) placés en-dessous du symbole de recyclage sur les emballages ,
Où le trouve-t-on ? On trouve le BPA dans canettes et boîtes de conserve (sodas, conserves, boîtes de lait infantile), emballages alimentaires, plats pour micro-onde, biberons, vaisselle en PC, boîtiers de téléphone portable, disques compacts, montures optiques, et dans certaines applications médicales. Le BPA est capable de migrer dans l'environnement ,
Comment est-on exposé au BPA ? La voie d'exposition majoritaire est l'ingestion d'aliments contaminés. D'autres voies existent : par la peau, par la respiration ,
Est-on exposé ? Les études ont démontré que l'exposition de la population au BPA est généralisée, qu'elle est plus importante chez les enfants, mais qu'elle est inférieure aux valeurs du TDI admis par l, Europe ,
Quelle est la toxicité des phtalates dans les études sur les animaux ? Les études animales ont démontré la toxicité du BPA sur la reproduction à des doses faibles, des perturbations de la thyroïde (21), du système immunitaire (22), une augmentation du risque de certains cancers (23), de l'obésité (24), des effets sur le cerveau et des troubles du comportement ,
Y a-t-il des preuves de toxicité dans l'espèce humaine ? ,
Les données sont encore insuffisantes pour permettre des conclusions définitives mais il semble Références 1. European Commission. The safety of medical devices containing DEHP-plasticized PVC or other plasticizers on neonates and other groups possibily at risk. SCENIHR [Internet] Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/risk_en.htm 2. Sathyanarayana S. Phthalates and Children's Health. Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care, pp.34-49, 2008. ,
Endocrine disrupting chemicals in indoor and outdoor air, Atmospheric Environment, vol.43, issue.1, pp.170-181, 2009. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.025
What are the sources of exposure to eight frequently used phthalic acid esters in Europeans? Risk Anal, pp.803-824, 2006. ,
Determination of phthalate monoesters in human milk, consumer milk, and infant formula by tandem mass spectrometry (LC???MS???MS), Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol.206, issue.4, pp.1084-1092, 2005. ,
DOI : 10.1093/jat/27.5.284
Environmental phthalate exposure in relation to reproductive outcomes and other health endpoints in humans, Environmental Research, vol.108, issue.2, pp.177-184, 2008. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.envres.2008.08.007
Daily intake of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) by German children ??? A comparison of two estimation models based on urinary DEHP metabolite levels, International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, vol.210, issue.1, pp.35-42, 2007. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijheh.2006.11.009
Fetal exposure to phthalates ??? a pilot study, International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, vol.212, issue.5, pp.492-498, 2009. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijheh.2009.04.001
Human Breast Milk Contamination with Phthalates and Alterations of Endogenous Reproductive Hormones in Infants Three Months of Age, Environmental Health Perspectives, vol.114, issue.2, pp.270-276, 2006. ,
DOI : 10.1289/ehp.8075
The association between asthma and allergic symptoms in children and phthalates in house dust: a nested case-control study[cité 2010 août 24 ] 12 The role of exposure to phthalates from polyvinyl chloride products in the development of asthma and allergies: a systematic review and meta-analysis Exploring novel endpoints, exposure, low-dose and mixture effects in humans, aquatic wildlife and laboratory animals, Environ. Health Perspect Environ. Health Perspect Final Report. [Internet], vol.112116, issue.147, pp.1393-1397845, 2004. ,
Bisphenol A Exposure: Human Risk and Health Policy [Internet] Journal of Pediatric Nursing [sans date], pp.6-10 ,
Human exposure to bisphenol A, Toxicology, vol.226, issue.2-3, pp.79-89, 2006. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.tox.2006.06.009
Human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) Determination of endocrine-disrupting phenolic compounds and estrogens in surface and drinking water by HRGC-(NCI)-MS in the picogram per liter range, Reproductive Toxicology Environ. Sci. Technol, vol.2435, issue.215, pp.139-1773201, 2001. ,
An observational study of the potential exposures of preschool children to pentachlorophenol, bisphenol-A, and nonylphenol at home and daycare[cité 2010 avr 23 ] 19. vom Saal FS, Hughes C. An extensive new literature concerning low-dose effects of bisphenol A shows the need for a new risk assessment Thyroid hormone action is disrupted by bisphenol A as an antagonist, Environmental Research Environ. Health Perspect J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab, vol.10311387, issue.1811, pp.9-20926, 2002. ,
Impact of oral bisphenol A at reference doses on intestinal barrier function and sex differences after perinatal exposure in rats, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.37, issue.6, p.907697107, 2009. ,
DOI : 10.1093/nar/gkp045
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01608653
Induction of mammary gland ductal hyperplasias and carcinoma in situ following fetal bisphenol A exposure[cité 2010 août 25 ] 23 Bisphenol A: Perinatal exposure and body weight Large effects from small exposures. II. The importance of positive controls in lowdose research on bisphenol A-ethylhexyl) phthalate are associated with decreased steroid hormone levels in adult men, .[cité 2010 mai 26 ] 25. Meeker JD, Calafat AM, Hauser R. Urinary metabolites of di, pp.383-39055, 2006. ,
Association of urinary bisphenol A concentration with medical disorders and laboratory abnormalities in adults Prenatal bisphenol A exposure and early childhood behavior Chapel Hill bisphenol A expert panel consensus statement: integration of mechanisms, effects in animals and potential to impact human health at current levels of exposure, JAMA Environ. Health Perspect Reprod. Toxicol, vol.30011724, issue.11122, pp.1303-13101945, 2007. ,