, Deux sages-femmes provenant du même établissement regrettent le manque de fiabilité de leur pH-mètre étant donné les pannes récurrentes de cet appareil

, Une sage-femme écrit : « Etant donné la juridiciarisation actuelle, le systématique nous envahit de plus en plus. (?) à nous de faire prévaloir notre sens clinique

D. M. , Définition et épidémiologie des encéphalopathies anoxiques du nouveau-né à terme

B. G. , Souffrances foetales aiguës: souffrances médico-légales potentielles

, GENESIS, p.93, 2004.

J. A. Low, Intrapartum fetal asphyxia : definition, diagnosis, and classification, Am J Obstet Gynecol, vol.176, pp.957-966, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/s0002-9378(97)70385-5

P. Jm, Intrapartum hypoxic-ischemic cerebral injury and susbsequent cerebral palsy: medicolegal issues, Pediatrics, vol.99, pp.851-860, 1997.

M. Lennan-a, For the International Cerebral Palsy Task Force. A template for defining causal relation between acute intra-partum events and cerebral palsy: international consensus statement, Br. Med. J, vol.319, pp.1054-1063, 1999.

H. Cm and C. Sparen-p, Perinatal risk factors for infantile autism, Epidemiology, vol.13, pp.417-440, 2002.

C. , J. Pb, and M. Rm, Obstetric complications and schizophrenia: historical and meta-analytic review, Am. J. Psychiatry, vol.159, pp.1080-92, 2002.

P. F. Xième-journée-parisienne-obstetrico-pediatrique, Aspects médico-légaux : l'obstétricien en accusation et en expert, J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod, vol.32, pp.1-114, 2003.

U. S. Berkane and N. Verstraete-l-«, L'équilibre acido-basique du foetus pendant le travail : physiopathologie et moyens d'exploration. XIème Journée Parisienne Obstetrico-Pediatrique. Asphyxie per-partum du nouveau-né à terme, J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod, vol.32, pp.1-68, 2003.

P. Jp, A. Mo, and . Korst-l-«, The obstetric mangement of fetal distress and its association with cerebral palsy, Am J Obstet Gynecol, vol.174, pp.643-649, 1994.

B. G. , La souffrance foetale aiguë, J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod, vol.30, pp.393-432, 2001.

F. Connan-l and . Parant-o-", Souffrance foetale aiguë, Encycl Med Chir, p.11, 1999.

B. G. , Place de la détermination de l'équilibre acido-basique, 25 ème Journées nationales de la Société française de médecine périnatale, pp.97-116, 1995.

L. , M. Kinnon-l, and W. C. , Lack of agreement on normal values for foetal scalp blood, J Obstet Gynaecol Br Cwlth, vol.78, pp.13-21, 1971.

S. E. , Fetal scalp blood analysis, J Perinat Med, vol.9, pp.165-77, 1981.

P. Schaefer-a and . Hsiung-r-", Are there two biological parts in the second stage of labor?, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, vol.68, pp.713-721, 1989.

Y. Bh and K. Sw, The effect of labor on the normal values of ombilical blood acid-base status, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, vol.73, pp.555-61, 1994.

W. , N. G. Kh, and . Hounslow-d-", Time: an important variable in normal delivery, J Obstet Gynaecol Br Cwlth, vol.80, pp.295-300, 1973.

B. S. Thoulon-jm, P. Jc, and A. P. , Surveillance biochimique du travail: pH et gazométrie foetale, pp.117-123, 2003.

W. and R. Kg, Acid base balance at birth. In: A critical appraisal of fetal surveillance, pp.595-603, 1994.

B. S. , Umbilical cord blood gas analysis in the assessment of intra-partum fetal and neonatal status, pp.347-360, 1996.

N. Kb, D. Jm, and . Ting-ty-", Uncertain values electronic fetal monitoring in predicting cerebral palsy, N Engl J Med, vol.334, pp.613-621, 1996.

G. , O. , and J. Mt-", Cerebral palsy among children born during the Dublin randomised trial of intrapartum monitoring, Lancet, vol.2, pp.1233-1239, 1989.

F. H. Boehm, Intrapartum fetal heart monitoring, Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am, vol.26, pp.623-662, 1999.

D. Eh, F. H. Boehm, and C. Mm, Electronic fetal heart rate monitoring; Early neonatal outcomes associated with normal rate, fetal stress and fetal distress, Am J Obstet Gynecol, vol.182, pp.214-234, 2000.

R. Luzietti-r, Intrapartum fetal monitoring: its basis and current developments, Prenat. Neonat. Med, vol.5, pp.155-168, 2000.

T. and P. Jc, Rythme cardiaque foetal

A. P. , La surveillance du travail, pp.67-90, 2003.

S. Nielsen-pv and . Nickelsen-c-", Computer assessment of the intrapartum cardiotocogram. I-Methods of data reduction and diagnosic procedure

, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, vol.67, pp.455-60, 1988.

B. G. , Applications pratiques de l'analyse informatisée du rythme cardiaque foetal par le système Sonicaid Oxford 8002 au cours de la grossesse et de l'accouchement, J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod, vol.30, pp.28-41, 2001.

B. S. Analyse-de-l'électrocardiogramme-foetal-couplé-au-rcf-in, :. Thoulon-jm, P. Jc, and A. P. , La surveillance du travail, pp.93-105, 2003.

H. Vayssiere and C. David-e-«, Utilisation en routine de l'analyse du segment ST de l'électrocardiogramme foetal pour la surveillance du travail. Une année d'expérience (résultats préliminaires), Gynécologie Obstétrique & Fertilité, vol.31, pp.820-826, 2003.

R. Kg, . Dagbjartsson-a, and . Henriksson-ba-«, The relation between circulating catecholamines and ST waveform in the fetal lamb electrocardiogram during hypoxia, Am J Obstet Gynecol, vol.149, pp.190-195, 1984.

W. , H. M. , and C. Jsh-", Plymouth randomized trial of cardiotocogram only versus ST waveform plus cardiotocogram for intrapartum monitoring in 2004 cases, Am J Obstet Gynecol, vol.169, pp.1151-60, 1993.

A. and H. C. Noren-h-", Cardiotocography only versus cardiotocography plus ST analysis of fetal electrocardiogramm for intrapartum fetal monitoring: a Swedish randomised controlled trial, Lancet, vol.358, pp.534-542, 2001.

S. E. , Fetal scalp pH sampling, Arch. Gynaecol, vol.198, pp.82-86, 1962.

F. Beard-rw, . Gm, and . Knight-ca-", The significance of the changes in the continuous fetal heart rate in the first stage of labour, J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Br. Cwlth, vol.78, pp.865-881, 1971.

G. A. , C. I. Enkin-m, and K. M. , Monitoring the fetus during labour, Effective care in pregnancy and child, pp.842-882, 1991.

. Silverman-f, J. Suidan, and . Wasserman-j-", The Apgar score: is it enough?, Obstet Gynecol, vol.66, pp.331-336, 1985.

J. S. Richards-d, The pratical implications of cord blood acidbase studies, Clin. Obstet. Gynecol, vol.36, pp.91-98, 1993.

F. , P. Fournier-a, G. H. Thoulon, J. M. , and D. Ed, L'équilibre acido-basique pendant le travail, La souffrance foetale. Progrès en Gynécologie, pp.151-161, 1987.

H. and P. F. Schaeffer-a-«, Lactaplasmie maternelle et foetale au cours de l'accouchement

, Gynecol. Obstet, vol.76, pp.853-875, 1981.

S. Dj and A. S. Raziel-a-«, The effect of sampling technique on measurement of fetal blood pH and gases, Am J Obstet Gynecol, vol.171, pp.1125-1133, 1994.

. Irion-o, . Stuckelberger-p, and . Moutquin-jm-", Is intrapartum vibratory acoustic stimulation a valid alternative to fetal scalp pH determination?, Br J Obstet Gynaecol, vol.103, pp.642-649, 1996.

D. Vermeylen-d and . Kirkpatrick-c-",

, Growth-Restricted fetus: The role of noninvasive tests and fetal blood sampling, Obstet Gynecol, vol.85, pp.965-70, 1995.

T. Jm and P. Jc, Marion Coissard juin 2005 [46] PASQUIER JC. Oxymétrie de pouls

A. P. , La surveillance du travail, pp.107-116, 2003.

G. Tj, D. G. , and M. C. Namara-h-«, A multicenter randomized trial of fetal pulse oxymetry, Am J Obstet Gynecol, vol.183, pp.1049-58, 2000.

C. , G. V. , and F. Km, Techniques de surveillance foetale pendant le travail: les anciennes et les modernes. XIème Journée Parisienne ObstetricoPediatrique. Asphyxie per-partum du nouveau-né à terme, J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod, vol.32, pp.1-79, 2003.

K. , S. , and B. , Predictive agreement between fetal arterial oxygen saturation and fetal scalp pH: results of the German multicenter study, Am J Obstet Gynecol, vol.178, p.30, 1998.

G. Langer-b and . Carbonne-b-«, Multicenter study on the clinical value of fetal pulse oxymetry : I. Methodologic evaluation, Am J Obstet Gynecol, vol.177, p.1238, 1997.

P. Ce and T. Mb, A new method for rapid measurement of lactate in foetal and neonatal blood, Austr N Z J Obstet Gynaecol, vol.39, pp.227-260, 1999.

W. Divon-m and . Horal-m-", Routine mesurements of umbilical artery lactate levels in the prediction of perinatal outcome, Am J Obstet Gynecol, vol.173, pp.1416-1438, 1995.

L. Body-g, P. F. , and M. , Pratique de l'accouchement. 3 ème édition

C. Bm, L. Mc-intire-dd, and . Kj, The continuing value of the Apgar score for the assessment of newborn infants, N Engl J Med, vol.344, pp.467-71, 2001.

Z. , R. H. , and C. , Pronostic neurologique des asphyxies périnatales à terme. XIème Journée Parisienne Parisienne Obstetrico-Pediatrique. Asphyxie per-partum du nouveau-né à terme, J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod, vol.32, pp.1-58, 2003.

J. Wc, J. Md, and . Douglas-s-", The case of routine umbilical blood acid-base studies at delivery, Am J Obstet Gynecol, pp.621-625, 1990.

B. G. , Microdosage rapide des lactates au sang du cordon et au scalp foetal

, Gynécologie Obstétrique & Fertilité, vol.32, pp.241-244, 2004.

L. T. Laporte, J. , and G. H. Boog-g, Evaluation du bien-être néonatal par micro-dosage rapide des lactates au sang du cordon, J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod, vol.31, pp.352-357, 2002.

W. Divon-m and . Horal-m-", Routine measurements of ombilical artery lactate levels in the prediction of perinatal outcome, Am J Obstet Gynecol, vol.173, pp.1416-1438, 1995.

C. Yh, T. Yau-ki, and W. Pj, Clinical application of the measurement of cord plasma lactate and pyruvate in the assessment of hight risk neonates, Acta Paediatr, vol.87, pp.764-772, 1998.

D. A. Silva-s and H. N. Denis-r-", Clinical value of a single postnatal lactate measurement after intrapartum asphyxia, Acta Paediatr, vol.89, pp.320-322, 2000.

T. , Analyse des gaz du sang au cordon ombilical dans l'évaluation de l'état néonatal du nouveau-né à terme. Mémoire, sage-femme

R. Rj and J. Jwc, Collecting and analysing cord blood gases, Clin Obstet Gynecol, vol.36, pp.13-23, 1993.

J. A. Thorp and . Rushing-rs, Umbilical cord blood gas analysis, Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am, vol.26, pp.695-709, 1999.

C. Sp, C. Bd, and M. Ef-", Determination of fetal acidemia at birth from a remonte umbilical arterial blood gas analysis, Am J Obstet Gynecol, vol.170, pp.1705-1714, 1994.

W. , G. Jm, and G. Kr, Umbilical cord blood gas analysis at delivery: a time for quality data, Brit J Obstet Gynecol, vol.101, pp.1054-1063, 1994.

P. H. Enregistrement,

D. Ga and J. «. Thorp, The relationship between oxygen saturation and pH in umbilical blood: implications for intrapartum fetal oxygen saturation monitoring

, Am J Obstet Gynecol, vol.175, pp.682-687, 1996.

K. and S. , Predictive agreement between the fetal arterial oxygen saturation and fetal scalp pH: results of the German multicenter study, Am J Obstet Gynecol, vol.178, pp.330-335, 1998.

S. Pj, E. F. , and L. Tj-", Interrelationships amoug abnormal cardiotocograms in labor, meconium staining of the amniotic fluid, arterial cord blood pH, and Apgar scores, Obstet Gunecol, vol.74, pp.715-721, 1989.

D. Boehm-f and . Crane-m, Electronic fetal heart rate monitoring: early neonatal outcomes associated with normal rate, fetal stress, and fetal distress?, Am J Obstet Gynecol, vol.182, pp.214-220, 2000.

M. and G. M. Miot-d-", Lactates et équilibre acido-basique au sang du cordon, J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod, vol.32, pp.713-719, 2003.

. Gold-f, M. H. Blond, and L. , Pédiatrie en maternité. Réanimation en salle de naissance

B. and C. C. Dubois-c-«, Orientation en salle de naissance après une asphyxie per-partum : quels nouveaux-nés garder ?, Quels nouveaux nés transférer ? XIème Journée Parisienne Parisienne Obstetrico-Pediatrique

, Asphyxie per-partum du nouveau-né à terme, J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod, vol.32, pp.1-91, 2003.

. Van-der, N. Berg-pp, J. Wldm, and . Hw-&quot;, Neonatal complications in newborn with an umbilical artery pH < 7.00, Am J Obstet Gynecol, vol.175, pp.1152-1159, 1996.

G. Tm and B. I. Hernandez-p-&quot;, Asphyxial complications in the term newborn with severe umbilical academia, Am J Obstet Gynecol, vol.166, pp.1506-1512, 1992.

J. A. Low, P. C. , and D. Ej, New born complications after intra-partum asphyxia with metabolic acidosis in the term fetus, Am J Obstet Gynecol, vol.170, pp.1081-1087, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/s0002-9378(94)70101-6

B. , G. Tm, and . Durand-m-&quot;, Umbilical arteriovenous PO2 and PCO2 differces and neonatal morbidity in term infants with severe acidosis, Am J Obstet Gynecol, vol.178, pp.13-22, 1998.

T. Verma-ul, Correlation of Apgar scores and umbilical artery acidbase status to mortality and morbidity in the low birth weight neonate, Obstet gynecol, vol.73, pp.597-600, 1989.

M. R. , Le pH ombilical à la naissance, Gyn Obst février, vol.487, pp.29-32, 2005.

D. J. and J. A. Mutch-l-«, Acid-base status at birth and neurodevelopmental outcome at four and one-half years, Am J Obstet Gynecol, vol.161, pp.213-220, 1989.

D. Mj, F. Visser-gha, and . Vg-&quot;, Apgar score, meconium and acidaemia at birth in relation to neonatal neurological morbidity in term infants

, Br J Obstet Gynecol, vol.93, pp.217-222, 1986.

D. Am, Diagnostic de la souffrance foetale aiguë : incidences médicolégales. In : XXVII ème assises nationales des sages-femmes, XI session européenne, 2000.

S. Jh and B. , La responsabilité médicale et les problèmes médico-légaux de la sage-femme, 1993.

S. B. , La sage-femme face au tribunal. Les dossiers de l'Obstétrique, février, vol.335, pp.15-18, 2005.

P. F. , Aspects médico-légaux : l'obstétricien en accusation et en expert

X. Obstetrico-pediatrique, Asphyxie per-partum du nouveau-né à terme, J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod, vol.32, pp.1-114, 2003.

, Organisation Mondiale de la Santé

. Disponible, , 2005.

A. and Z. E. , La réanimation du nouveau-né et la sage-femme, 2004.

, Conseil de l'ordre des sages-femmes. La formation continue

. Disponible, , 2004.

B. M. , Newsletter d'obstétrique de Septembre, 2004.

. Disponible, , 2004.

B. , K. Jj, and K. Jm-«, Intrapartum risk factors for newborn encephalopathy: the Western Australian case-control study, BMJ, vol.317, pp.1554-1562, 1998.