B. 1. Wertheim, H. Melles, D. Vos, M. Van-leeuwen, W. Van-belkum et al., The role of nasal carriage in Staphylococcus aureus infections, The Lancet Infectious Diseases, vol.5, issue.12, pp.751-62, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70295-4

H. Chambers, The Changing Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus?, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.7, issue.2, pp.178-82, 2001.
DOI : 10.3201/eid0702.010204

J. Rasigade, F. Laurent, G. Lina, H. Meugnier, M. Bes et al., 1981???2007, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.201, issue.10, pp.1589-97, 1981.
DOI : 10.1086/652008

F. Caby, R. Bismuth, and P. Bossi, Infections ?? staphylocoques, Traité de médecine Akos, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/S1634-6939(10)45389-2

L. Tognetti, C. Martinelli, S. Berti, J. Hercogova, T. Lotti et al., Bacterial skin and soft tissue infections: review of the epidemiology, microbiology, aetiopathogenesis and treatment, Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, vol.28, issue.8, pp.1-11, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.clinthera.2006.08.011

P. Couppié and G. Prévost, Staphylococcal leukotoxins, Ann Dermatol Venereol, vol.124, pp.740-748, 1997.

N. Zetola, J. Francis, E. Nuermberger, W. Bishai, S. Boyle-vavra et al., Community-acquired meticillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus: an emerging threat Duroch Alice Place de la PCR-hybridation dans le diagnostic de deux bactéries multirésistantes: les ERG et les SAMR LPV. 98p Comparison of Virulence in Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Pulsotypes USA300 and USA400 in a Rat Model of Pneumonia, Lancet Infect Dis. J Infect Dis, vol.5198, issue.10, pp.275-86561, 2005.

F. Lowy, D. Diekema, M. Pfaller, F. Schmitz, J. Smayevsky et al., Antimicrobial resistance: the example of Staphylococcus aureus Survey of Infections Due to Staphylococcus Species: Frequency of Occurrence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Isolates Collected in the United States, Canada, Latin America, Europe, and the Western Pacific Region for the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, J Clin Invest. Clin Infect Dis, vol.11132, issue.14, pp.1265-73114, 1997.

B. Berger-bächi and S. Rohrer, Factors influencing methicillin resistance in staphylococci Deurenberg RH, Stobberingh EE. The evolution of Staphylococcus aureus, Arch. Microbiol. Infect Genet Evol, vol.1788, issue.16, pp.165-71747, 2002.

M. Sanford, A. Widmer, M. Bale, R. Jones, and R. Wenzel, Efficient Detection and Long-Term Persistence of the Carriage of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.19, issue.6, pp.1123-1131, 1994.
DOI : 10.1093/clinids/19.6.1123

L. Saravolatz, D. Pohlod, L. Arking, E. Udo, J. Pearman et al., Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: a new source for nosocomial outbreaks Genetic analysis of community isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Western Australia Four Pediatric Deaths From Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus?Minnesota and North Dakota, Ann Intern Med. J Hosp Infect. JAMA, vol.9725282, issue.21, pp.325-997, 1982.

B. Herold, L. Immergluck, M. Maranan, D. Lauderdale, R. Gaskin et al., Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant <EMPH TYPE="ITAL">Staphylococcus aureus</EMPH> in Children With No Identified Predisposing Risk, JAMA, vol.279, issue.8, pp.593-98, 1998.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.279.8.593

F. Deleo, M. Otto, B. Kreiswirth, and H. Chambers, Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes: worldwide emergence Community-associated meticillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus, Emerging Infect Dis. Lancet, vol.9375, issue.24, pp.978-841557, 2003.

Y. Gillet, B. Issartel, P. Vanhems, J. Fournet, L. G. Bes et al., Association between Staphylococcus aureus strains carrying gene for Panton-Valentine leukocidin and highly lethal necrotising pneumonia in young immunocompetent patients Staphylococcus aureus leukocidin: a new virulence factor in cutaneous infections? An epidemiological and experimental study, Lancet. Dermatology, vol.359185, pp.753-9175, 1992.

S. Boyle-vavra and R. Daum, Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: the role of Panton???Valentine leukocidin, Laboratory Investigation, vol.189, issue.1, pp.3-9, 2007.
DOI : 10.1086/380909

D. Robinson and M. Enright, Multilocus sequence typing and the evolution of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Clinical Microbiology and Infection, vol.10, issue.2, pp.92-99, 2004.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2004.00768.x

T. Ito, Y. Katayama, K. Asada, N. Mori, K. Tsutsumimoto et al., Structural Comparison of Three Types of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec Integrated in the Chromosome in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.45, issue.5, pp.1323-1359, 2001.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.45.5.1323-1336.2001

T. Naimi, K. Ledell, K. Como-sabetti, S. Borchardt, D. Boxrud et al., Comparison of Community- and Health Care???Associated Methicillin-Resistant <EMPH TYPE="ITAL">Staphylococcus aureus</EMPH> Infection, JAMA, vol.290, issue.22, pp.2976-84, 2003.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.290.22.2976

S. Methicillin-resistant, aureus infections among patients in the emergency department, N Engl J Med, vol.355, pp.666-74, 2006.

P. Ward, W. Turner, G. Lina, Y. Piémont, F. Godail-gamot et al., Identification of staphylococcal Panton-Valentine leukocidin as a potent dermonecrotic toxin Involvement of Panton-Valentine Leukocidin?Producing Staphylococcus aureus in Primary Skin Infections and Pneumonia, Infect Immun. Clin Infect Dis, vol.2829, issue.37, pp.393-71128, 1980.

J. Kaneko, Y. Kamio, J. Voyich, M. Otto, B. Mathema et al., forming cytolytic toxins: structures, pore-forming mechanism, and organization of the genes Is Panton?Valentine Leukocidin the Major Virulence Determinant in Community?Associated Methicillin?Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Disease? Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A Meta-Analysis of Prevalence and Risk Factors, spa Typing Method for Discriminating among Staphylococcus aureus Isolates: Implications for Use of a Single Marker To Detect Genetic Micro-and Macrovariation, pp.981-10031761, 2003.

C. Milheiriço, D. Oliveira, H. De-lencastre, F. Durupt, L. Mayor et al., Update to the Multiplex PCR Strategy for Assignment of mec Element Types in Staphylococcus aureus, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.51, issue.9, pp.3374-3381, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.00275-07

S. Böcher, A. Gervelmeyer, D. Monnet, K. Mølbak, and R. Skov, Community?associated methicillin?resistant Staphylococcus aureus: risk factors for infection, and long?term follow?up Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: risk factors associated with community-onset infections in Denmark, Clin Microbiol Infect. Clin. Microbiol. Infect, vol.1514, issue.48, pp.552-9942, 2008.

. Al, Prevalence of and risk factors for colonization by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among adults in community settings in Taiwan, J Clin Microbiol, vol.47, issue.50, pp.2957-63, 2009.

A. Tristan, M. Bes, H. Meugnier, G. Lina, B. Bozdogan et al., 2006, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.13, issue.4, pp.594-600, 2006.
DOI : 10.3201/eid1304.061316

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00157272

P. Dufour, Y. Gillet, M. Bes, G. Lina, F. Vandenesch et al., Infections in France: Emergence of a Single Clone That Produces Panton???Valentine Leukocidin, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.352, issue.7, pp.819-843, 2002.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.39.2.728-729.2001

S. Kaplan, K. Hulten, B. Gonzalez, W. Hammerman, L. Lamberth et al., Three-Year Surveillance of Community-AcquiredStaphylococcus aureus Infections in Children, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.22, issue.8, pp.1785-91, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/01.inf.0000078160.29072.42

S. Monecke, P. Slickers, M. Ellington, A. Kearns, and R. Ehricht, High diversity of Panton???Valentine leukocidin-positive, methicillin-susceptible isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and implications for the evolution of community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Clinical Microbiology and Infection, vol.13, issue.12, pp.1157-64, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01833.x

C. Liu, C. Graber, M. Karr, B. Diep, L. Basuino et al., Disease in San Francisco, 2004???2005, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.13, issue.11, pp.1637-1683, 2004.
DOI : 10.1086/526773

K. Purcell, J. Fergie, S. Fridkin, J. Hageman, M. Morrison et al., Epidemic of Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections, Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, vol.159, issue.10, pp.980-985, 2005.
DOI : 10.1001/archpedi.159.10.980

L. Sheldon, K. G. Kaplan, B. E. Hulten, W. A. Gonzalez, L. Hammerman et al., Three-Year Surveillance of Community-Acquired Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Children, Clin Infect Dis, pp.1785-91, 2005.

J. Robert, E. J. , B. X. Ellis, M. Hospenthal, D. Dooley et al., Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus producing Panton-Valentine leukocidin in a retrospective case series from 12 French hospital laboratories Natural history of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization and infection in soldiers, Clin Microbiol Infect. Clin Infect Dis, vol.1139, issue.63, pp.585-7971, 2000.

P. Cohen, R. Kurzrock, B. Diep, H. Carleton, E. Charlebois et al., Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Skin Infections, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a high school wrestling team and the surrounding community, pp.277-80919, 1998.
DOI : 10.7205/MILMED.171.6.504

J. Lamar, R. Carr, C. Zinderman, and K. R. Mcdonald, Sentinel cases of communityacquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus onboard a naval ship Outbreaks of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infections--Los Angeles County, Mil Med. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, vol.16852, issue.70, pp.135-143, 2003.

P. Couppie, B. Cribier, and G. Prévost, Leukocidin from Staphylococcus aureus and cutaneous infections: an epidemiologic study, Archives of Dermatology, vol.130, issue.9, pp.1208-1217, 1994.
DOI : 10.1001/archderm.130.9.1208

O. Yamasaki, J. Kaneko, S. Morizane, H. Akiyama, J. Arata et al., The Association between Staphylococcus aureus Strains Carrying Panton-Valentine Leukocidin Genes and the Development of Deep-Seated Follicular Infection Primary Skin Abscesses Are Mainly Caused by Panton-Valentine Leukocidin-Positive Staphylococcus aureus Strains, Clin Infect Dis. Dermatology, vol.40219, issue.73, pp.381-85299, 2005.

D. Giudice, P. Bes, M. Hubiche, T. Blanc, V. Roudière et al., Panton-Valentine Leukocidin-Positive <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Strains Are Associated with Follicular Skin Infections, Manifestations in Children with Invasive Community-Acquired Staphylococcus aureus Infection, pp.167-70583, 2005.
DOI : 10.1086/648615

J. Hageman, T. Uyeki, J. Francis, D. Jernigan, J. Wheeler et al., Severe community-acquired pneumonia due to Staphylococcus aureus, 2003-04 influenza season Severe Community-Onset Pneumonia in Healthy Adults Caused by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Carrying the Panton-Valentine Leukocidin Genes Community-acquired, methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus musculoskeletal infections in children, Emerging Infect Dis. Clin Infect Dis. Pediatr Infect Dis J, vol.124023, issue.79, pp.894-9100, 2004.

. Panton-valentine, Leukocidin Genes Are Associated With Enhanced Inflammatory Response and Local Disease in Acute Hematogenous Staphylococcus aureus Osteomyelitis in Children, Pediatrics, vol.117, pp.433-473, 2006.

F. Deleo, M. Otto, B. Kreiswirth, and H. Chambers, Community-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, The Lancet, vol.375, issue.9725, pp.1557-68, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61999-1

. Prevalence and . Severity, Treatment of Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (CA-MRSA) Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in 10 Medical Clinics in Texas: A South Texas Ambulatory Research Network (STARNet) Study, J Am Board Fam Med, vol.24, pp.543-50, 2011.

D. Pallin, D. Egan, A. Pelletier, J. Espinola, D. Hooper et al., Increased US Emergency Department Visits for Skin and Soft Tissue Infections, and Changes in Antibiotic Choices, During the Emergence of Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol.51, issue.3, pp.291-299, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2007.12.004

R. Daum, L. Miller, F. Perdreau-remington, A. Bayer, B. Diep et al., Clinical practice Skin and soft-tissue infections caused by methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics cannot distinguish community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection from methicillin-susceptible S. aureus infection: a prospective investigation, N Engl J Med. Clin Infect Dis, vol.35744, issue.86, pp.380-90471, 2007.

C. Liu, A. Bayer, S. Cosgrove, R. Daum, S. Fridkin et al., Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Adults and Children, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.54, issue.3, pp.285-92, 2011.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.00536-10