J. Rambaud, Traité de gastro-entérologie. 2ème édition. Paris: Flammarion, 2005.

L. Peyrin-biroulet and F. Dépont-hébert, Productivité individuelle et maladie de Crohn : impact de la maladie et apport des traitements, Hépato Gastro, vol.20, pp.20-24, 2013.

T. Jess, M. Frisch, and J. Simonsen, Trends in overall and cause-specific mortality among patients with inflammatory bowel disease from, Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Off. Clin. Pr. J. Am. Gastroenterol. Assoc, vol.11, pp.43-48, 1982.

D. Duricova, N. Pedersen, and M. Elkjaer, Overall and cause-specific mortality in Crohn??s disease: A meta-analysis of population-based studies, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, vol.309, issue.2, pp.347-353, 2010.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1114233

T. Jess, M. Gamborg, and P. Munkholm, Overall and Cause-Specific Mortality in Ulcerative Colitis: Meta-analysis of Population-Based Inception Cohort Studies, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.33, issue.3, pp.609-617, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-5085(91)90202-V

S. Samuel, S. Ingle, and S. Dhillon, Cumulative Incidence and Risk Factors for Hospitalization and Surgery in a Population-based Cohort of Ulcerative Colitis, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, vol.55, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s10620-009-0749-9

L. Peyrin-biroulet, E. Loftus, . Jr, and J. Colombel, The Natural History of Adult Crohn's Disease in Population-Based Cohorts, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.132, issue.2, pp.289-297, 2010.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.09.053

S. Odes, H. Vardi, and M. Friger, Cost Analysis and Cost Determinants in a European Inflammatory Bowel Disease Inception Cohort With 10 Years of Follow-up Evaluation, Gastroenterology, vol.131, issue.3, pp.719-728, 2006.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.05.052

C. Anderson, G. Boucher, and C. Lees, Meta-analysis identifies 29 additional ulcerative colitis risk loci, increasing the number of confirmed associations to 47, Nature Genetics, vol.38, issue.3, pp.246-252, 2011.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2001.00981.x

J. Cosnes, F. Carbonnel, and L. Beaugerie, Effects of cigarette smoking on the long-term course of Crohn's disease, Gastroenterology, vol.110, issue.2, pp.424-431, 1996.
DOI : 10.1053/gast.1996.v110.pm8566589

B. Calkins, A meta-analysis of the role of smoking in inflammatory bowel disease, Digestive Diseases and Sciences, vol.284, issue.12
DOI : 10.1007/BF01536701

S. Mahid, K. Minor, and R. Soto, Smoking and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Meta-analysis, Mayo Clinic Proceedings, vol.81, issue.11
DOI : 10.4065/81.11.1462

T. Birrenbach and U. Böcker, Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Smoking, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, vol.96, issue.6, pp.848-859, 2004.
DOI : 10.1093/qjmed/hcg007

A. Duggan, I. Usmani, and K. Neal, Appendicectomy, childhood hygiene, Helicobacter pylori status, and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a case control study, Gut, vol.43, issue.4, pp.494-498, 1998.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.43.4.494

G. Radford-smith, J. Edwards, and D. Purdie, Protective role of appendicectomy on onset and severity of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, Gut, vol.51, issue.6, pp.808-813, 2002.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.51.6.808

J. Hou, B. Abraham, and H. El-serag, Dietary Intake and Risk of Developing Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review of the Literature, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.19, issue.4, pp.563-573, 2011.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.280.6210.293-a

G. Wu, J. Chen, and C. Hoffmann, Linking Long-Term Dietary Patterns with Gut Microbial Enterotypes, Science, vol.107, issue.33, pp.105-108, 2011.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1005963107

URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3368382?pdf=render

S. Devkota, Y. Wang, and M. Musch, Dietary-fat-induced taurocholic acid promotes pathobiont expansion and colitis in Il10 ???/??? mice, Nature, vol.28, issue.7405, pp.104-108, 2012.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI118861

E. Mann and S. Saeed, Gastrointestinal infection as a trigger for inflammatory bowel disease, Current Opinion in Gastroenterology, vol.28, issue.1, pp.24-29, 2012.
DOI : 10.1097/MOG.0b013e32834c453e

U. Meinzer, F. Barreau, and S. Esmiol-welterlin, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Effector YopJ Subverts the Nod2/RICK/TAK1 Pathway and Activates Caspase-1 to Induce Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction, Cell Host & Microbe, vol.11, issue.4, pp.337-351, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chom.2012.02.009

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01616773

A. Darfeuille-michaud, J. Boudeau, and P. Bulois, High prevalence of adherent-invasive Escherichia coli associated with ileal mucosa in Crohn???s disease, Gastroenterology, vol.127, issue.2, pp.412-421, 2004.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.04.061

S. Jørgensen, J. Agnholt, and H. Glerup, Clinical trial: vitamin D3 treatment in Crohn???s disease - a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study, Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vol.16, issue.3, pp.377-383, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1995.tb03836.x

H. Mardini, K. Kip, and J. Wilson, Crohn's Disease: A Two-Year Prospective Study of the Association Between Psychological Distress and Disease Activity, Digestive Diseases and Sciences, vol.49, issue.3, pp.492-497, 2004.
DOI : 10.1023/B:DDAS.0000020509.23162.cc

K. Forrest, D. Symmons, and P. Foster, Systematic review: is ingestion of paracetamol or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs associated with exacerbations of inflammatory bowel disease?, Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, vol.125, issue.10, pp.1035-1043, 2004.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2003.01596.x

M. Kronman, T. Zaoutis, and K. Haynes, Antibiotic Exposure and IBD Development Among Children: A Population-Based Cohort Study, PEDIATRICS, vol.130, issue.4, pp.794-803, 2012.
DOI : 10.1542/peds.2011-3886

J. Cornish, E. Tan, and C. Simillis, The Risk of Oral Contraceptives in the Etiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Meta-Analysis, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.316, issue.6 Suppl, pp.2394-2400, 2008.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.316.7124.61

A. Ananthakrishnan, L. Higuchi, and E. Huang, Aspirin, Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Use, and Risk for Crohn Disease and Ulcerative Colitis, Annals of Internal Medicine, vol.156, issue.5, pp.350-359, 2012.
DOI : 10.7326/0003-4819-156-5-201203060-00007

J. Cosnes, ?. Gower, C. Rousseau, and P. Seksik, Epidemiology and Natural History of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Gastroenterology, vol.140, issue.6, pp.1785-1794, 2011.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.01.055

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00631553

P. Lakatos, Recent trends in the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel diseases: Up or down, World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.12, issue.38, pp.6102-6108, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00381.x

B. Lovasz, P. Golovics, and Z. Vegh, New trends in inflammatory bowel disease epidemiology and disease course in Eastern Europe, Digestive and Liver Disease, vol.45, issue.4, pp.269-276, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.dld.2012.08.020

E. Loftus and . Jr, Clinical epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: incidence, prevalence, and environmental influences, Gastroenterology, vol.126, issue.6, pp.1504-1517, 2004.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.01.063

S. Shivananda, J. Lennard-jones, and R. Logan, Incidence of inflammatory bowel disease across Europe: is there a difference between north and south? Results of the European Collaborative Study on Inflammatory Bowel Disease (EC-IBD)., Gut, vol.39, issue.5, pp.690-697, 1996.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.39.5.690

N. Molodecky, I. Soon, and D. Rabi, Increasing Incidence and Prevalence of the Inflammatory Bowel Diseases With Time, Based on Systematic Review Geographical variations of inflammatory bowel disease in France: a study based on national health insurance data, Gastroenterology Inflamm. Bowel Dis, vol.14212, pp.46-54, 2006.

C. Gower-rousseau, F. Vasseur, and M. Fumery, Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel diseases: New insights from a French population-based registry (EPIMAD), Digestive and Liver Disease, vol.45, issue.2, pp.89-94, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.dld.2012.09.005

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01701899

V. Chouraki, G. Savoye, and L. Dauchet, The changing pattern of Crohn's disease incidence in northern France: a continuing increase in the 10-to 19-year-old age bracket, 1988.

. Hovde-?-istein and B. Moum, Epidemiology and clinical course of Crohn's disease: Results from observational studies, World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.18, issue.15, pp.1723-1731, 2012.
DOI : 10.3748/wjg.v18.i15.1723

E. Langholz, P. Munkholm, and M. Davidsen, Course of ulcerative colitis: Analysis of changes in disease activity over years, Gastroenterology, vol.107, issue.1, pp.3-11, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-5085(94)90054-X

C. Zallot and L. Peyrin-biroulet, Clinical Risk Factors for Complicated Disease: How Reliable Are They?, Digestive Diseases, vol.59, issue.s3, pp.67-72, 2012.
DOI : 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-300049

I. Solberg, I. Lygren, and J. Jahnsen, Clinical course during the first 10 years of ulcerative colitis: results from a population-based inception cohort (IBSEN Study), Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.19, issue.2, pp.431-440, 2009.
DOI : 10.3109/00365529609004876

B. Moum, A. Ekbom, and M. Vatn, Change in the extent of colonoscopic and histological involvement in ulcerative colitis over time, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.32, issue.170, pp.1564-1569, 1999.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.40.3.328

J. Byeon, S. Yang, and S. Myung, Clinical Course of Distal Ulcerative Colitis in Relation to Appendiceal Orifice Inflammation Status, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, vol.37, issue.4, pp.366-371, 2005.
DOI : 10.1080/003655202753416849

M. Joo and R. Odze, Rectal Sparing and Skip Lesions in Ulcerative Colitis: A Comparative Study of Endoscopic and Histologic Findings in Patients Who Underwent Proctocolectomy, The American Journal of Surgical Pathology, vol.34, pp.689-696, 2010.
DOI : 10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181db84cd

A. Ekbom, C. Helmick, and M. Zack, Ulcerative Colitis and Colorectal Cancer, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.323, issue.18, pp.1228-1233, 1990.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM199011013231802

M. Silverberg, J. Satsangi, and T. Ahmad, Toward an Integrated Clinical, Molecular and Serological Classification of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Report of a Working Party of the 2005 Montreal World Congress of Gastroenterology, Montreal World Congress of Gastroenterology, pp.5-36, 2005.
DOI : 10.1155/2005/269076

D. Haens, G. Sandborn, W. Feagan, and B. , A review of activity indices and efficacy end points for clinical trials of medical therapy in adults with ulcerative colitis, Gastroenterology, vol.132, pp.763-786, 2007.

J. Langhorst, S. Elsenbruch, and J. Koelzer, Noninvasive Markers in the Assessment of Intestinal Inflammation in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Performance of Fecal Lactoferrin, Calprotectin, and PMN-Elastase, CRP, and Clinical Indices, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.48, issue.1, pp.162-169, 2008.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.48.4.526

S. Nancey, G. Boschetti, and D. Moussata, Quels biomarqueurs et quelle place dans les MICI ?, pp.45-55, 2013.

C. Solem, E. Loftus, . Jr, and W. Tremaine, Correlation of C-Reactive Protein With Clinical, Endoscopic, Histologic, and Radiographic Activity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, vol.128, issue.8, pp.707-712, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/01.CRD.0000077906.74217.6E

C. Prantera, M. Davoli, and R. Lorenzetti, Clinical and Laboratory Indicators of Extent of Ulcerative Colitis, Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, vol.10, issue.1, pp.41-45, 1988.
DOI : 10.1097/00004836-198802000-00010

A. Lasson, M. Simrén, and P. Stotzer, Fecal Calprotectin Levels Predict the Clinical Course in Patients With New Onset of Ulcerative Colitis, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, vol.12, issue.3, pp.576-581, 2013.
DOI : 10.1097/01.MIB.0000225339.91484.fc

F. Costa, M. Mumolo, and M. Bellini, Role of faecal calprotectin as non-invasive marker of intestinal inflammation, Digestive and Liver Disease, vol.35, issue.9, pp.642-647, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1590-8658(03)00381-5

T. Sipponen, E. Savilahti, and K. Kolho, Crohn??s disease activity assessed by fecal calprotectin and lactoferrin: Correlation with Crohn??s disease activity index and endoscopic findings, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, vol.359, issue.1, pp.40-46, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08512-4

E. Louis, A. Collard, and A. Oger, Behaviour of Crohn's disease according to the Vienna classification: changing pattern over the course of the disease, Gut, vol.49, issue.6, pp.777-782, 2001.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.49.6.777

I. Solberg, M. Vatn, and O. Høie, Clinical Course in Crohn???s Disease: Results of a Norwegian Population-Based Ten-Year Follow-Up Study, Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol.5, issue.12, pp.1430-1438, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cgh.2007.09.002

L. Beaugerie, P. Seksik, and I. Nion-larmurier, Predictors of Crohn???s Disease, Gastroenterology, vol.130, issue.3, pp.650-656, 2006.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.12.019

D. Esser, F. Cornillie, and R. Diamond, On the updated ECCO consensus guidelines for medical management of Crohn's disease, Journal of Crohn's and Colitis, vol.350, issue.Suppl 1, pp.165-166, 2011.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa030815

S. Vermeire, G. Assche, . Van, and P. Rutgeerts, Perianal Crohn's disease: Classification and clinical evaluation, Digestive and Liver Disease, vol.39, issue.10, pp.959-962, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.dld.2007.07.153

M. Daperno, D. Haens, G. Assche, and G. Van, Development and validation of a new, simplified endoscopic activity score for Crohn's disease: the SES-CD, Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, vol.60, issue.4, pp.505-512, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0016-5107(04)01878-4

P. Rutgeerts, K. Geboes, and G. Vantrappen, Predictability of the postoperative course of Crohn's disease, Gastroenterology, vol.99, issue.4, pp.956-963, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-5085(90)90613-6

B. Pariente, Développement d'un score de destruction digestive dans la maladie de Crohn, le score de Lémann, Hépato Gastro, vol.20, pp.25-32, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/s0399-8320(09)72808-8

M. Barreiro-de-acosta, J. Domínguez-muñoz, N. Vera, and M. , Relationship between clinical features of Crohn's disease and the risk of developing extraintestinal manifestations. Eur, J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol, vol.19, pp.73-78, 2007.

L. Lakatos, T. Pandur, and G. David, Association of extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease in a province of western Hungary with disease phenotype: Results of a 25-year follow-up study, World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.9, issue.10, pp.2300-2307, 2003.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.156_b.x

S. Danese, S. Semeraro, and A. Papa, Extraintestinal manifestations in inflammatory bowel disease, World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.11, issue.46, pp.7227-7236, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.07093.x

C. Salvarani and W. Fries, Clinical features and epidemiology of spondyloarthritides associated with inflammatory bowel disease, World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.15, issue.20, pp.2449-2455, 2009.
DOI : 10.3748/wjg.15.2449

F. Atzeni, C. Defendenti, and M. Ditto, Rheumatic manifestations in inflammatory bowel disease Peripheral arthropathies in inflammatory bowel disease: their articular distribution and natural history, Autoimmun. Rev. Gut, vol.42, pp.387-391, 1998.

K. Vlam, . De, H. Mielants, and C. Cuvelier, Spondyloarthropathy is underestimated in inflammatory bowel disease: prevalence and HLA association, J. Rheumatol, vol.27, pp.2860-2865, 2000.

T. Rodríguez-reyna, C. Martínez-reyes, and J. Yamamoto-furusho, Rheumatic manifestations of in???ammatory bowel disease, World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.15, issue.44, pp.5517-5524, 2009.
DOI : 10.3748/wjg.15.5517

M. Vos and . De, Joint Involvement Associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Digestive Diseases, vol.27, issue.4, pp.511-515, 2009.
DOI : 10.1159/000233290

R. Queiro, O. Maiz, and J. Intxausti, Subclinical Sacroiliitis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Clinical and Follow-up Study, Clinical Rheumatology, vol.19, issue.6, pp.445-449, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/s100670070003

M. Rudwaleit and D. Baeten, Ankylosing spondylitis and bowel disease, Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology, vol.20, issue.3, pp.451-471, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.berh.2006.03.010

S. Ardizzone, S. Bollani, and P. Bettica, Altered bone metabolism in inflammatory bowel disease: there is a difference between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, Journal of Internal Medicine, vol.36, issue.1, pp.63-70, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02405286

T. Veloso and F. , Skin complications associated with inflammatory bowel disease, Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, vol.34, issue.s4, pp.50-53, 2004.
DOI : 10.1097/00054725-200403000-00013

F. Veloso, J. Carvalho, and F. Magro, Immune-Related Systemic Manifestations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, vol.23, issue.1, pp.29-34, 1996.
DOI : 10.1097/00004836-199607000-00009

L. Tang, P. Rawsthorne, and C. Bernstein, Are Perineal and Luminal Fistulas Associated in Crohn???s Disease? A Population-Based Study, Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol.4, issue.9, pp.1130-1134, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cgh.2006.06.021

A. Lapidus, Crohn???s disease in Stockholm County during 1990-2001: An epidemiological update, World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.12, issue.1
DOI : 10.1136/gut.2004.047282

A. Lapidus, O. Bernell, and G. Hellers, Clinical course of colorectal Crohn's disease: A 35-year follow-up study of 507 patients, Gastroenterology, vol.114, issue.6, pp.1151-1160, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0016-5085(98)70420-2

C. Simone, . De, P. Sollena, and V. Coco, Psoriasis and erythema nodosum: two comorbidities of inflammatory bowel diseases, G. Ital. Dermatol. E Venereol. Organo Uff. Soc. Ital. Dermatol. E Sifilogr, vol.148, pp.175-184, 2013.

R. Mintz, E. Feller, and R. Bahr, Ocular Manifestations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, vol.97, issue.2, pp.135-139, 2004.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05514.x

F. Mendes, C. Levy, and F. Enders, Abnormal Hepatic Biochemistries in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.30, issue.8, pp.344-350, 2007.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2036.1996.92264000.x

A. Damião, A. Sipahi, and D. Vezozzo, Gallbladder Hypokinesia in Crohn???s Disease, Digestion, vol.58, issue.5, pp.458-463, 1997.
DOI : 10.1159/000201483

B. Jaïs, P. Lévy, and J. Reimund, Pancréatites et maladies inflammatoires chroniques intestinales, pp.6-12, 2013.

M. Kappelman, E. Horvath-puho, and R. Sandler, Thromboembolic risk among Danish children and adults with inflammatory bowel diseases: a population-based nationwide study, Gut, vol.60, issue.7, pp.937-943, 2011.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.2010.228585

S. Kulnigg and C. Gasche, Systematic review: managing anaemia in Crohn's disease, Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, vol.50, issue.7, pp.1507-1523, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/S0016-5085(99)70005-3

F. Gomollón and J. Gisbert, Anemia and inflammatory bowel diseases, World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.15, issue.37, pp.4659-4665, 2009.
DOI : 10.3748/wjg.15.4659

J. Eaden, K. Abrams, and J. Mayberry, The risk of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis, Gut, vol.48, issue.4, pp.526-535, 2001.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.48.4.526

T. Jess, C. Rungoe, and L. Peyrin-biroulet, Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis: A Meta-analysis of Population-Based Cohort Studies, Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol.10, issue.6
DOI : 10.1016/j.cgh.2012.01.010

T. Jess, J. Simonsen, and K. Jørgensen, Decreasing Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease Over 30 Years, Gastroenterology, vol.143, issue.2, pp.375-381, 2012.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.04.016

C. Bernstein, J. Blanchard, and E. Kliewer, Cancer risk in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, Cancer, vol.77, issue.4, pp.854-862, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00005792-199811000-00001

C. Canavan, K. Abrams, and J. Mayberry, Meta-analysis: colorectal and small bowel cancer risk in patients with Crohn's disease, Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, vol.10, issue.2, pp.1097-1104, 2006.
DOI : 10.1080/00855910310001430

T. Jess, M. Gamborg, and P. Matzen, Increased Risk of Intestinal Cancer in Crohn's Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Population-Based Cohort Studies, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.107, issue.2, pp.2724-2729, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.08671.x

G. Assche, . Van, A. Dignass, and B. Bokemeyer, Second European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis Part 3: Special situations, J. Crohns Colitis. Available, vol.at, p.1873994612004060, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00742589

M. Claessen, F. Vleggaar, and K. Tytgat, High lifetime risk of cancer in primary sclerosing cholangitis, Journal of Hepatology, vol.50, issue.1, pp.158-164, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhep.2008.08.013

R. Gupta, N. Harpaz, and S. Itzkowitz, Histologic Inflammation Is a Risk Factor for Progression to Colorectal Neoplasia in Ulcerative Colitis: A Cohort Study, Gastroenterology, vol.133, issue.4, pp.1099-1105, 2007.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.08.001

F. Velayos, J. Terdiman, and J. Walsh, Effect of 5-Aminosalicylate Use on Colorectal Cancer and Dysplasia Risk: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis of Observational Studies, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.18, issue.2, pp.1345-1353, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/00054725-200401000-00003

G. Nguyen, A. Gulamhusein, and C. Bernstein, 5-Aminosalicylic Acid Is Not Protective Against Colorectal Cancer in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Non-Referral Populations, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.107, issue.9, pp.1298-1304, 2012.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.02.007

R. Odze, J. Goldblum, and A. Noffsinger, Interobserver Variability in the Diagnosis of Ulcerative Colitis-Associated Dysplasia by Telepathology, Modern Pathology, vol.27, issue.Suppl VIII, pp.379-386, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0046-8177(96)90363-9

T. Thomas, K. Abrams, and R. Robinson, Meta-analysis: cancer risk of low-grade dysplasia in chronic ulcerative colitis, Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vol.43, issue.2, pp.657-668, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-5085(92)91163-X

F. Magro, L. Peyrin-biroulet, and H. Sokol, Extra-intestinal malignancies in inflammatory bowel disease: Results of the 3rd ECCO Pathogenesis Scientific Workshop (III), Journal of Crohn's and Colitis, vol.15, issue.20, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1524-4725.1989.tb03166.x

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00829286

L. Peyrin-biroulet, K. Khosrotehrani, and F. Carrat, Increased Risk for Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers in Patients Who Receive Thiopurines for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Gastroenterology, vol.141, issue.5, pp.1621-1628, 2011.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.06.050

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00631539

J. Chevaux, S. Vavricka, and G. Rogler, Mucosal Healing with Anti-TNF Antibodies, Digestion, vol.133, issue.s1, pp.16-22, 2012.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.08.001

URL : http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/76211/1/Mucosal_healing_Chevaux_et_al_13.7.2012.pdf

A. Bourreille, Obtenir une cicatrisation muqueuse chez les patients atteints de maladie inflammatoire chronique intestinale : pourquoi et chez quels malades ?, pp.33-38, 2013.

L. Peyrin-biroulet, G. Bonnaud, and C. Cellier, Recommendations Endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease: recommendations from the IBD Committee of the French Society of Digestive Endoscopy (SFED), Endoscopy, vol.45, issue.11
DOI : 10.1055/s-0033-1344783

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01701888

L. Peyrin-biroulet, M. Ferrante, and F. Magro, Results from the 2nd Scientific Workshop of the ECCO (I): Impact of mucosal healing on the course of inflammatory bowel disease, Journal of Crohn's and Colitis, vol.50, issue.A-146, pp.477-483, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/S0016-5107(99)80017-0

K. Frøslie, J. Jahnsen, and B. Moum, Mucosal Healing in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Results From a Norwegian Population-Based Cohort, Gastroenterology, vol.133, issue.2, pp.412-422, 2007.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.05.051

G. Lichtenstein and P. Rutgeerts, Importance of mucosal healing in ulcerative colitis, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, vol.55, issue.2, pp.338-346, 2010.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.2005.081794

M. Rutter, B. Saunders, and K. Wilkinson, Severity of inflammation is a risk factor for colorectal neoplasia in ulcerative colitis, Gastroenterology, vol.126, issue.2, pp.451-459, 2004.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2003.11.010

V. Subramanian, J. Mannath, and K. Ragunath, Meta-analysis: the diagnostic yield of chromoendoscopy for detecting dysplasia in patients with colonic inflammatory bowel disease, Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vol.8, issue.Suppl. 5, pp.304-312, 2011.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629

R. Kiesslich, J. Fritsch, and M. Holtmann, Methylene blue-aided chromoendoscopy for the detection of intraepithelial neoplasia and colon cancer in ulcerative colitis, Gastroenterology, vol.124, issue.4, pp.880-888, 2003.
DOI : 10.1053/gast.2003.50146

L. Wu, P. Li, and J. Wu, The diagnostic accuracy of chromoendoscopy for dysplasia in ulcerative colitis: meta-analysis of six randomized controlled trials, Colorectal Disease, vol.59, issue.4, pp.416-420, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/S0016-5107(04)00492-4

M. Rutter, B. Saunders, and G. Schofield, Pancolonic indigo carmine dye spraying for the detection of dysplasia in ulcerative colitis, Gut, vol.53, issue.2, pp.256-260, 2004.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.2003.016386

E. Dekker, F. Broek, . Van-den, and J. Reitsma, Narrow-band imaging compared with conventional colonoscopy for the detection of dysplasia in patients with longstanding ulcerative colitis, Endoscopy, vol.39, issue.3, pp.216-221, 2007.
DOI : 10.1055/s-2007-966214

P. Collins, C. Mpofu, and A. Watson, Strategies for detecting colon cancer and/or dysplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. Online, p.279, 2006.

F. Parente, C. Cucino, and S. Bollani, Focal gastric inflammatory infiltrates in inflammatory bowel diseases: prevalence, immunohistochemical characteristics, and diagnostic role, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.30, issue.3, pp.705-711, 2000.
DOI : 10.1097/00000478-199804000-00001

F. Parente, S. Greco, and M. Molteni, Role of early ultrasound in detecting inflammatory intestinal disorders and identifying their anatomical location within the bowel, Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, vol.8, issue.10, pp.1009-1016, 2003.
DOI : 10.1053/crad.2000.0625

A. Desmond, K. O-'regan, and C. Curran, Crohn's disease: factors associated with exposure to high levels of diagnostic radiation, Gut, vol.57, issue.11, pp.1524-1529, 2008.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.2008.151415

J. Panes, Y. Bouhnik, and W. Reinisch, Imaging techniques for assessment of inflammatory bowel disease: Joint ECCO and ESGAR evidence-based consensus guidelines, Journal of Crohn's and Colitis, vol.11, issue.Suppl. 2, pp.556-585, 2013.
DOI : 10.1097/01.mib.0000179211.03650.b6

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01704202

J. Florie, M. Wasser, and K. Arts-cieslik, Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI of the Bowel Wall for Assessment of Disease Activity in Crohn's Disease, American Journal of Roentgenology, vol.186, issue.5, pp.1384-1392, 2006.
DOI : 10.2214/AJR.04.1454

K. Horsthuis, S. Bipat, and R. Bennink, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Diagnosed with US, MR, Scintigraphy, and CT: Meta-analysis of Prospective Studies, Radiology, vol.247, issue.1, pp.64-79, 2008.
DOI : 10.1148/radiol.2471070611

R. Vescovo, . Del, I. Sansoni, and R. Caviglia, Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the terminal ileum: differentiation of activity of Crohn???s disease, Abdominal Imaging, vol.49, issue.11???12, pp.417-424, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-5085(90)90613-6

P. Dionisio, S. Gurudu, and J. Leighton, Capsule Endoscopy Has a Significantly Higher Diagnostic Yield in Patients With Suspected and Established Small-Bowel Crohn's Disease: A Meta-Analysis, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.3, issue.6, pp.1240-1248, 2010.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629

A. Bourreille, A. Ignjatovic, and L. Aabakken, Role of small-bowel endoscopy in the management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease: an international OMED???ECCO consensus, Endoscopy, vol.41, issue.07, pp.618-637, 2009.
DOI : 10.1055/s-0029-1214790

G. Lichtenstein, S. Hanauer, and W. Sandborn, Management of Crohn's Disease in Adults, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.7, issue.2, pp.465-483, 2009.
DOI : 10.1002/ibd.20014

B. Feagan, 5-ASA therapy for active Crohn?s disease: Old friends, old data, and a new conclusion, Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol.2, issue.5, pp.376-378, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S1542-3565(04)00121-1

S. Hanauer and U. Strömberg, Oral Pentasa in the treatment of active Crohn's disease: A metaanalysis of double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Off. Clin. Pr. J. Am. Gastroenterol. Assoc, vol.2, pp.379-388, 2004.

A. Ford, S. Kane, and K. Khan, Efficacy of 5-Aminosalicylates in Crohn's Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.86, issue.4, pp.617-629, 2011.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa0904492

W. Faubion, . Jr, E. Loftus, . Jr, and W. Harmsen, The natural history of corticosteroid therapy for inflammatory bowel disease: A population-based study, Gastroenterology, vol.121, issue.2, pp.255-260, 2001.
DOI : 10.1053/gast.2001.26279

D. Pearson, G. May, and G. Fick, Azathioprine and 6-Mercaptopurine in Crohn Disease, Annals of Internal Medicine, vol.123, issue.2, pp.132-142, 1995.
DOI : 10.7326/0003-4819-123-2-199507150-00009

A. Hawthorne, R. Logan, and C. Hawkey, Randomised controlled trial of azathioprine withdrawal in ulcerative colitis., BMJ, vol.305, issue.6844, pp.20-22, 1992.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.305.6844.20

A. Fraser, Methotrexate, European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, vol.15, issue.3, pp.225-231, 2003.
DOI : 10.1097/00042737-200303000-00003

W. El-matary, B. Vandermeer, and A. Griffiths, Methotrexate for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis, Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. Online, vol.102, issue.12, p.7560, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01474.x

J. Kirchgesner, A. Bourrier, and L. Beaugerie, Prévention et prise en charge des complications des immunosuppresseurs chez les patients atteints de maladies inflammatoires chroniques intestinales (MICI), pp.266-273, 2013.

N. Williet, A. Lopez, and L. Peyrin-biroulet, Maladies inflammatoires chroniques de l'intestin et cancer colorectal : quel est vraiment le risque à l'ère des biothérapies ?, Hépato Gastro, vol.20, pp.325-334, 2013.

D. Haens, G. Panaccione, R. Higgins, and P. , The London Position Statement of the World Congress of Gastroenterology on Biological Therapy for IBD With the European Crohn's and Colitis Organization: When to Start, When to Stop, Which Drug to Choose and How to Predict Response?, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.130, issue.2, pp.199-212, 2011.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.11.053

F. Maire, Maladie de Crohn en rémission : que se passe-t-il à l'arrêt de l'infliximab?, pp.128-132, 2012.

D. Haens, G. Baert, F. Assche, and G. Van, Early combined immunosuppression or conventional management in patients with newly diagnosed Crohn's disease: an open randomised trial, The Lancet, vol.371, issue.9613, pp.660-667, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60304-9

J. Colombel, W. Sandborn, and W. Reinisch, Infliximab, Azathioprine, or Combination Therapy for Crohn's Disease, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.362, issue.15, pp.1383-1395, 2010.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa0904492

R. Panaccione, S. Ghosh, and S. Middleton, Infliximab, azathioprine, or infliximab + azathioprine for treatment of moderate to severe ulcerative colitis: the UC SUCCESS trial, Gastroenterology, 2011.

M. Toruner, E. Loftus, . Jr, and W. Harmsen, Risk Factors for Opportunistic Infections in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Gastroenterology, vol.134, issue.4, pp.929-936, 2008.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.01.012

P. Deepak, H. Sifuentes, and M. Sherid, T-Cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas Reported to the FDA AERS With Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-??) Inhibitors: Results of the REFURBISH Study, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.1, issue.1
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa0904492

N. Williet, C. Pillot, and A. Oussalah, Incidence of and impact of medications on colectomy in newly diagnosed ulcerative colitis in the era of biologics, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, vol.132, issue.9, pp.1641-1646, 2012.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.11.015

A. Ananthakrishnan, M. Issa, and D. Beaulieu, History of medical hospitalization predicts future need for colectomy in patients with ulcerative colitis, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, vol.5, issue.2, pp.176-181, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cgh.2006.12.027

L. Peyrin-biroulet, W. Harmsen, and W. Tremaine, Surgery in a Population-Based Cohort of Crohn's Disease From Olmsted County, Minnesota (1970???2004), The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.490, issue.11, pp.1693-1701, 1970.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.2005.082909

P. Munkholm, E. Langholz, and M. Davidsen, Disease Activity Courses in a Regional Cohort of Crohn's Disease Patients, Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.28, issue.7, pp.699-706, 1995.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.28.4.382

S. Onali, C. Petruzziello, and E. Calabrese, Frequency, Pattern, and Risk Factors of Postoperative Recurrence of Crohn???s Disease After Resection Different from Ileo-Colonic, Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, vol.55, issue.1, pp.246-252, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-5085(85)90006-X

A. Buisson, J. Chevaux, and G. Bommelaer, Diagnosis, prevention and treatment of postoperative Crohn's disease recurrence, Digestive and Liver Disease, vol.44, issue.6
DOI : 10.1016/j.dld.2011.12.018

A. Buisson, J. Chevaux, and P. Allen, Review article: the natural history of postoperative Crohn's disease recurrence, Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vol.152, issue.Suppl. 2, pp.625-633, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jss.2008.04.014

M. Regueiro, W. Schraut, and L. Baidoo, Infliximab Prevents Crohn's Disease Recurrence After Ileal Resection, Gastroenterology, vol.136, issue.2, pp.441-450, 2009.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.10.051

K. Thia, W. Sandborn, and W. Harmsen, Risk Factors Associated With Progression to Intestinal Complications of Crohn's Disease in a Population-Based Cohort, Gastroenterology, vol.139, issue.4, pp.1147-1155, 2010.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.06.070

S. Reddy, S. Friedman, and J. Telford, Are Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Receiving Optimal Care?, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.120, issue.4, pp.1357-1361, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.04042.x

P. Rutgeerts, G. Assche, . Van, and W. Sandborn, Adalimumab Induces and Maintains Mucosal Healing in Patients With Crohn's Disease: Data From the EXTEND Trial, Gastroenterology, vol.142, issue.5, pp.1102-1111, 2012.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.01.035

W. Sandborn, B. Feagan, and C. Marano, Subcutaneous Golimumab Maintains Clinical Response in Patients With Moderate-to-Severe Ulcerative Colitis, Gastroenterology, vol.146, issue.1, 2013.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.06.010

C. Bernstein, E. Loftus, . Jr, and S. Ng, Hospitalisations and surgery in Crohn's disease, Gut, vol.61, issue.4, pp.622-629, 2012.
DOI : 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301397

J. Cosnes, I. Nion-larmurier, and P. Afchain, Gender differences in the response of colitis to smoking, Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol.2, issue.1, pp.41-48, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S1542-3565(03)00290-8

L. Lakatos, G. Mester, and Z. Erdelyi, Striking elevation in incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in a province of western Hungary between 1977-2001, World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.10, issue.3, pp.404-409, 2004.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.01156.x

M. Henriksen, J. Jahnsen, and I. Lygren, Clinical course in Crohn's disease: Results of a five-year population-based follow-up study (the IBSEN study), Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.4, issue.4, pp.602-610, 2007.
DOI : 10.1023/B:DDAS.0000020506.84248.f9

A. Ramadas, S. Gunesh, and G. Thomas, Natural history of Crohn's disease in a population-based cohort from Cardiff (1986-2003): a study of changes in medical treatment and surgical resection rates, Gut, vol.59, issue.9, pp.1200-1206, 2010.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.2009.202101

L. Peyrin-biroulet, A. Oussalah, and N. Williet, Impact of azathioprine and tumour necrosis factor antagonists on the need for surgery in newly diagnosed Crohn's disease, Gut, vol.60, issue.7, pp.930-936, 2011.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.2010.227884

E. Prefontaine, J. Macdonald, and L. Sutherland, Azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine for induction of remission in Crohn's disease, Cochrane Database Syst. Rev, p.545, 2010.

A. Dignass, G. Assche, . Van, and J. Lindsay, The second European evidence-based Consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn's disease: Current management, Journal of Crohn's and Colitis, vol.136, issue.S1, pp.28-62, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s00384-008-0542-9

E. Israeli, S. Ying, and B. Henderson, The impact of abdominal computed tomography in a tertiary referral centre emergency department on the management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease, Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vol.35, issue.5, pp.513-521, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.clinre.2010.11.007

L. Beaugerie, N. Brousse, and A. Bouvier, Lymphoproliferative disorders in patients receiving thiopurines for inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective observational cohort study, The Lancet, vol.374, issue.9701, pp.1617-1625, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61302-7

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00466312

J. Feuerstein, M. Akbari, and A. Gifford, Systematic review: the quality of the scientific evidence and conflicts of interest in international inflammatory bowel disease practice guidelines, Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vol.323, issue.10, pp.937-946, 2013.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.323.7308.334

L. Peyrin-biroulet, A. Cieza, and W. Sandborn, Development of the first disability index for inflammatory bowel disease based on the international classification of functioning, disability and health, Gut, vol.61, issue.2, pp.241-247, 2012.
DOI : 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-300049

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00683372

L. Peyrin-biroulet, E. Loftus, . Jr, and J. Colombel, The Natural History of Adult Crohn's Disease in Population-Based Cohorts, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.132, issue.2, pp.289-297, 2010.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.09.053

K. Thia, W. Sandborn, and W. Harmsen, Risk Factors Associated With Progression to Intestinal Complications of Crohn's Disease in a Population-Based Cohort, Gastroenterology, vol.139, issue.4, pp.1147-1155, 2010.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.06.070

L. Peyrin-biroulet, W. Harmsen, and W. Tremaine, Surgery in a Population-Based Cohort of Crohn's Disease From Olmsted County, Minnesota (1970???2004), The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.490, issue.11, pp.1693-1701, 1970.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.2005.082909

S. Samuel, S. Ingle, and S. Dhillon, Cumulative Incidence and Risk Factors for Hospitalization and Surgery in a Population-based Cohort of Ulcerative Colitis, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, vol.55, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s10620-009-0749-9

N. Williet, C. Pillot, and A. Oussalah, Incidence of and impact of medications on colectomy in newly diagnosed ulcerative colitis in the era of biologics, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, vol.132, issue.9, pp.1641-1646, 2012.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.11.015

T. Jess, C. Rungoe, and L. Peyrin-biroulet, Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis: A Meta-analysis of Population-Based Cohort Studies, Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol.10, issue.6, pp.639-645, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cgh.2012.01.010

T. Jess, M. Gamborg, and P. Matzen, Increased Risk of Intestinal Cancer in Crohn's Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Population-Based Cohort Studies, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.107, issue.2, pp.2724-2729, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.08671.x

S. Reddy, S. Friedman, and J. Telford, Are Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Receiving Optimal Care?, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.120, issue.4, pp.1357-1361, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.04042.x

L. Peyrin-biroulet, M. Ferrante, and F. Magro, Results from the 2nd Scientific Workshop of the ECCO (I): Impact of mucosal healing on the course of inflammatory bowel disease, Journal of Crohn's and Colitis, vol.50, issue.A-146
DOI : 10.1016/S0016-5107(99)80017-0

J. Panes, Y. Bouhnik, and W. Reinisch, Imaging techniques for assessment of inflammatory bowel disease: Joint ECCO and ESGAR evidence-based consensus guidelines, Journal of Crohn's and Colitis, vol.11, issue.Suppl. 2, pp.556-585, 2013.
DOI : 10.1097/01.mib.0000179211.03650.b6

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01704202

D. Esser, F. Cornillie, and R. Diamond, On the updated ECCO consensus guidelines for medical management of Crohn's disease, Journal of Crohn's and Colitis, vol.350, issue.Suppl 1, pp.165-166, 2011.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa030815

P. Rutgeerts, G. Assche, . Van, and W. Sandborn, Adalimumab Induces and Maintains Mucosal Healing in Patients With Crohn's Disease: Data From the EXTEND Trial, Gastroenterology, vol.142, issue.5, pp.1102-1111, 2012.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.01.035

W. Sandborn, B. Feagan, and C. Marano, Subcutaneous Golimumab Maintains Clinical Response in Patients With Moderate-to-Severe Ulcerative Colitis, Gastroenterology, vol.146, issue.1, 2013.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.06.010

V. Nerich, E. Monnet, and A. Etienne, Geographical variations of inflammatory bowel disease in France: A study based on national health insurance data, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, vol.12, issue.3, pp.218-226, 2006.
DOI : 10.1053/gast.2003.50021

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00466309

C. Gower-rousseau, F. Vasseur, and M. Fumery, Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel diseases: New insights from a French population-based registry (EPIMAD), Digestive and Liver Disease, vol.45, issue.2, pp.89-94, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.dld.2012.09.005

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01701899

C. Bernstein, E. Loftus, . Jr, and S. Ng, Hospitalisations and surgery in Crohn's disease, Gut, vol.61, issue.4, pp.622-629, 2012.
DOI : 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301397

J. Cosnes, I. Nion-larmurier, and P. Afchain, Gender differences in the response of colitis to smoking, Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol.2, issue.1, pp.41-48, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S1542-3565(03)00290-8

L. Lakatos, G. Mester, and Z. Erdelyi, Striking elevation in incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in a province of western Hungary between, 1977.

V. Chouraki, G. Savoye, and L. Dauchet, The changing pattern of Crohn???s disease incidence in northern France: a continuing increase in the 10- to 19-year-old age bracket (1988-2007), Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vol.135, issue.10, pp.1133-1142, 1988.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.06.081

M. Henriksen, J. Jahnsen, and I. Lygren, Clinical course in Crohn's disease: Results of a five-year population-based follow-up study (the IBSEN study), Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.4, issue.4, pp.602-610, 2007.
DOI : 10.1023/B:DDAS.0000020506.84248.f9

L. Beaugerie, P. Seksik, and I. Nion-larmurier, Predictors of Crohn???s Disease, Gastroenterology, vol.130, issue.3, pp.650-656, 2006.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.12.019

I. Solberg, M. Vatn, and O. Høie, Clinical Course in Crohn???s Disease: Results of a Norwegian Population-Based Ten-Year Follow-Up Study, Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol.5, issue.12, pp.1430-1438, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cgh.2007.09.002

C. Zallot and L. Peyrin-biroulet, Clinical Risk Factors for Complicated Disease: How Reliable Are They?, Digestive Diseases, vol.59, issue.s3, pp.67-72, 2012.
DOI : 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-300049

A. Lapidus, Crohn???s disease in Stockholm County during 1990-2001: An epidemiological update, World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.12, issue.1, pp.75-81, 2006.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.2004.047282

L. Tang, P. Rawsthorne, and C. Bernstein, Are Perineal and Luminal Fistulas Associated in Crohn???s Disease? A Population-Based Study, Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol.4, issue.9, pp.1130-1134, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cgh.2006.06.021

A. Ramadas, S. Gunesh, and G. Thomas, Natural history of Crohn's disease in a population-based cohort from Cardiff (1986-2003): a study of changes in medical treatment and surgical resection rates, Gut, vol.59, issue.9, pp.1200-1206, 2010.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.2009.202101

A. Ford, S. Kane, and K. Khan, Efficacy of 5-Aminosalicylates in Crohn's Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.86, issue.4, pp.617-629, 2011.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa0904492

L. Peyrin-biroulet, A. Oussalah, and N. Williet, Impact of azathioprine and tumour necrosis factor antagonists on the need for surgery in newly diagnosed Crohn's disease, Gut, vol.60, issue.7, pp.930-936, 2011.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.2010.227884

J. Colombel, W. Sandborn, and W. Reinisch, Infliximab, Azathioprine, or Combination Therapy for Crohn's Disease, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.362, issue.15, pp.1383-1395, 2010.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa0904492

R. Panaccione, S. Ghosh, and S. Middleton, Infliximab, azathioprine, or infliximab + azathioprine for treatment of moderate to severe ulcerative colitis: the UC SUCCESS trial, Gastroenterology, 2011.

D. Haens, G. Baert, F. Assche, and G. Van, Early combined immunosuppression or conventional management in patients with newly diagnosed Crohn's disease: an open randomised trial, The Lancet, vol.371, issue.9613, pp.660-667, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60304-9

P. Deepak, H. Sifuentes, and M. Sherid, T-Cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas Reported to the FDA AERS With Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-??) Inhibitors: Results of the REFURBISH Study, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.1, issue.1, pp.99-105, 2013.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa0904492

E. Prefontaine, J. Macdonald, and L. Sutherland, Azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine for induction of remission in Crohn's disease, Cochrane Database Syst. Rev, p.545, 2010.

A. Dignass, G. Assche, . Van, and J. Lindsay, The second European evidence-based Consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn's disease: Current management, Journal of Crohn's and Colitis, vol.136, issue.S1
DOI : 10.1007/s00384-008-0542-9

L. Peyrin-biroulet, G. Bonnaud, and C. Cellier, Recommendations Endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease: recommendations from the IBD Committee of the French Society of Digestive Endoscopy (SFED), Endoscopy, vol.45, issue.11
DOI : 10.1055/s-0033-1344783

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01701888

F. Parente, S. Greco, and M. Molteni, Role of early ultrasound in detecting inflammatory intestinal disorders and identifying their anatomical location within the bowel, Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, vol.8, issue.10, pp.1009-1016, 2003.
DOI : 10.1053/crad.2000.0625

E. Israeli, S. Ying, and B. Henderson, The impact of abdominal computed tomography in a tertiary referral centre emergency department on the management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease, Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vol.35, issue.5, pp.513-521, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.clinre.2010.11.007

L. Beaugerie, N. Brousse, and A. Bouvier, Lymphoproliferative disorders in patients receiving thiopurines for inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective observational cohort study, The Lancet, vol.374, issue.9701, pp.1617-1625, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61302-7

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00466312