K. A. Kline, S. Fälker, S. Dahlberg, S. Normark, and B. Henriques-normark, Bacterial Adhesins in Host-Microbe Interactions, Cell Host & Microbe, vol.5, issue.6, pp.580-592, 2009.

P. Tripathi, A. Beaussart, D. Alsteens, V. Dupres, I. J. Claes et al., Adhesion and Nanomechanics of Pili from the Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, ACS Nano, vol.7, issue.4, pp.3685-3697, 2013.

P. Tripathi, V. Dupres, A. Beaussart, S. Lebeer, I. J. Claes et al., Deciphering the Nanometer-Scale Organization and Assembly of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Pili Using Atomic Force Microscopy, Langmuir, vol.28, issue.4, pp.2211-2216, 2011.

J. Reunanen, I. Von-ossowski, A. P. Hendrickx, A. Palva, and W. M. De-vos, Characterization of the SpaCBA Pilus Fibers in the Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.78, issue.7, pp.2337-2344, 2012.

F. P. Douillard, A. Ribbera, H. M. Järvinen, R. Kant, T. E. Pietilä et al., Comparative Genomic and Functional Analysis of Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus rhamnosus Strains Marketed as Probiotics, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.79, issue.6, pp.1923-1933, 2013.

C. Laine, I. Caggia, J. Ossowski, R. Reunanen, S. Satokari et al., , p.435

. Vos, Comparative Genomic and Functional Analysis of Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus 436 rhamnosus Strains Marketed as Probiotics, Appl. Environ. Microbiol, vol.79, 2013.

M. Kankainen, L. Paulin, S. Tynkkynen, I. Ossowski, J. Reunanen et al.,

S. Satokari, A. P. Vesterlund, S. Hendrickx, S. C. Lebeer, J. De-keersmaecker et al., , p.440

T. Hamalainen, S. Laukkanen, N. Salovuori, J. Ritari, E. Alatalo et al., , p.441

A. Sandholm, K. Lassig, K. T. Hatakka, H. Kinnunen, M. Karjalainen et al.,

A. Surakka, T. Palva, P. Salusjarvi, W. M. Auvinen, and . De-vos, Comparative genomic analysis 443 of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG reveals pili containing a human-mucus binding protein, Proc 444 Natl Acad Sci U A, vol.106, pp.17193-17201, 2009.

P. Tripathi, A. Beaussart, D. Alsteens, V. Dupres, I. Claes et al., Adhesion and Nanomechanics of Pili from the Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, ACS Nano, vol.7, issue.4, pp.3685-3697, 2013.

A. Palva, S. Lebeer, J. Vanderleyden, and Y. F. Dufrene, Adhesion and Nanomechanics of Pili 447 from the Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, ACS Nano, vol.7, pp.3685-3697, 2013.

H. L. Tytgat, N. H. Van-teijlingen, R. M. Sullan, F. P. Douillard, P. Rasinkangas et al., Probiotic Gut Microbiota Isolate Interacts with Dendritic Cells via Glycosylated Heterotrimeric Pili, PLOS ONE, vol.11, issue.3, p.e0151824, 2016.

J. Messing, R. Reunanen, J. Satokari, Y. F. Vanderleyden, T. B. Dufrêne et al., Probiotic Gut Microbiota Isolate Interacts with Dendritic Cells via 452 Glycosylated Heterotrimeric Pili, PloS One, vol.11, 2016.

R. M. Sullan, A. Beaussart, P. Tripathi, S. Derclaye, S. El-kirat-chatel et al., Single-cell force spectroscopy of pili-mediated adhesion, Nanoscale, vol.6, issue.2, pp.1134-1143, 2014.

J. Schneider, S. Vanderleyden, Y. F. Lebeer, and . Dufrene, Single-cell force spectroscopy of pili-456 mediated adhesion, Nanoscale, vol.6, pp.1134-1143, 2014.

S. Lebeer, I. Claes, H. L. Tytgat, T. L. Verhoeven, E. Marien et al., Functional Analysis of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Pili in Relation to Adhesion and Immunomodulatory Interactions with Intestinal Epithelial Cells, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.78, issue.1, pp.185-193, 2011.

S. Lebeer, I. Claes, H. L. Tytgat, T. L. Verhoeven, E. Marien et al., Functional Analysis of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Pili in Relation to Adhesion and Immunomodulatory Interactions with Intestinal Epithelial Cells, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.78, issue.1, pp.185-193, 2011.

S. S. Dalli, B. K. Uprety, and S. K. Rakshit, Industrial Production of Active Probiotics for Food Enrichment, Engineering Foods for Bioactives Stability and Delivery, pp.85-118, 2016.

T. Vol?tátová, J. Havlík, I. Dosko?il, M. Geigerová, and V. Rada, Effect Of Hydrolyzed Milk On The Adhesion Of Lactobacilli To Intestinal Cells, Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, vol.46, issue.1, pp.21-25, 2015.

T. Volstatova, J. Havlik, M. Potuckova, and M. Geigerova, Milk digesta and milk protein fractions 469 influence the adherence of Lactobacillus gasseri R and Lactobacillus casei FMP to human 470 cultured cells, Food Funct, vol.7, pp.3531-3538, 2016.

S. A. Ross, J. A. Lane, M. Kilcoyne, L. Joshi, and R. M. Hickey, Defatted bovine milk fat globule membrane inhibits association of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 with human HT-29 cells, International Dairy Journal, vol.59, pp.36-43, 2016.

P. Parker, L. Sando, R. Pearson, K. Kongsuwan, R. L. Tellam et al., Bovine Muc1 inhibits binding of enteric bacteria to Caco-2 cells, Glycoconjugate Journal, vol.27, issue.1, pp.89-97, 2009.

L. Sando, R. Pearson, C. Gray, P. Parker, R. Hawken et al., Bovine Muc1 is a highly polymorphic gene encoding an extensively glycosylated mucin that binds bacteria, Journal of Dairy Science, vol.92, issue.10, pp.5276-5291, 2009.

S. Kongsuwan, R. L. Smith, and . Tellam, Bovine Muc1 is a highly polymorphic gene encoding an 479 extensively glycosylated mucin that binds bacteria, J. Dairy Sci, vol.92, pp.5276-5291, 2009.

K. Dewettinck, R. Rombaut, N. Thienpont, T. T. Le, K. Messens et al., Nutritional and technological aspects of milk fat globule membrane material, International Dairy Journal, vol.18, issue.5, pp.436-457, 2008.

J. Guerin, J. Burgain, F. Gomand, J. Scher, and C. Gaiani, Milk fat globule membrane glycoproteins: Valuable ingredients for lactic acid bacteria encapsulation?, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, vol.59, issue.4, pp.639-651, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02132397

T. Douëllou, M. C. Montel, and D. Thevenot-sergentet, Invited review: Anti-adhesive properties of bovine oligosaccharides and bovine milk fat globule membrane-associated glycoconjugates against bacterial food enteropathogens, Journal of Dairy Science, vol.100, issue.5, pp.3348-3359, 2017.

S. Patton, S. J. Gendler, and A. P. Spicer, The epithelial mucin, MUC1, of milk, mammary gland and other tissues, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Biomembranes, vol.1241, issue.3, pp.407-423, 1995.

R. Bansil and B. S. Turner, Mucin structure, aggregation, physiological functions and biomedical applications, Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science, vol.11, issue.2-3, pp.164-170, 2006.

K. Nishiyama, M. Sugiyama, and T. Mukai, Adhesion Properties of Lactic Acid Bacteria on 497 Intestinal Mucin, 2016.

M. H. Tunick, K. L. Mackey, J. J. Shieh, P. W. Smith, P. Cooke et al., Rheology and 499 microstructure of low-fat Mozzarella cheese, Int. Dairy J, vol.3, issue.93, p.90106, 1993.

E. Laloy, J. Vuillemard, M. El-soda, and R. E. Simard, Influence of the fat content of Cheddar cheese on retention and localization of starters, International Dairy Journal, vol.6, issue.7, pp.729-740, 1996.

C. Lopez, M. Maillard, V. Briard-bion, B. Camier, and J. A. Hannon, Lipolysis during Ripening of Emmental Cheese Considering Organization of Fat and Preferential Localization of Bacteria, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol.54, issue.16, pp.5855-5867, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01453922

C. D. Hickey, J. J. Sheehan, M. G. Wilkinson, and M. A. Auty, Growth and location of bacterial colonies within dairy foods using microscopy techniques: a review, Frontiers in Microbiology, vol.6, p.99, 2015.

S. Lebeer, I. J. Claes, T. L. Verhoeven, J. Vanderleyden, and S. C. De-keersmaecker, 511 Exopolysaccharides of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG form a protective shield against innate 512 immune factors in the intestine, Microb. Biotechnol, vol.4, pp.368-374, 2011.

S. Lebeer, T. L. Verhoeven, G. Francius, G. Schoofs, I. Lambrichts et al., Identification of a Gene Cluster for the Biosynthesis of a Long, Galactose-Rich Exopolysaccharide in Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Functional Analysis of the Priming Glycosyltransferase, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.75, issue.11, pp.3554-3563, 2009.

S. C. Vanderleyden and . De-keersmaecker, Identification of a gene cluster for the biosynthesis of 516 a long galactose-rich exopolysaccharide in Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and functional 517 analysis of the priming glycosyltransferase, Appl Env. Microbiol, vol.75, pp.3554-3563, 2009.

T. T. Le, J. Van-camp, R. Rombaut, F. Van-leeckwyck, and K. Dewettinck, Effect of washing 520 conditions on the recovery of milk fat globule membrane proteins during the isolation of milk 521 fat globule membrane from milk, J. Dairy Sci, vol.92, pp.3592-3603, 2009.

J. Guerin, J. Bacharouche, J. Burgain, S. Lebeer, G. Francius et al., Pili of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG mediate interaction with ?-lactoglobulin, Food Hydrocolloids, vol.58, pp.35-41, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02146541

J. Guerin, J. Bacharouche, J. Burgain, S. Lebeer, G. Francius et al., Pili of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG mediate interaction with ?-lactoglobulin, Food Hydrocolloids, vol.58, pp.35-41, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02146541

C. Lee, Y. Wang, L. Huang, and S. Lin, Atomic force microscopy: Determination of unbinding force, off rate and energy barrier for protein?ligand interaction, Micron, vol.38, issue.5, pp.446-461, 2007.

R. Lévy and M. Maaloum, Measuring the spring constant of atomic force microscope cantilevers: thermal fluctuations and other methods, Nanotechnology, vol.13, issue.1, pp.33-37, 2001.

M. Kebouchi, W. Galia, M. Genay, C. Soligot, X. Lecomte et al., Implication of sortase-dependent proteins of Streptococcus thermophilus in adhesion to human intestinal epithelial cell lines and bile salt tolerance, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol.100, issue.8, pp.3667-3679, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01329214

A. Dary-mourot and Y. L. Roux, Implication of sortase-dependent proteins of Streptococcus 533 thermophilus in adhesion to human intestinal epithelial cell lines and bile salt tolerance

M. Kebouchi, W. Galia, M. Genay, C. Soligot, X. Lecomte et al., Implication of sortase-dependent proteins of Streptococcus thermophilus in adhesion to human intestinal epithelial cell lines and bile salt tolerance, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol.100, issue.8, pp.3667-3679, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01329214

P. Bu, S. Narayanan, D. Dalrymple, X. Cheng, and A. T. Serajuddin, Cytotoxicity assessment 536 of lipid-based self-emulsifying drug delivery system with Caco-2 cell model: Cremophor EL 537 as the surfactant, Eur. J. Pharm. Sci, vol.91, pp.162-171, 2016.

J. Burgain, J. Scher, S. Lebeer, J. Vanderleyden, M. Corgneau et al., Impacts of pH-mediated EPS structure on probiotic bacterial pili?whey proteins interactions, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, vol.134, pp.332-338, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01248665

G. Duval, C. Francius, and . Gaiani, Impacts of pH-mediated EPS structure on probiotic bacterial 540 pili-whey proteins interactions, Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces, vol.134, 2015.

Y. F. Dufrêne, Sticky microbes: forces in microbial cell adhesion, Trends in Microbiology, vol.23, issue.6, pp.376-382, 2015.

G. Francius, D. Alsteens, V. Dupres, S. Lebeer, S. De-keersmaecker et al., Stretching polysaccharides on live cells using single molecule force spectroscopy, Nature Protocols, vol.4, issue.6, pp.939-946, 2009.

Y. F. Gruber and . Dufrêne, Stretching polysaccharides on live cells using single molecule force 546 spectroscopy, Nat. Protoc, vol.4, pp.939-946, 2009.

A. P. Gunning, A. R. Kirby, C. Fuell, C. Pin, L. E. Tailford et al., Mining the ?glycocode??exploring the spatial distribution of glycans in gastrointestinal mucin using force spectroscopy, The FASEB Journal, vol.27, issue.6, pp.2342-2354, 2013.

T. T. Le, T. Van-de-wiele, T. N. Do, G. Debyser, K. Struijs et al., Stability of milk fat globule membrane proteins toward human enzymatic gastrointestinal digestion, Journal of Dairy Science, vol.95, issue.5, pp.2307-2318, 2012.

V. Camp, Stability of milk fat globule membrane proteins toward human enzymatic 553 gastrointestinal digestion, J. Dairy Sci, vol.95, pp.2307-2318, 2012.

M. E. Sanders and M. L. Marco, Food Formats for Effective Delivery of Probiotics, Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, vol.1, issue.1, pp.65-85, 2010.

M. L. Marco and S. Tachon, Environmental factors influencing the efficacy of probiotic bacteria, Current Opinion in Biotechnology, vol.24, issue.2, pp.207-213, 2013.

M. L. Marco and S. Tachon, Environmental factors influencing the efficacy of probiotic bacteria, Current Opinion in Biotechnology, vol.24, issue.2, pp.207-213, 2013.

J. Wang, Z. Zhong, W. Zhang, Q. Bao, A. Wei et al., Comparative analysis of the gene expression profile of probiotic Lactobacillus casei Zhang with and without fermented milk as a vehicle during transit in a simulated gastrointestinal tract, Research in Microbiology, vol.163, issue.5, pp.357-365, 2012.

R. Würth, G. Hörmannsperger, J. Wilke, P. Foerst, D. Haller et al., Protective effect of milk protein based microencapsulation on bacterial survival in simulated gastric juice versus the murine gastrointestinal system, Journal of Functional Foods, vol.15, pp.116-125, 2015.

T. Heidebach, P. Först, and U. Kulozik, Microencapsulation of probiotic cells by means of rennet-gelation of milk proteins, Food Hydrocolloids, vol.23, issue.7, pp.1670-1677, 2009.

B. Lee, X. Yin, S. M. Griffey, and M. L. Marco, Attenuation of Colitis by Lactobacillus casei BL23 Is Dependent on the Dairy Delivery Matrix, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.81, issue.18, pp.6425-6435, 2015.

B. Lee, X. Yin, S. M. Griffey, and M. L. Marco, Attenuation of Colitis by Lactobacillus casei BL23 Is Dependent on the Dairy Delivery Matrix, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.81, issue.18, pp.6425-6435, 2015.

G. Deepika, R. A. Rastall, and D. Charalampopoulos, Effect of Food Models and Low-Temperature Storage on the Adhesion of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG to Caco-2 Cells, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol.59, issue.16, pp.8661-8666, 2011.