H. Ackermann, 5500 Phages examined in the electron microscope, Archives of Virology, vol.79, issue.2, pp.227-243, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4684-5424-6_12

E. M. Adriaenssens, J. Van-vaerenbergh, D. Vandenheuvel, V. Dunon, P. Ceyssens et al., T4-Related Bacteriophage LIMEstone Isolates for the Control of Soft Rot on Potato Caused by ???Dickeya solani???, PLoS ONE, vol.190, issue.3, p.33227, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0033227.s002

E. M. Adriaenssens, S. M. Lehman, K. Vandersteegen, D. Vandenheuvel, D. L. Philippe et al., CIM?? monolithic anion-exchange chromatography as a useful alternative to CsCl gradient purification of bacteriophage particles, Virology, vol.434, issue.2, pp.265-270, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.virol.2012.09.018

URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2012.09.018

R. C. Bales, S. Li, K. M. Maguire, M. T. Yahya, and C. P. Gerba, MS-2 and poliovirus transport in porous media: Hydrophobic effects and chemical perturbations, Water Resources Research, vol.29, issue.4, pp.957-963, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0166-0934(84)90077-6

J. P. Bollback, J. P. Et, and . Huelsenbeck, Phylogeny, Genome Evolution, and Host Specificity of Single-Stranded RNA Bacteriophage (Family Leviviridae), Journal of Molecular Evolution, vol.52, issue.2, pp.117-128, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/s002390010140

K. Brorson, H. Shen, S. Lute, J. S. Pérez, and D. D. Frey, Characterization and purification of bacteriophages using chromatofocusing, Journal of Chromatography A, vol.1207, issue.1-2, pp.110-121, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.08.037

P. Ceyssens, J. Noben, H. Ackermann, J. Verhaegen, D. De-vos et al., peptide sequencing as a novel tool to assess the diversity of worldwide collected viruses, Environmental Microbiology, vol.100, issue.5, pp.1303-1316, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80360-2

A. Cornelissen, P. Ceyssens, J. T-'syen, H. Van-praet, J. Noben et al., The T7-Related Pseudomonas putida Phage ??15 Displays Virion-Associated Biofilm Degradation Properties, PLoS ONE, vol.38, issue.4, p.18597, 2011.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0018597.s010

URL : https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018597

C. Dika, J. F. Duval, H. M. Ly-chatain, C. Merlin, and C. Gantzer, ABSTRACT, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.77, issue.14, pp.774939-774987, 2011.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.00407-11

C. Dika, Propriétés interfaciales des virus, concept de particules molles multicouches, corrélation avec les capacités d'adhésion, 2013.

C. Dika, M. H. Ly-chatain, G. Francius, J. F. Duval, and C. Gantzer, Non-DLVO adhesion of F-specific RNA bacteriophages to abiotic surfaces: Importance of surface roughness, hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, vol.435, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.02.045

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01114537

C. Dika, C. Gantzer, A. Perrin, and J. F. Duval, Impact of the virus purification protocol on aggregation and electrokinetics of MS2 phages and corresponding virus-like particles, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol.355, issue.15, pp.155691-5700, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.11.040

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01114558

J. F. Duval and H. Ohshima, Electrophoresis of Diffuse Soft Particles, Langmuir, vol.22, issue.8, pp.3533-3579, 2006.
DOI : 10.1021/la0528293

B. Gassilloud, L. Schwartzbrod, and C. Gantzer, Presence of Viral Genomes in Mineral Water: a Sufficient Condition To Assume Infectious Risk?, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.69, issue.7, pp.3965-69, 2003.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.69.7.3965-3969.2003

C. P. Gerba, Applied and Theoretical Aspects of Virus Adsorption to Surfaces, Adv. Appl. Microbiol, vol.30, pp.133-168, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/S0065-2164(08)70054-6

J. Klovins, G. P. Overbeek, S. H. Van-den-worm, H. Ackermann, and J. Van-duin, Nucleotide sequence of a ssRNA phage from Acinetobacter: kinship to coliphages, Journal of General Virology, vol.13, issue.6, pp.1523-1556, 2002.
DOI : 10.1159/000149133

M. Koopmans, E. Et, and . Duizer, Foodborne viruses: an emerging problem, International Journal of Food Microbiology, vol.90, issue.1, pp.23-41, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0168-1605(03)00169-7

J. Langlet, Propriétés interfaciales des bactériophages ARN-F spécifiques : Implications lors des processus d'adhésion-agrégation, 2008.

J. Langlet, F. Gaboriaud, C. Gantzer, and J. F. Duval, Impact of Chemical and Structural Anisotropy on the Electrophoretic Mobility of Spherical Soft Multilayer Particles: The Case of Bacteriophage MS2, Biophysical Journal, vol.94, issue.8, pp.943293-3312, 2008.
DOI : 10.1529/biophysj.107.115477

J. Langlet, F. Gaboriaud, J. F. Duval, and C. Gantzer, Aggregation and surface properties of F-specific RNA phages: Implication for membrane filtration processes, Water Research, vol.42, issue.10-11, pp.10-112769, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.watres.2008.02.007

R. B. Lindberg, R. L. Et, and . Latta, Phage Typing of Pseudomonas aeruginosai Clinical and Epidemiologic Considerations, Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.130, issue.Supplement, pp.33-42, 1974.
DOI : 10.1093/infdis/130.Supplement.S33

T. C. Ling, C. K. Loong, W. S. Tan, B. T. Tey, W. M. Abdullah et al., Purification of filamentous bacteriophage M13 by expanded bed anion exchange chromatography, J. Microbiol, vol.42, issue.3, pp.228-232, 2004.

M. Merabishvili, J. Pirnay, G. Verbeken, N. Chanishvili, M. Tediashvili et al.,

T. De-corte, S. Rose, M. Jennes, D. Zizi, M. De-vos et al., Qualitycontrolled small-scale production of a well-defined bacteriophage cocktail for use in human clinical trials, PLoS ONE, vol.4, issue.3, p.4944, 2009.

R. Monjezi, B. T. Tey, C. C. Sieo, and W. S. , Purification of bacteriophage M13 by anion exchange chromatography, Journal of Chromatography B, vol.878, issue.21, pp.1855-59, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.05.028

T. H. Nguyen, N. Easter, L. Gutierrez, L. Huyett, E. Defnet et al., The RNA core weakly influences the interactions of the bacteriophage MS2 at key environmental interfaces, Soft Matter, vol.91, issue.3, pp.10449-56, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/S0001-8686(00)00077-4

L. Ogorzaly, A. Tissier, I. Bertrand, A. Maul, and C. Gantzer, Relationship between F-specific RNA phage genogroups, faecal pollution indicators and human adenoviruses in river water, Water Research, vol.43, issue.5, pp.1257-64, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.watres.2008.12.011

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01802419

L. Ogorzaly, H. Cauchie, C. Penny, A. Perrin, C. Gantzer et al., Two-day detection of infectious enteric and non-enteric adenoviruses by improved ICC-qPCR, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol.73, issue.9, 2013.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.01239-07

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01507504

, Appl. Microbiol. Biot, vol.97, issue.9, pp.4159-66

H. M. Oksanen, A. Domanska, and D. H. Bamford, Monolithic ion exchange chromatographic methods for virus purification, Virology, vol.434, issue.2, pp.271-77, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.virol.2012.09.019

S. Pathria, M. Rolando, K. Lieman, S. Hayes, S. Hardies et al., Islands of non-essential genes, including a DNA translocation operon, in the genome of bacteriophage 0305??8-36, Bacteriophage, vol.12, issue.1, pp.25-35, 2012.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/gki408

S. Pelleïeux, I. Bertrand, S. Skali-lami, L. Mathieu, G. Francius et al., Accumulation of MS2, GA, and Q?? phages on high density polyethylene (HDPE) and drinking water biofilms under flow/non-flow conditions, Water Research, vol.46, issue.19, pp.6574-84, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.watres.2012.07.041

M. Schaper, J. Jofre, M. Uys, and W. O. Grabow, Distribution of genotypes of F-specific RNA bacteriophages in human and non-human sources of faecal pollution in South Africa and Spain, Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol.39, issue.4, pp.657-667, 2002.
DOI : 10.1080/00288330.1998.9516828

T. M. Scott, J. B. Rose, T. M. Jenkins, S. R. Farrah, and J. Lukasik, Microbial Source Tracking: Current Methodology and Future Directions, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.68, issue.12, pp.685796-5803, 2002.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.68.12.5796-5803.2002

F. Smrekar, M. Ciringer, M. Peterka, A. Podgornik, and A. ?trancar, Purification and concentration of bacteriophage T4 using monolithic chromatographic supports, Journal of Chromatography B, vol.861, issue.2, pp.177-80, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.05.048

K. Valegård, L. Liljas, K. Fridborg, and T. Unge, The three-dimensional structure of the bacterial virus MS2, Nature, vol.345, issue.6270, pp.36-41, 1990.
DOI : 10.1038/345036a0

, ? Milieu complet Milieu de base 500 mL Solution Glucose-Calcium 5 mL Le milieu complet est coulé dans des boîtes de Pétri

, Laisser se solidifier et conserver dans l'obscurité à 4 ± 2°C pendant 6 mois maximum s'il est bien protégé contre la dessiccation

, ssTYGA: Gélose semi-solide tryptone-extrait de levure-glucose Préparer un milieu de base conformément au TYGA, en utilisant seulement la moitié de la masse d'agar (8 g)

, Stockage : 4 ± 2°C à l'obscurité (6 mois maximum)

, RESUME

, environnement, la détermination de l'infectiosité des particules est indispensable à l'évaluation du risque sanitaire Ce travail vise à apporter des données sur l'intérêt des propriétés de surface (charge et balance hydrophile/hydrophobe) des particules virales pour la distinction entre virus infectieux et non infectieux. Les méthodes mises en oeuvre nécessitent l'obtention de virus purifiés

. Chromatographie-À-Échange-d-'ions-sur and . Été-Évaluée, Elle aboutit à un niveau de pureté qui semble proche de la dialyse mais nécessite une optimisation plus importante. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons utilisé la chromatographie à échange d'ions, l'étude de l'agrégation en fonction du pH et l'adhésion sur support hydrophobe pour comparer des phages MS2 infectieux et non infectieux