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, Ann Med Interne, vol.154, issue.1, pp.51-59, 2003.

S. Zuily, V. Domingues, C. Suty-selton, V. Eschwège, L. Bertoletti et al., Antiphospholipid antibodies can identify lupus patients at risk of pulmonary hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Autoimmun Rev, 2017.

R. Cervera, Antiphospholipid syndrome, Thromb Res, vol.151, issue.1, pp.43-50, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02346750

D. Wahl, L. Saadi, C. Perret-guillaume, A. Membre, M. Frederic et al.,

, Syndrome des antiphospholipides. Classification actuelle et indications thérapeutiques

M. Thérapeutique, , vol.13, pp.111-132, 2007.

R. Cervera, S. Bucciarelli, M. A. Plasín, J. A. Gómez-puerta, J. Plaza et al., Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS): descriptive analysis of a series of 280 patients from the "CAPS Registry, J Autoimmun, vol.32, issue.3-4, pp.240-245, 2009.

I. Rodríguez-pintó, M. Moitinho, I. Santacreu, Y. Shoenfeld, D. Erkan et al., Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS): Descriptive analysis of 500 patients from the International CAPS Registry, Autoimmun Rev, vol.15, issue.12, pp.1120-1124, 2016.

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S. Zuily, O. Huttin, M. S. Marie, P. Selton-suty, C. Wahl et al., Valvular heart disease in antiphospholipid syndrome, Curr Rheumatol Rep, vol.15, issue.4, p.320, 2013.

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S. Zuily, V. Regnault, C. Selton-suty, V. Eschwège, J. Bruntz et al., Increased risk for heart valve disease associated with antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: meta-analysis of echocardiographic studies. Circulation, vol.124, pp.215-239, 2011.

N. Espinola-zavaleta, M. C. Amigo, J. Vargas-barrón, C. Keirns, A. R. Cárdenas et al., Two and three-dimensional echocardiography in primary antiphospholipid syndrome: misdiagnosis as rheumatic valve disease, Lupus, vol.10, issue.7, pp.511-514, 2001.

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M. Turiel, P. Sarzi-puttini, R. Peretti, S. Bonizzato, S. Muzzupappa et al.,

N. E. Zavaleta, R. M. Montes, M. E. Soto, N. A. Vanzzini, and M. Amigo, Primary antiphospholipid syndrome: a 5-year transesophageal echocardiographic followup study, J Rheumatol, vol.31, issue.12, pp.2402-2409, 2004.

J. Pardos-gea, G. Avegliano, A. Evangelista, M. Vilardell, and J. Ordi-ros, Cardiac manifestations other than valvulopathy in antiphospholipid syndrome: long-time echocardiography follow-up study, Int J Rheum Dis, vol.18, issue.1, pp.76-83, 2015.

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M. Tektonidou, J. Ioannidis, I. Moyssakis, K. Boki, V. Vassiliou et al.,

P. , Right ventricular diastolic dysfunction in patients with anticardiolipin antibodies and antiphospholipid syndrome, Ann Rheum Dis, vol.60, issue.1, pp.43-51, 2001.

C. A. Roldan, E. A. Gelgand, C. R. Qualls, and W. L. Sibbitt, Valvular heart disease by transthoracic echocardiography is associated with focal brain injury and central neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus, Cardiology, vol.108, issue.4, pp.331-338, 2007.

M. Lockshin, F. Tenedios, M. Petri, G. Mccarty, R. Forastiero et al., Cardiac disease in the antiphospholipid syndrome: recommendations for treatment, Committee consensus report. Lupus, vol.12, issue.7, pp.518-541, 2003.

R. Cervera, M. G. Tektonidou, G. Espinosa, A. R. Cabral, E. B. González et al.,

, Task Force on Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) and Non-criteria APS Manifestations (I): catastrophic APS, APS nephropathy and heart valve lesions, Lupus, vol.20, issue.2, pp.165-73, 2011.

A. Colli, C. A. Mestres, G. Espinosa, M. A. Plasín, J. L. Pomar et al., Heart valve surgery in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome: analysis of a series of nine cases, Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, vol.37, issue.1, pp.154-162, 2010.

H. Gorki, V. Malinovski, and R. Stanbridge, The antiphospholipid syndrome and heart valve surgery. Eur J Cardio-Thorac Surg Off J Eur Assoc Cardio-Thorac Surg, vol.33, pp.168-81, 2008.

R. Cervera, M. Boffa, M. A. Khamashta, and G. Hughes, The Euro-Phospholipid project: epidemiology of the antiphospholipid syndrome in Europe, Lupus, 2009.

D. Paran, D. Caspi, D. Levartovsky, O. Elkayam, I. Kaufman et al., Cardiac dysfunction in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome, Ann Rheum Dis, vol.66, issue.4, pp.506-516, 2007.

A. M. Hasnie, M. F. Stoddard, C. B. Gleason, S. G. Wagner, R. A. Longaker et al.,

, Diastolic dysfunction is a feature of the antiphospholipid syndrome, Am Heart J, 1995.

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S. Zuily and D. Wahl, Pulmonary hypertension in antiphospholipid syndrome, Curr Rheumatol Rep, vol.17, issue.1, p.478, 2015.

R. Cervera, J. Piette, J. Font, M. A. Khamashta, Y. Shoenfeld et al., Antiphospholipid syndrome: clinical and immunologic manifestations and patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1,000 patients, Arthritis Rheum, vol.46, issue.4, pp.1019-1046, 2002.

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T. F. Cianciulli, M. C. Saccheri, J. A. Lax, R. O. Neme, J. Sevillano et al.,

M. Bijl, J. Brouwer, and G. G. Kallenberg,

, Lupus, vol.9, issue.4, pp.236-276, 2000.

J. Erdozain, G. Ruiz-irastorza, M. Segura, M. Amigo, G. Espinosa et al., Cardiac valve replacement in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome, Arthritis Care Res, vol.64, issue.8, pp.1256-60, 2012.
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I. Pons, G. Espinosa, and R. Cervera, Efficacy and safety of rituximab in the treatment of primary antiphospholipid syndrome: analysis of 24 cases from the bibliography review

, Med Clin (Barc), vol.144, pp.97-104, 2015.

E. Von-elm, D. G. Altman, M. Egger, S. J. Pocock, P. C. Gøtzsche et al.,

, The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies, J Clin Epidemiol, 2008.

M. C. Hochberg, Updating the American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus, Arthritis Rheum, 1997.

S. Zuily, V. Regnault, F. Guillemin, P. Kaminsky, A. Rat et al., Superficial vein thrombosis, thrombin generation and activated protein C resistance as predictors of thromboembolic events in lupus and antiphospholipid patients. A prospective cohort study, Thromb Res, vol.132, issue.1, pp.1-7, 2013.
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A. Cooper, New ASE Guidelines for Evaluating Valve Regurgitation-An Integrative Approach | American Society of Echocardiography, 2018.

, Recommendations for the echocardiographic assessment of native valvular regurgitation:-eacvi-recommendations-valvular-regurgitation-summary

O. Ünlü, S. Zuily, and D. Erkan, The clinical significance of antiphospholipid antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus, Eur J Rheumatol, vol.3, issue.2, pp.75-84, 2016.

M. Lockshin, F. Tenedios, M. Petri, G. Mccarty, R. Forastiero et al., Cardiac disease in the antiphospholipid syndrome: recommendations for treatment, Committee consensus report. Lupus, vol.12, issue.7, pp.518-541, 2003.

M. Blank, A. Shani, I. Goldberg, J. Kopolovic, M. C. Amigo et al., LibmanSacks endocarditis associated with antiphospholipid syndrome and infection, Thromb Res, vol.114, issue.5-6, pp.589-92, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.thromres.2004.06.039

A. Watad, S. Tiosano, N. Grysman, D. Comaneshter, A. D. Cohen et al., The association between systemic lupus erythematosus and valvular heart disease: an extensive data analysis, Eur J Clin Invest, vol.47, issue.5, pp.366-71, 2017.

F. Vivero, C. Gonzalez-echavarri, B. Ruiz-estevez, I. Maderuelo, and G. Ruiz-irastorza, Prevalence and predictors of valvular heart disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, Autoimmun Rev, vol.15, issue.12, pp.1134-1174, 2016.

V. Katsi, G. Georgiopoulos, D. Oikonomou, C. Aggeli, C. Grassos et al., Aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation and arterial hypertension, Curr Vasc Pharmacol
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, Ann Med Interne, vol.154, issue.1, pp.51-59, 2003.

S. Zuily, V. Domingues, C. Suty-selton, V. Eschwège, L. Bertoletti et al., Antiphospholipid antibodies can identify lupus patients at risk of pulmonary hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Autoimmun Rev, 2017.

R. Cervera, Antiphospholipid syndrome, Thromb Res, vol.151, issue.1, pp.43-50, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01936357

D. Wahl, L. Saadi, C. Perret-guillaume, A. Membre, M. Frederic et al.,

, Syndrome des antiphospholipides. Classification actuelle et indications thérapeutiques

M. Thérapeutique, , vol.13, pp.111-132, 2007.

R. Cervera, S. Bucciarelli, M. A. Plasín, J. A. Gómez-puerta, J. Plaza et al., Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS): descriptive analysis of a series of 280 patients from the "CAPS Registry, J Autoimmun, vol.32, issue.3-4, pp.240-245, 2009.

I. Rodríguez-pintó, M. Moitinho, I. Santacreu, Y. Shoenfeld, D. Erkan et al., Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS): Descriptive analysis of 500 patients from the International CAPS Registry, Autoimmun Rev, vol.15, issue.12, pp.1120-1124, 2016.

J. L. Lee, S. M. Naguwa, G. S. Cheema, and M. E. Gershwin, Revisiting Libman-Sacks endocarditis: a historical review and update, Clin Rev Allergy Immunol, vol.36, issue.23, pp.126-156, 2009.

J. J. Silbiger, The cardiac manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome and their echocardiographic recognition, J Am Soc Echocardiogr Off Publ Am Soc Echocardiogr, vol.22, issue.10, pp.1100-1108, 2009.

S. Zuily, O. Huttin, M. S. Marie, P. Selton-suty, C. Wahl et al., Valvular heart disease in antiphospholipid syndrome, Curr Rheumatol Rep, vol.15, issue.4, p.320, 2013.

I. Moyssakis, M. G. Tektonidou, V. A. Vasilliou, M. Samarkos, V. Votteas et al., Libman-Sacks endocarditis in systemic lupus erythematosus: prevalence, associations, and evolution, Am J Med, vol.120, issue.7, pp.636-678, 2007.

S. Zuily, V. Regnault, C. Selton-suty, V. Eschwège, J. Bruntz et al., Increased risk for heart valve disease associated with antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: meta-analysis of echocardiographic studies. Circulation, vol.124, pp.215-239, 2011.

N. Espinola-zavaleta, M. C. Amigo, J. Vargas-barrón, C. Keirns, A. R. Cárdenas et al., Two and three-dimensional echocardiography in primary antiphospholipid syndrome: misdiagnosis as rheumatic valve disease, Lupus, vol.10, issue.7, pp.511-514, 2001.

D. Erdogan, M. T. Goren, R. Diz-kucukkaya, and M. Inanc, Assessment of cardiac structure and left atrial appendage functions in primary antiphospholipid syndrome: a transesophageal echocardiographic study, Stroke, vol.36, issue.3, pp.592-598, 2005.

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F. Perez-villa, J. Font, M. Azqueta, G. Espinosa, C. Pare et al., Severe valvular regurgitation and antiphospholipid antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus: A prospective, long-term, followup study, Arthritis Care Res, vol.53, issue.3, pp.460-467, 2005.

S. Morelli, M. L. Bernardo, F. Viganego, A. Sgreccia, D. Marzio et al., Leftsided heart valve abnormalities and risk of ischemic cerebrovascular accidents in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, Lupus, vol.12, issue.11, pp.805-817, 2003.

M. Tektonidou, J. Ioannidis, I. Moyssakis, K. Boki, V. Vassiliou et al.,

P. , Right ventricular diastolic dysfunction in patients with anticardiolipin antibodies and antiphospholipid syndrome, Ann Rheum Dis, vol.60, issue.1, pp.43-51, 2001.

C. A. Roldan, E. A. Gelgand, C. R. Qualls, and W. L. Sibbitt, Valvular heart disease by transthoracic echocardiography is associated with focal brain injury and central neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus, Cardiology, vol.108, issue.4, pp.331-338, 2007.

M. Lockshin, F. Tenedios, M. Petri, G. Mccarty, R. Forastiero et al., Cardiac disease in the antiphospholipid syndrome: recommendations for treatment, Committee consensus report. Lupus, vol.12, issue.7, pp.518-541, 2003.

R. Cervera, M. G. Tektonidou, G. Espinosa, A. R. Cabral, E. B. González et al., Task Force on Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) and Non-criteria APS Manifestations (I): catastrophic APS, APS nephropathy and heart valve lesions, Lupus, vol.20, issue.2, pp.165-73, 2011.

A. Colli, C. A. Mestres, G. Espinosa, M. A. Plasín, J. L. Pomar et al., Heart valve surgery in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome: analysis of a series of nine cases, Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, vol.37, issue.1, pp.154-162, 2010.

H. Gorki, V. Malinovski, and R. Stanbridge, The antiphospholipid syndrome and heart valve surgery. Eur J Cardio-Thorac Surg Off J Eur Assoc Cardio-Thorac Surg, vol.33, pp.168-81, 2008.

R. Cervera, M. Boffa, M. A. Khamashta, and G. Hughes, The Euro-Phospholipid project: epidemiology of the antiphospholipid syndrome in Europe, Lupus, 2009.

D. Paran, D. Caspi, D. Levartovsky, O. Elkayam, I. Kaufman et al., Cardiac dysfunction in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome, Ann Rheum Dis, vol.66, issue.4, pp.506-516, 2007.

A. M. Hasnie, M. F. Stoddard, C. B. Gleason, S. G. Wagner, R. A. Longaker et al., Diastolic dysfunction is a feature of the antiphospholipid syndrome, Am Heart J, 1995.

N. Coudray, D. De-zuttere, O. Blétry, J. C. Piette, B. Wechsler et al., M mode and Doppler echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular diastolic function in primary antiphospholipid syndrome, Br Heart J, vol.74, issue.5, pp.531-536, 1995.

G. Espinosa, R. Cervera, J. Font, and R. A. Asherson, The lung in the antiphospholipid syndrome, Ann Rheum Dis, vol.61, issue.3, pp.195-203, 2002.

S. Zuily and D. Wahl, Pulmonary hypertension in antiphospholipid syndrome, Curr Rheumatol Rep, vol.17, issue.1, p.478, 2015.

R. Cervera, J. Piette, J. Font, M. A. Khamashta, Y. Shoenfeld et al., Antiphospholipid syndrome: clinical and immunologic manifestations and patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1,000 patients, Arthritis Rheum, vol.46, issue.4, pp.1019-1046, 2002.

D. Erdogan, M. T. Goren, R. Diz-kucukkaya, and M. Inanc, Assessment of cardiac structure and left atrial appendage functions in primary antiphospholipid syndrome: a transesophageal echocardiographic study, Stroke, vol.36, issue.3, pp.592-598, 2005.

T. F. Cianciulli, M. C. Saccheri, J. A. Lax, R. O. Neme, J. Sevillano et al., Left ventricular thrombus mimicking primary cardiac tumor in a patient with primary antiphospholipid syndrome and recurrent systemic embolism, Cardiol J, vol.16, issue.6, pp.560-563, 2009.

M. Bijl, J. Brouwer, and G. G. Kallenberg, Cardiac abnormalities in SLE: pancarditis, Lupus, vol.9, issue.4, pp.236-276, 2000.

J. Erdozain, G. Ruiz-irastorza, M. Segura, M. Amigo, G. Espinosa et al., Cardiac valve replacement in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome, Arthritis Care Res, vol.64, issue.8, pp.1256-60, 2012.

D. Erkan, J. Vega, G. Ramón, E. Kozora, and M. D. Lockshin, A pilot open-label phase II trial of rituximab for non-criteria manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome, Arthritis Rheum, vol.65, issue.2, pp.464-71, 2013.

I. Pons, G. Espinosa, and R. Cervera, Efficacy and safety of rituximab in the treatment of primary antiphospholipid syndrome: analysis of 24 cases from the bibliography review

, Med Clin (Barc), vol.144, pp.97-104, 2015.

E. Von-elm, D. G. Altman, M. Egger, S. J. Pocock, P. C. Gøtzsche et al., The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies, J Clin Epidemiol, 2008.

M. C. Hochberg, Updating the American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus, Arthritis Rheum, 1997.

S. Zuily, V. Regnault, F. Guillemin, P. Kaminsky, A. Rat et al., Superficial vein thrombosis, thrombin generation and activated protein C resistance as predictors of thromboembolic events in lupus and antiphospholipid patients. A prospective cohort study, Thromb Res, vol.132, issue.1, pp.1-7, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01709884

A. Cooper, New ASE Guidelines for Evaluating Valve Regurgitation-An Integrative Approach | American Society of Echocardiography, 2018.

, Recommendations for the echocardiographic assessment of native valvular regurgitation:-eacvi-recommendations-valvular-regurgitation-summary

O. Ünlü, S. Zuily, and D. Erkan, The clinical significance of antiphospholipid antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus, Eur J Rheumatol, vol.3, issue.2, pp.75-84, 2016.

M. Lockshin, F. Tenedios, M. Petri, G. Mccarty, R. Forastiero et al., Cardiac disease in the antiphospholipid syndrome: recommendations for treatment, Committee consensus report. Lupus, vol.12, issue.7, pp.518-541, 2003.

M. Blank, A. Shani, I. Goldberg, J. Kopolovic, M. C. Amigo et al., LibmanSacks endocarditis associated with antiphospholipid syndrome and infection, Thromb Res, vol.114, issue.5-6, pp.589-92, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.thromres.2004.06.039

A. Watad, S. Tiosano, N. Grysman, D. Comaneshter, A. D. Cohen et al., The association between systemic lupus erythematosus and valvular heart disease: an extensive data analysis, Eur J Clin Invest, vol.47, issue.5, pp.366-71, 2017.
DOI : 10.1111/eci.12744

F. Vivero, C. Gonzalez-echavarri, B. Ruiz-estevez, I. Maderuelo, and G. Ruiz-irastorza, Prevalence and predictors of valvular heart disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, Autoimmun Rev, vol.15, issue.12, pp.1134-1174, 2016.

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