C. D. Allen, K. Alison, H. Chenchouni, D. Bachelet, N. Mcdowell et al., A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.259, issue.4, pp.660-684, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.foreco.2009.09.001

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00457602

G. D. Amman, C. , and W. , Mountain pine beetle dynamics in lodge pole pine forest. Part II: Population dynamics, 1983.

O. Anderbrant, F. Schlyter, and G. Birgersson, Intraspecific Competition Affecting Parents and Offspring in the Bark Beetle Ips Typographus, Oikos, vol.45, issue.1, pp.89-98, 1984.
DOI : 10.2307/3565226

O. Anderbrant and F. Schlyter, Causes and effects of individual quality in bark beetles, Ecography, vol.6, issue.5, pp.488-493, 1989.
DOI : 10.1093/ee/6.1.1

M. P. Ayres and M. J. Lombardero, Assessing the consequences of global change for forest disturbance from herbivores and pathogens, Science of The Total Environment, vol.262, issue.3, pp.263-286, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00528-3

P. Baier, J. Pennerstorfer, and A. Schopf, PHENIPS???A comprehensive phenology model of Ips typographus (L.) (Col., Scolytinae) as a tool for hazard rating of bark beetle infestation, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.249, issue.3, pp.171-186, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.foreco.2007.05.020

A. Battisti, M. Stastny, S. Netherer, A. Schopf, A. Roques et al., EXPANSION OF GEOGRAPHIC RANGE IN THE PINE PROCESSIONARY MOTH CAUSED BY INCREASED WINTER TEMPERATURES, Ecological Applications, vol.15, issue.6, pp.2080-2096, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00328587

B. J. Bentz, J. A. Logan, and G. D. Amman, R??sum??, The Canadian Entomologist, vol.77, issue.05, pp.1083-1094, 1991.
DOI : 10.1093/aesa/77.5.475

C. Bertheau, A. Salle, J. Rossi, S. Bankhead-dronnet, X. Pineau et al., Colonisation of native and exotic conifers by indigenous bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) in France, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.258, issue.7, pp.1619-1628, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.foreco.2009.07.020

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01690937

D. Byrne, L. S. Buchmann, and G. H. Spangler, Relationship between wing-loading, wing-beat frequency and body mass in Homeopterus insects, Journal of Experimental Biology, vol.135, pp.9-23, 1988.

A. Campbell, D. B. Frazer, N. Gilbert, A. P. Gutierrez, and M. Mackauer, , 1974.

, Temperature requirements of some aphids and their parasites, Journal of applied Ecology, vol.11, issue.2, pp.431-438

A. Caroll, S. W. Taylor, J. Regniere, and L. Safranyik, Effect of climate change on range expansion by the mountain pine beetle in British Columbia, The Bark Beetles, Fuels, and Fire Bibliography, p.195, 2003.

C. Chararas, Scolytides des conifers-Ips sexdentatus-translated from French, Editions Paul Lechavalier, pp.189-202, 1962.

E. Christiansen, R. Warning, and A. Berryman, Resistance of conifers to bark beetle attack: Searching for general relationships, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.22, issue.1-2, pp.89-106, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/0378-1127(87)90098-3

P. Damos and M. Savopoulou-soultani, Temperature-Driven Models for Insect Development and Vital Thermal Requirements, Psyche: A Journal of Entomology, vol.9, issue.1, p.13, 2011.
DOI : 10.1006/jtbi.1996.0224

P. Dol?zal and F. Sehnal, Effects of photoperiod and temperature on the development and diapause of the bark beetle Ips typographus, Journal of Applied Entomology, vol.122, issue.3, pp.165-173, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.foreco.2004.07.018

A. E. Douglas, Microbial Brokers of Insect-Plant Interactions Revisited, Journal of Chemical Ecology, vol.19, issue.7, pp.952-61, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tim.2011.07.006

E. , Destructive storms in European forests: past and forthcoming impacts, 2010.

I. Etxebeste, G. Lvarez, G. Perez, and J. A. Pajares, Field response of the six-toothed pine bark beetle, Ips sexdentatus (Col.: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), to pheromonal blend candidates, Journal of Applied Entomology, vol.33, issue.6, pp.431-444, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s10886-006-9231-8

N. Erbilgin, C. Ma, C. Whitehouse, B. Shan, A. Najar et al., Chemical similarity between historical and novel host plants promotes range and host expansion of the mountain pine beetle in a na??ve host ecosystem, New Phytologist, vol.167, issue.3, pp.940-950, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s00442-011-2017-x

M. Faccoli, (Coleoptera Curculionidae) Phenology, Voltinism, and Associated Spruce Mortality in the Southeastern Alps, Environmental Entomology, vol.38, issue.2, pp.307-316, 2009.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1461-9563.2002.00124.x

C. W. Gitau, R. Bashford, A. J. Carnegie, and G. M. Gurr, A review of semiochemicals associated with bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) pests of coniferous trees: A focus on beetle interactions with other pests and their associates, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.297, pp.1-14, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.02.019

, Prepared by CABI and EPPO for the EU under the contact 90/399003) Retrieved Online on 19 th of from: https://www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/insects/Ips_sexdentatus/IPSXSE_ds.pdf IPCC WGII AR5 Summary for Policymakers Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability, Ips sexdentatus -Data Sheet on Quarantine Pests, 2013.

H. Jactel and F. Lieutier, Boern (Col.; Scolytidae), Journal of Applied Entomology, vol.114, issue.1-5, pp.190-204, 1987.
DOI : 10.1093/aesa/74.3.255

H. Jactel, J. Petit, M. Desprez-loustau, S. Delzon, D. Piou et al., Drought effects on damage by forest insects and pathogens: a meta-analysis, Global Change Biology, vol.63, issue.1, pp.267-276, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00379790

M. Joná?ova and K. Prach, Central-European mountain spruce, 2004.

. Karst, ) forests: regeneration of tree species after a bark beetle outbreak, Ecological engineering, vol.23, pp.15-27

A. M. Jönsson, G. Appelberg, S. Harding, and L. Bärring, Global Change Biology, vol.4, issue.2, pp.267-276, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4899-0789-9_23

A. M. Jönsson, S. Harding, L. Bärring, and P. H. Ravn, Impact of climate change on the population dynamics of Ips typographus in southern Sweden, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.146, issue.1-2, pp.70-81, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.05.006

J. Koricheva and S. Larsson, Insect Performance on Experimentally Stressed Woody Plants: A Meta-Analysis, Annual Review of Entomology, vol.43, issue.1, pp.195-216, 1998.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.195

A. Lausch, M. Heurich, D. Gordalla, H. Dobner, S. Gwillym-margianto et al., Forecasting potential bark beetle outbreaks based on spruce forest vitality using hyperspectral remote-sensing techniques at different scales, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.308, pp.76-84, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.07.043

J. Lévieux, F. Lieutier, and A. Delplanque, Des scolytes ravageurs du pin sylvestre. Revue Forestière Française (XXXVII)-6, pp.431-440, 1985.

F. Lieutier and A. Yart, Preferenda thermiques des champignons associ??s ?? lps sexdentatus Boern. et Tomicus piniperda L. ( Coleoptera : Scolytidae), Annales des Sciences Foresti??res, vol.46, issue.4, pp.411-415, 1989.
DOI : 10.1051/forest:19890408

F. Lieutier, F. Lieutier, K. Day, A. Battisti, J. Grégoire et al., Host Resistance to Bark Beetles and Its Variations, Bark and Wood Boring Insects in Living Trees in Europe, A synthesis, pp.135-180, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4020-2241-8_9

M. Lindner, J. Garcia-gonzalo, M. Kolstrom, T. Green, R. Regner et al., Impact of climate change on European forests and options for adaptation, 2007.

M. Lindner, M. Maroschek, S. Netherer, A. Kremer, A. Barbati et al., Climate change impacts, adaptive capacity, and vulnerability of European forest ecosystems, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.259, issue.4, pp.698-709, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.foreco.2009.09.023

M. Lombardero, M. Alonso-rodríguez, and E. Roca-posada, Tree insects and pathogens display opposite tendencies to attack native vs. non-native pines, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.281, pp.121-133, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.foreco.2012.06.036

J. Logan, J. Régnière, and J. A. Powell, Assessing the impacts of global warming on forest pest dynamics, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, vol.1, issue.3, pp.130-137, 2003.
DOI : 10.1890/1540-9295(2003)001[0130:ATIOGW]2.0.CO;2

J. Lutherbacher, D. Dietrich, E. Xoplaki, M. Grojshean, and H. Wanner, European Seasonal and Annual Temperature Variability, Trends, and Extremes Since 1500, Science, vol.303, issue.5663, pp.1499-1503, 2004.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1093877

M. J. Klapwijk, M. P. Ayres, and S. Larrson, Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on Outbreak Potential, 2012.
DOI : 10.1890/07-0883.1

M. Olimpia, B. Silvodel, P. Martikainen, J. Siitonen, L. Kaila et al., Entomologie forestier? Bark beetles (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) and associated beetle species in mature managed and old growth boreal forests in southern Finland, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.116, pp.233-245, 1999.

L. Marini, M. P. Ayres, A. Battisti, and M. Faccoli, Climate affects severity and altitudinal distribution of outbreaks in an eruptive bark beetle, Climatic Change, vol.122, issue.2, pp.327-341, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1439-0418.1998.tb01482.x

G. S. Mcmaster, W. , and W. , Growing degree-days: one equation, two interpretations, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.87, issue.4, pp.291-300, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0168-1923(97)00027-0

P. Naves and E. Sousa, Threshold temperatures and degree-day estimates for development of post-dormancy larvae of Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), Journal of Pest Science, vol.4, issue.1, pp.1-6, 2009.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.en.21.010176.000501

S. Netherer and A. Schopf, Potential effects of climate change on insect herbivores in European forests???General aspects and the pine processionary moth as specific example, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.259, issue.4, pp.831-838, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.foreco.2009.07.034

C. Péré, H. Jactel, and M. Kenis, Response of insect parasitism to elevation depends on host and parasitoid life-history strategies, Biology Letters, vol.278, issue.1713, p.20130028, 2013.
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.2010.1295

R. W. Reidl and H. Gates, Effect of temperature and resin on hatch of eggs of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae), Can. Entomol, vol.102, pp.552-556, 1970.

J. P. Rossi, J. Samalens, D. Guyon, I. Van-halder, H. Jactel et al., Multiscale spatial variation of the bark beetle Ips sexdentatus damage in a pine plantation forest, pp.1551-1557, 2009.

R. Core-team, R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical computing, 2013.

J. W. Roltsch, F. G. Zalom, A. J. Strawn, J. F. Strand, and M. J. Pitcairn, Evaluation of several degree-day estimation methods in California climates, International Journal of Biometeorology, vol.42, issue.4, pp.169-176, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/s004840050101

G. Rouault, J. N. Candau, and F. Lieutier, Effects of drought and heat on forest insect populations in relation to the 2003 drought in Western Europe, Annals of Forest Science, vol.47, issue.6, pp.613-624, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/aesa/77.2.208

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00884014

W. Schwenke, Die Forstschädlinge Europas, 2. Band. Käfer (Coleoptera), pp.459-460, 1974.

R. Seidl, P. Baier, W. Rammer, A. Schopf, and M. J. Lexer, Modelling tree mortality by bark beetle infestation in Norway spruce forests, Ecological Modelling, vol.206, issue.3-4, pp.383-399, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.04.002

R. Seidl, W. Rammer, D. Jager, and M. J. Lexer, Impact of bark beetle (Ips typographus L.) disturbance on timber production and carbon sequestration in different management strategies under climate change, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.256, issue.3, pp.209-220, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.foreco.2008.04.002

R. Seidl, P. M. Fernandez, T. F. Fonseca, F. Gillet, A. M. Jönsson et al., Modelling natural disturbances in forest ecosystems: a review, Ecological Modelling, vol.222, issue.4, pp.903-924, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.09.040

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00530194

H. Spiecker, Silvicultural management in maintaining biodiversity and resistance of forests in Europe???temperate zone, Journal of Environmental Management, vol.67, issue.1, pp.55-65, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0301-4797(02)00188-3

S. N. Thompson and T. S. Sahota, R??sum??, The Canadian Entomologist, vol.7, issue.03, pp.177-183, 1981.
DOI : 10.4039/Ent113177-3

M. J. Ungerer, M. P. Ayres, and M. J. Lombardero, Climate and the northern distribution limits of Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), Journal of Biogeography, vol.32, issue.6, pp.1133-1145, 1999.
DOI : 10.1093/ee/24.1.1

I. Yao and C. Katagiri, Comparing wing loading, flight muscle and lipid content in ant-attended and non-attended Tuberculatus aphid species, Physiological Entomology, vol.36, issue.4, pp.327-334, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ibmb.2006.01.014

B. Wermelinger and M. Seifert, (L) (Col., Scolytidae), Journal of Applied Entomology, vol.267, issue.1-5, pp.185-191, 1998.
DOI : 10.1093/ee/21.4.689

B. Wermelinger, Ecology and management of the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus???a review of recent research, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.202, issue.1-3, pp.67-82, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.foreco.2004.07.018

R. Werner and H. E. Holsten, Factors influencing generation times of spruce beetles in Alaska, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.15, issue.2, pp.438-443, 1985.
DOI : 10.1139/x85-070

D. W. Williams and D. L. Evans, Latitudinal shifts in spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) outbreaks and spruce-fir forest distributions with climate change, Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica, vol.32, pp.205-215, 1997.

W. Williams and A. M. Liebhold, Climate change and the outbreak ranges of two North American bark beetles, Agricultural and Forest Entomology, vol.90, issue.2, pp.87-99, 2002.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00363.x

M. William, . F. Ciesla, P. B. Goodell, L. T. Wilson, W. W. Barnett et al., Forest Entomology -A global Degreedays: the calculation and use of the heat units in pest management, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 1983.

A. F. Zuur, E. F. Ieno, N. J. Walker, A. Saveliev, and G. M. Smith, Mixed effects models and extension in Ecology with R, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/978-0-387-87458-6