M. S. and A. M. Ago-y, Definition, diagnosis, disease types, and classification of asthma

M. Jl and L. F. De-guire-l, Asthme professionnel avec et sans période de latence Encycl. Méd. Chir., Pathologie professionnelle et de l'environnement, pp.16-535, 2010.

E. Mappc, M. P. Boschetto-p, . State, . Of, and . Art, Occupational Asthma Am, J. Respir. Crit. Care Med, vol.172, pp.306-313, 2005.

S. P. Fabbri-l and . H. Quanjer-p, Airway responsiveness. Standardized challenge testing with pharmacological, physical and sensitizing stimuli in adults Report Working Party Standardization of Lung Function Tests, European Community for Steel and Coal. Official Statement of the European Respiratory Society Eur. Respir. J, vol.16, pp.53-83, 1993.

Q. Ph, T. Gj, and C. Je, Lung volumes and forced ventilatory flows Report Working Party Standardization of Lung Function Tests, European Community for Steel and Coal. Official Statement of the European Respiratory Society Eur. Respir. J, vol.16, issue.5, 1993.

G. D. Ghezzo-h and . Infante-rivard-c, Long-Term Outcomes in a Prospective Cohort of Apprentices Exposed to High- Molecular-Weight Agents Am, J. Respir. Crit. Care Med, vol.177, pp.871-879, 2008.

E. , M. Jl, and I. , Incidence of probable occupational asthma and changes in airway calibre and responsiveness in apprentice welders, Eur. Respir. J, issue.3, pp.22-513, 2003.

. Asthme, une maladie à deux faces In : Asthme et rhinite allergique / édition Médecine Science Paris : Flammarion, p.88, 2007.

B. J. Van-cauwenberge-p, Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma, The Journal of Allergy Clinical Immunology, vol.108, issue.5, pp.147-276, 2001.
DOI : 10.1201/b14160-27

B. J. Van-cauwenberge-p, Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma, 2008.
DOI : 10.1201/b14160-27

B. Jl and B. J. Bonini-s, Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines, Revision J. Allergy Clin. Immunol, vol.126, pp.466-476, 2010.

B. J. Annesi-maesano, Characteristics of intermittent and persistent allergic rhinitis, Clin. Exp. Allergy, vol.35, pp.728-732, 2005.

W. Al, H. Cj, and M. Fd, Epidemiology of physician-diagnosed allergic rhinitis in childhood Pediatrics, pp.895-901, 1994.

C. Serrano and A. Valero, PICADO Rhitinis and Asthma: One Airway, One Disease Arch, Bronconeumol, issue.10, pp.41-569, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/s1579-2129(06)60285-1

A. Kierszenbaum, Histologie et biologie cellulaire -Une introduction à l'anatomie pathologique Édition De Boeck, p.619, 2007.

B. Am and C. V. Jacobson-mr, Immunohistology of the nasal mucosa in seasonal allergic rhinitis: increases in activated eosinophils and epithelial mast cells, Allergy Clin. Immunol, vol.89, pp.877-883, 1992.

B. Gj, K. A. , and O. Se, Segmental bronchial provocation induces nasal inflammation in allergic rhinitis patients Am, J. Respir. Crit. Care Med, vol.161, pp.2051-2057, 2000.

C. P. Vignola-am and V. P. , Comparison between nasal and bronchial inflammation in asthmatic and control subjects Am, J. Respir. Crit. Care Med, vol.159, pp.588-595, 1999.

P. Demoly-les-liens-rhinite, quel niveau de preuve ? Revue française d'allergologie et d'immunologie clinique, pp.9-13, 2006.

S. R. , W. Lj, and . Watson-r, Allergen-induced increases in IL-5 receptor alpha-subunit expression on bone marrowderived CD34+ cells from asthmatic subjects. A novel marker of progenitor cell commitment towards eosinophilic differentiation

R. Ds, H. Q. , and Y. S. , Predominant Th2-like bronchoalveolar T-lymphocyte population in atopic asthma, N. Engl. J. Med, vol.32, pp.298-304, 1992.

P. Rt and C. Pd, SEVERS NJ Mechanisms of acute eosinophil mobilization from the bone marrow stimulated by interleukin 5 : the role of specific adhesion molecules and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase

P. Rt, C. Pd, and W. Tj, Eotaxin induces a rapid release of eosinophils and their progenitors from the bone marrow, Blood, vol.91, pp.2240-2248, 1998.

L. B. , R. Pm, and A. , Increased expression of eotaxin in bronchoalveolar lavage and airways of asthmatics contributes to the chemotaxis of eosinophils to the site of inflammation, J. Immunol, vol.159, pp.4593-4601, 1997.

B. C. Lange-b and V. J. , Physiopathologie : médiateurs et symptômes In : Asthme et rhinite allergique / édition Médecine Science Paris : Flammarion, p.88, 2007.

B. J. , J. Pk, . Busse, and . Asthma, From bronchoconstriction to airways inflammation and remodeling, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care. Med, vol.161, pp.1720-1745, 2000.

D. P. Simon-rigaud-m.-l and R. , Dysfonctionnement nasal chronique et obstruction des voies aériennes périphériques Revue française d'allergologie et d'immunologie clinique, pp.100-107, 2003.

G. V. Prieto-l and M. C. , Differences in sensitivity, maximal response and position of the concentration-response curve to methacholine between asthmatics, patients with allergic rhinitis and healthy subjects, Respiratory Medicine, vol.92, issue.1, pp.92-88, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0954-6111(98)90038-5

M. N. Dahl-r, The rationale for use of topical corticosteroids in allergic rhinitis, Clin. Exp. Allergy, vol.26, pp.2-10, 1996.

L. J. Landis-b, Physiologie de la muqueuse respiratoire rhinosinusienne et troubles fonctionnels Encycl, Méd. Chir.,O.R.L, pp.20-290, 2009.

M. Ml, N. J. , and L. Ka, Integrated response of the upper and lower respiratory tract of asthmatic subjects to frigid air, J. Appl. Physiol, vol.88, pp.1043-1050, 2000.

C. I. Gibson-p and . Murree-allen, A systematic evaluation of mechanisms in chronic cough, Am. Respir. Crit Care Med, vol.156, pp.211-216, 1997.

H. Ej, V. J. , and G. Wr, Pharyngeal aspiration in normal adults and patients with depressed consciousness, Am. I. Med, vol.64, pp.564-568, 1978.

B. Pg, . Van-heerden, J. Bb, and . Jr, Absence of pulmonary aspiration of sinus contents in patients with asthma and sinusitis, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol, vol.86, pp.82-88, 1990.

B. Gj-united-airways and . Concept, What Does it Teach Us about Systemic Inflammation in Airways Disease ?, Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc, vol.6, pp.652-654, 2009.

R. Je, G. Nc, and T. R. , Certain aspects of the bronchial reflexes obtained by stimulation of the nasopharynx, J. Lab. Clin. Med, vol.30, pp.953-956, 1945.

W. Jh and K. Eb, The nasopulmonary reflex in the awake animal

L. Nt, C. Cc, and M. Rp, Changes in airway resistance following nasal provocation, Am. Rev. Respir. Dis, vol.141, pp.580-583, 1990.

M. Jl, L. C. , and D. A. , Prevalence and intensity of rhinoconjunctivitis in subjects with occupational asthma, Eur. Respir. J, vol.10, pp.1513-1515, 1997.

S. A. Desrosiers-m and M. A. , Epidemiology of occupational rhinitis : prevalence, etiology and determinants Clin, Exp. Allergy, vol.30, pp.1519-1534, 2000.

G. Lc, D. Am, and T. A. , Prevalence and onset of rhinitis and conjunctivitis in subjects with occupational asthma caused by trimellitic anhydride (TMA), J. Occup. Environ. Med, vol.44, pp.1179-1181, 2002.

S. Mj, G. M. , and D. Vocht, Occupational rhinitis and occupational asthma; one airway two diseases ? Journal of Physics : Conference Series, p.12065, 2009.

M. X. , C. Mj, and O. R. , Occupational asthma due to persulfate salts: diagnosis and follow-up, Chest, vol.123, pp.2124-2129, 2003.

C. L. Bodino-c and . Brugel-ribere-l, Explorations physiques et fonctionnelles des fosses nasales Encycl, Méd. Chir.,O.R.L, vol.1, pp.2-21, 2004.

N. Rm, M. Hl, and K. , Mediator release after nasal airway challenge with allergen, Am. Rev. Respir. Dis, vol.128, pp.597-602, 1983.

G. K. , T. Mc, and S. Hh, Effect of experimental rhinovirus 16 colds on airway responsiveness to histamine and interleukin-8 in nasal lavage in asthmatic subjects in vivo Clin, Exp. Allergy, vol.27, pp.36-45, 1997.

B. J. Parameswaran-k and K. P. , Repeatability and validity of cell and fluid-phase measurements in nasal fluid: a comparison of two methods of nasal lavage, Clinical and Experimental Allergy, vol.31, pp.1111-1115, 2001.

A. Mm, A. A. , and C. Lb, Nasal eosinophilia: an indicator of eosinophilic inflammation in asthma Clin Exp Allergy, pp.867-874, 2010.

B. Ha, S. Ee, and B. Al, An aerosol method of producing bronchial secretions in human subjects: a clinical technic for the detection of lung cancer Dis Chest, pp.347-62, 1958.

G. Pg, G. , and M. Mm, Cellular characterisatics of sputum from patients with asthma and chronic bronchitis, Thorax, vol.44, pp.693-699, 1989.

P. I. Gibson-pg and K. R. Girgis-galardo, Use of induced sputum cell counts to investigate airway inflammation in asthma Thorax, pp.25-29, 1992.

D. R. and S. Pj, TheWorking group of induced sputum. Standardised methodology of sputum induction and processing

H. O. , J. Ra, and K. S. , Changes in sputum composition during sputum induction in healthy and asthmatic subjects Clin Exp Allergy, pp.284-292, 1998.

P. Mm, P. E. , and C. L. , Sputum in severe exacerbations of asthma Kinetics of inflammatory indices after prednisone treatment, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.155, pp.1501-1508, 1997.

B. S. , L. Am, and B. M. , Expectoration induite en allergologie : indications et techniques RevMal Respir, pp.381-383, 2002.

T. Ra, B. Green-rh, and . Ce, The influence of age on induced sputum differential cell counts in normal subjects Chest, pp.1811-1814, 2004.

Q. S. , L. C. , and D. Blay, Noninvasive methods for assessment of airway inflammation in occupational settings Allergy, pp.445-458, 2010.

B. S. Donati-y and . S. Romanet-manent, analyse de l'expectoration induite dans l'asthme permet une nouvelle approche de l'inflammation Rev Mal Resp, pp.747-759, 2002.

P. E. , P. Mm, and K. Jc, Induced sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage and blood from mild asthmatics: inflammatory cells, lymphocyte subset, and soluble markers compared, Eur Respir J, vol.11, pp.828-834, 1998.

M. P. , S. M. , and D. A. Stefano, Comparison of leucocyte counts in sputum, bronchial biopsies and bronchalveolar lavage, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.152, pp.1926-1931, 1995.

G. Dc, S. Jk, and W. Ln, Comparison of inflammatory cell count in asthma: induced sputum versus bronchoalveolar lavage and bronchial biopsies Clin Exp Allergy, pp.769-779, 1997.

F. Jv, W. H. , and L. J. , Comparison of samples collected by sputum induction and bronchoscopy from asthmatic and healthy subjects, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.152, pp.53-58, 1995.

R. Mc, P. C. , R. E. , and S. L. , Do sputum eosinophils and ECP relate to the severity of asthma?, Eur Respir J, vol.10, pp.1809-1813, 1997.

L. R. Bettiol and . Cataldo-d, Intérêt des expectorations induites dans l'exploration de l'asthme Rev Mal Resp, pp.215-223, 2003.

R. E. , R. Mc, and G. M. , Sputum analysis, bronchial responsiveness and pulmonary function in asthma: results of a factor analysis, J Allergy Cin Immunol, vol.103, pp.232-237, 1999.

J. A. Lim-s and B. Pj, Changes in sputum eosinophils predict loss of asthma control, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.161, pp.64-72, 2000.

G. D. , D. Franco-a, and C. S. , Analysis of induced sputum before and after withdrawal of treatment with inhaled corticoids in asthmatic patients, Clin Exp Allergy, vol.30, pp.1177-1184, 2000.

S. S. , M. R. , and S. King, Significant variability in response to inhaled corticoids for persistent asthma, J Allergy Clin Immunol, vol.109, pp.410-418, 2002.

G. Rh, B. Ce, and M. S. , Asthma exacerbations and sputum eosinophil counts: a randomised controlled trial Lancet, pp.1715-1721, 2002.

J. L. and P. M. Cook-r, Determining asthma treatment by monitoring sputum cell counts: effect on exacerbation, Eur Respir J, vol.27, pp.483-494, 2006.

H. Q. , S. Dr, and R. , Induction of nitric oxide synthase in asthma Lancet, pp.1510-1513, 1993.

L. Jo, W. E. , and N. Sl, Primary nasal origin of exhaled nitric oxide and absence in Kartagener's syndrome, Eur Respir J, vol.7, pp.1501-1504, 1994.

G. Le, L. A. , and P. Mg, Endogenous nitric oxide is present in the exhaled air of rabbits, guineapigs and humans, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, vol.181, pp.852-857, 1991.

K. Sa, A. K. , and B. Pj, ERS Task Force Report: Exhaled and nasal nitric oxide measurements: recommendations, Eur Respir J, vol.10, pp.1683-93, 1997.

A. Thoracic, . Official, and . Statement, Recommendations for a standardized procedure for the on-line and off-line measurement of exhaled lower respiratory nitric oxide and nasal nitric oxide in adults and children, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.160, pp.2104-2117, 1999.

K. N. , D. Lj, . Blake, and . Fe, NO): relationship to exhalation rates and online versus bag collection in healthy adolescents, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.162, pp.539-545, 2000.

A. K. , W. E. , and L. Jm, Increased amount of nitric oxide in exhaled air of asthmatics, Eur Respir J, vol.6, pp.1368-1370, 1993.

C. Jm, A. K. , and S. Pe, Exhaled nitric oxide as a noninvasive assessment of chronic cough, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.159, pp.1810-1813, 1999.

K. Sa, G. F. , and K. C. , Reproducibility of exhaled nitric oxide measurements in healthy and asthmatic adults and children

H. I. and B. Pj, Exhaled monoxides in asymptomatic atopic subjects, Clin Exp Allergy, vol.29, pp.1276-1280, 1999.

L. Jd, D. Sh, and D. Sr, Exhaled nitric oxide levels in atopic children: relation to specific allergic sensitisation, AHR, and respiratory symptoms, Thorax, vol.57, pp.518-523, 2002.

O. Ac, A. M. , and G. G. , Atopic subjects without respiratory symptoms have normal exhaled NO, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, p.163, 2001.

K. N. , D. Lj, and B. Kv, Effect of beta2-agonist treatment and spirometry on exhaled nitric oxide in healthy children and children with asthma Pediatr Pulmonol, pp.203-208, 2002.

K. Sa, D. Le, C. M. Payne-dn, A. Im, and W. N. , Dose-dependent onset and duration of action of 100/400 mg budesonide on exhaled nitric oxide and related changes in other potential markers of airway inflammation in asthma, Relationship between Exhaled Nitric Oxide and Mucosal Eosinophilic Inflammation in Children with Difficult Asthma, after Treatment with Oral Prednisolone, pp.340-119, 2000.

S. Fn and S. L. , Exhaled nitric oxide thresholds associated with a sputum eosinophil count ?3% in a cohort of unselected patients with asthma Thorax, pp.1039-1044, 2010.

B. Ma, S. De, and G. Rh, The use of exhaled nitric oxide concentration to identify eosinophilic airway inflammation: an observational study in adults with asthma Clin Exp Allergy, pp.1175-1179, 2005.

P. Gl, B. A. , and C. S. , Exhaled nitric oxide and sputum eosinophil markers of inflammation in asthmatic children, Eur Respir J, vol.13, pp.1386-1390, 1999.

D. Lj, D. Mg, and V. Gm, Prospective evaluation of the validity of exhaled nitric oxide for the diagnosis of asthma Chest, pp.751-756, 2003.

D. A. Massaro-af and D. Jm, Exhaled nitric oxide as a diagnostic test for asthma: online versus offline techniques and effect of flow rate, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.165, pp.1597-1601, 2002.

C. Jm, A. K. , and S. Pe, Exhaled nitric oxide as a noninvasive assessment of chronic cough, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.159, pp.1810-1813, 1999.

J. A. Lim-s and B. Pj, Changes in sputum eosinophils predict loss of asthma control, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.161, pp.64-72, 2000.

G. Rh, B. Ce, and M. S. , Asthma exacerbations and sputum eosinophil counts: a randomised controlled trial, Lancet, vol.360, pp.1715-1721, 2002.

S. Jm, T. Holden-we, and . Sa, Exhaled nitric oxidelevels correlate with measures of disease control in asthma, J Allergy Clin Immunol, vol.106, pp.645-650, 2000.

A. Mj, C. R. , and R. A. , Occupational asthma in a grain worker due to Lepidoglyphus destructor, assessed by bronchial provocation test and induced sputum, Allergy, vol.54, pp.884-889, 1999.

L. C. Malo, expectoration induite, outil de diagnostic de l'asthme professionnel Medecine/sciences, pp.595-600, 2006.

L. C. , C. S. , and M. Jl, Changes in sputum cell counts after exposure to occupational agents: what do they mean?, J Allergy Clin Immunol, vol.107, pp.1063-1068, 2001.

F. S. , S. Mc, and G. G. , Exhaled nitric oxide and breath condensate ph in asthmatic reactions induced by isocyanates Chest, pp.155-162, 2009.

B. Ab, M. N. , and W. P. , Respiratory symptoms and airway responsiveness in apparently healthy workers exposed to flour dust, Eur Respir J, vol.7, issue.6, pp.1070-1076, 1994.

B. Ab, M. N. Wild, and . Symptoms, airway responsiveness, and exposure to dust in beech and oak wood workers, Occup Environ Med, vol.57, issue.4, pp.268-273, 2000.

M. H. Kao-c, Utility of exhaled nitric oxide in the diagnosis and management of asthma, Curr Opin Pulm Med, vol.16, issue.1, pp.42-47, 2010.

P. Hs, J. Ks, and K. Hy, Neutrophil activation following TDI bronchial challenges to the airway secretion from subjects with TDI induced asthma, Clin Exp Allergy, vol.29, pp.1395-1401, 1999.

L. C. and P. M. Balkissoon-r, Diagnosing occupational asthma : use of induced sputum, Eur Respir J, vol.13, pp.482-488, 1999.

O. A. Alving-k and A. Toren-k, Exhaled nitric oxide: relation to sensitization and respiratory symptom, Clin Exp Allergy, vol.34, issue.2, pp.221-226, 2004.