P. V. Abbott, Incidence of root fractures and methods used for post removal, Int Endod J, vol.35, pp.63-70, 2002.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2591.2002.00457.x

S. B. Alapati, W. A. Brantley, T. A. Svec, J. M. Powers, J. M. Nusstein et al., SEM observations of nickel titanium rotary endodontic instruments that fractured during clinical Use, J Endod, vol.31, pp.40-43, 2005.

S. B. Alapati, W. A. Brantley, M. Iijima, W. Clark, L. Kovarik et al., Metallurgical characterization of a new nickel-titanium wire for rotary endodontic instruments, J Endod, vol.35, pp.1589-93, 2009.

?. Alomairy and K. H. , Evaluating two techniques on removal of fractured rotary nickeltitanium endodontic instruments from root canals: an in vitro study, J Endod, vol.35, pp.559-62, 2009.

R. Alsilani, F. Jadu, D. F. Bogari, A. M. Jan, and T. Y. Alhazzazi, Single file reciprocating systems: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature: Comparison of reciproc and WaveOne, J Int Soc Prev Community Dent, vol.6, pp.402-411, 2016.

M. E. Anderson, J. Price, and P. Parashos, Fracture resistance of electropolished rotary nickel-titanium endodontic instruments, J Endod, vol.33, pp.1212-1218, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.joen.2007.07.007

?. Arbab-chirani, A. , C. V. Arbab-chirani, S. Calloch, and S. , Instrumentation canalaire de préparation, EMC-Odontologie, vol.2010, pp.1-15

F. C. Arens, M. M. Hoen, H. R. Steiman, and G. C. Dietz, Evaluation of single-use rotary nickeltitanium instruments, J Endod, vol.29, pp.664-670, 2003.

F. Barbosa, J. A. Gomes, and M. De-araújo, Influence of electrochemical polishing on the mechanical properties of K3 nickel-titanium rotary instruments, J Endod, vol.34, pp.1533-1539, 2008.

G. Bergenholtz and G. Dahlén, Advances in the study of endodontic infections: introduction, Endod Top, vol.9, pp.1-4, 2004.

E. Berutti and G. Fedon, Thickness of cementum/dentin in mesial roots of mandibular first molars, J Endod, vol.18, pp.545-553, 1992.

E. Berutti, A. R. Negro, M. Lendini, and D. Pasqualini, Influence of manual preflaring and torque on the failure rate of ProTaper rotary instruments, J Endod, vol.30, pp.228-258, 2004.

E. Berutti, E. Angelini, M. Rigolone, G. Migliaretti, and D. Pasqualini, Influence of sodium hypochlorite on fracture properties and corrosion of ProTaper Rotary instruments, Int Endod J, vol.39, pp.693-702, 2006.

G. Gambarini, G. Plotino, N. M. Grande, D. Al-sudani, D. Luca et al., Mechanical properties of nickel-titanium rotary instruments produced with a new manufacturing technique, Int Endod J, vol.44, pp.337-378, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010.01835.x

Y. Gao, V. Shotton, K. Wilkinson, G. Phillips, and W. B. Johnson, Effects of raw material and rotational speed on the cyclic fatigue of ProFile Vortex rotary instruments, J Endod, vol.36, pp.1205-1214, 2010.

Y. Gao, J. L. Gutmann, K. Wilkinson, R. Maxwell, and D. Ammon, Evaluation of the impact of raw materials on the fatigue and mechanical properties of ProFile Vortex rotary instruments, J Endod, vol.38, pp.398-401, 2012.

N. Gencoglu and D. Helvacioglu, Comparison of the Different Techniques to Remove Fractured Endodontic Instruments from Root Canal Systems, Eur J Dent, vol.3, pp.90-95, 2009.

L. Generali, E. Righi, M. V. Todesca, and U. Consolo, Canal shaping with WaveOne reciprocating files: influence of operator experience on instrument breakage and canal preparation time, Odontology, vol.102, pp.217-239, 2014.

A. H. Gluskin, C. J. Ruddle, and E. J. Zinman, Thermal injury through intraradicular heat transfer using ultrasonic devices: precautions and practical preventive strategies, J Am Dent Assoc, vol.136, pp.1286-93, 1939.

L. I. Grossman, Guidelines for the prevention of fracture of root canal instruments, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, vol.28, pp.746-52, 1969.

W. L. Guilford, J. E. Lemons, and P. D. Eleazer, A comparison of torque required to fracture rotary files with tips bound in simulated curved canal, J Endod, vol.31, pp.468-70, 2005.

M. Günday, H. Sazak, and Y. Garip, A comparative study of three different root canal curvature measurement techniques and measuring the canal access angle in curved canals, J Endod, vol.31, pp.796-804, 2005.

J. H. Ha, S. K. Kim, N. Cohenca, and H. Kim, Effect of R-phase heat treatment on torsional resistance and cyclic fatigue fracture, J Endod, vol.39, pp.389-93, 2013.

Y. Haïkel, R. Serfaty, G. Bateman, B. Senger, and C. Allemann, Dynamic and cyclic fatigue of engine-driven rotary nickel-titanium endodontic instruments, J Endod, vol.25, pp.434-474, 1999.

?. Hashem and A. , Ultrasonic vibration: temperature rise on external root surface during broken instrument removal, J Endod, vol.33, pp.1070-1073, 2007.

K. S. Herold, B. R. Johnson, and C. S. Wenckus, A scanning electron microscopy evaluation of microfractures, deformation and separation in EndoSequence and Profile nickeltitanium rotary files using an extracted molar tooth model, J Endod, vol.33, pp.712-716, 2007.

?. Hülsmann and M. , Methods for removing metal obstructions from the root canal, Endod Dent Traumatol, vol.9, pp.223-260, 1993.

M. Hülsmann and I. Schinkel, Influence of several factors on the success or failure of removal of fractured instruments from the root canal, Endod Dent Traumatol, vol.15, pp.252-260, 1999.

M. K. Iqbal, H. Rafailov, S. I. Kratchman, and B. Karabucak, A comparison of three methods for preparing centered platforms around separated instruments in curved canals, J Endod, vol.32, pp.48-51, 2006.

J. I. Ingle, C. W. Newton, J. D. West, J. L. Gutmann, G. N. Glickman et al., Obturation of the radicular space, Ingle JI and Bakland LK. Endodontics, vol.5, pp.571-668, 2002.

T. L. Isom, J. G. Marshall, and J. C. Baumgartner, Evaluation of root thickness in curved canals after flaring, J Endod, vol.21, pp.368-71, 1995.

E. Johnson, A. Lloyd, S. Kuttler, and K. Namerow, Comparison between a novel nickeltitanium alloy and 508 nitinol on the cyclic fatigue life of ProFile 25/.04 rotary instruments, J Endod, vol.34, pp.1406-1415, 2008.

H. C. Kim, S. W. Kwak, G. Cheung, D. H. Ko, S. M. Chung et al., Cyclic fatigue and torsional resistance of two new nickel-titanium instruments used in reciprocation motion: Reciproc versus WaveOne, J Endod, vol.38, pp.541-545, 2012.

J. Kottoor, N. Velmurugan, V. Gopikrishna, and J. Krithikadatta, Effects of multiple root canal usage on the surface topography and fracture of two different Ni-Ti rotary file systems, Indian J Dent Res Off Publ Indian Soc Dent Res, vol.24, pp.42-49, 2013.

G. Kuhn, B. Tavernier, and L. Jordan, Influence of structure on nickel-titanium endodontic instruments failure, J Endod, vol.27, pp.516-536, 2001.

V. Lertchirakarn, J. Palamara, and H. H. Messer, Patterns of vertical root fracture: factors affecting stress distribution in the root canal, J Endod, vol.29, pp.523-531, 2003.

?. Li, U. Lee, B. Shih, C. Lan, W. Lin et al., Cyclic fatigue of endodontic nickel titanium rotary instruments: static and dynamic tests, J Endod, vol.28, pp.448-51, 2002.

H. P. Lopes, T. Gambarra-soares, C. N. Elias, J. F. Siqueira, I. Inojosa et al., Comparison of the mechanical properties of rotary instruments made of conventional nickel-titanium wire, M-wire, or nickel-titanium alloy in R-phase, J Endod, vol.39, pp.516-536, 2013.

?. Lasfargues and J. J. , Evolution des concepts de préparation : nouveaux conceptsnouvelles techniques, Inf Dent, vol.22, pp.1469-89, 1997.

P. Machtou and C. Reit, Non-surgical retreatment, pp.300-310, 2003.

A. A. Madarati, A. J. Qualtrough, and D. C. Watts, Factors affecting temperature rise on the external root surface during ultrasonic retrieval of intracanal separated files, J Endod, vol.34, pp.1089-92, 2008.

A. A. Madarati, D. C. Watts, and A. Qualtrough, Factors contributing to the separation of endodontic files, Br Dent J, vol.204, pp.241-246, 2008.

A. A. Madarati, D. C. Watts, and A. Qualtrough, Opinions and attitudes of endodontists and general dental practitioners in the UK towards the intra-canal fracture of endodontic instruments. Part 2, Int Endod J, vol.41, pp.1079-87, 2008.

A. A. Madarati, A. Qualtrough, and D. C. Watts, A microcomputed tomography scanning study of root canal space: changes after the ultrasonic removal of fractured files, J Endod, vol.35, pp.125-133, 2009.

A. A. Madarati, A. Qualtrough, and D. C. Watts, Efficiency of a newly designed ultrasonic unit and tips in reducing temperature rise on root surface during the removal of fractured files, J Endod, vol.35, pp.896-905, 2009.

A. A. Madarati, A. Qualtrough, and D. C. Watts, Vertical fracture resistance of roots after ultrasonic removal of fractured instruments, Int Endod J, vol.43, pp.424-433, 2010.

A. A. Madarati, M. J. Hunter, and P. Dummer, Management of intracanal separated instruments, J Endod, vol.39, pp.569-81, 2013.

J. P. Mallet, É. Deveaux, S. Simon, P. Machtou, W. J. Pertot et al., Aides visuelles en endodontie, CdP, pp.451-69, 2012.

E. Mandel, M. Adib-yazdi, L. M. Benhamou, T. Lachkar, C. Mesgouez et al., Rotary Ni-Ti profile systems for preparing curved canals in resin blocks: influence of operator on instrument breakage, Int Endod J, vol.32, pp.436-479, 1999.

M. Marending, F. Lutz, and F. Barbakow, Scanning electron microscope appearances of Lightspeed instruments used clinically: a pilot study, Int Endod J, vol.31, pp.57-62, 1998.

V. L. Marquis, T. Dao, M. Farzaneh, S. Abitbol, and S. Friedman, Treatment outcome in endodontics: the Toronto Study. Phase III: initial treatment, J Endod, vol.32, pp.299-306, 2006.

B. Martín, G. Zelada, P. Varela, J. G. Bahillo, F. Magán et al., Factors influencing the fracture of nickel-titanium rotary instruments, Int Endod J, vol.36, pp.262-268, 2003.

J. T. Mccann, D. L. Keller, and G. L. Labounty, Remaining dentin/cementum thickness after hand or ultrasonic instrumentation, J Endod, vol.16, pp.109-122, 1990.

?. Mcevily and A. J. , Metal Failures: Mechanisms, Analysis, Prevention, Thermal and Residual Stresses, pp.123-132, 2002.

?. Mcevily and A. J. , Metal Failures: Mechanisms, Analysis, Prevention, Brittle and Ductile Fractures, pp.102-106, 2002.

M. B. Mcguigan, C. Louca, and H. F. Duncan, The impact of fractured endodontic instruments on treatment outcome, Br Dent J, vol.214, pp.285-294, 2013.

M. B. Mcguigan, C. Louca, and H. F. Duncan, Clinical decision-making after endodontic instrument fracture, Br Dent J, vol.214, pp.395-400, 2013.

?. Michiels and R. , Removal of a fractured instrument: Two case reports, Roots, vol.6, pp.32-38, 2010.

?. Michiels and R. , Bypassing a fractured instrument, Roots, vol.7, pp.24-30, 2011.

?. Miserendino and L. , Instruments, materials, and devices, Pathways of the Pulp 5 th, pp.377-413, 1991.

O. Nagai, T. N. Kayaba, Y. Kodama, S. Osada, and T. , Ultrasonic removal of broken instruments in root canals, Int Endod J, vol.19, pp.298-304, 1986.

?. Nehme and W. , A new approach for the retrieval of broken instruments, J Endod, vol.25, pp.633-638, 1999.

H. H. Nguyen, H. Fong, A. Paranjpe, N. M. Flake, J. D. Johnson et al., Evaluation of the resistance to cyclic fatigue among ProTaper Next, ProTaper Universal, and Vortex Blue rotary instruments, J Endod, vol.40, pp.1190-1193, 2014.

G. Nevares, R. S. Cunha, M. L. Zuolo, C. E. Bueno, and S. Da, Success rates for removing or bypassing fractured instruments: a prospective clinical study, J Endod, vol.38, pp.442-446, 2012.

?. Okiji and T. , Modified usage of the Masserann kit for removing intracanal broken instruments, J Endod, vol.29, pp.466-473, 2003.

P. Panitvisai, P. Parunnit, C. Sathorn, and H. H. Messer, Impact of a retained instrument on treatment outcome: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Endod, vol.36, pp.775-80, 2010.

P. Parashos, G. I. Messer, and H. H. , Factors influencing defects of rotary nickeltitanium endodontic instruments after clinical use, J Endod, vol.30, pp.722-727, 2004.

P. Parashos and H. H. Messer, Rotary NiTi instrument fracture and its consequences, J Endod, vol.32, pp.1031-1074, 2006.

P. V. Patiño, B. M. Biedma, C. R. Liébana, G. Cantatore, and J. G. Bahillo, The influence of a manual glide path on the separation rate of NiTi rotary instruments, J Endod, vol.31, pp.114-120, 2005.

B. Peng, Y. Shen, G. Cheung, and T. J. Xia, Defects in ProTaper S1 instruments after clinical use: longitudinal examination, Int Endod J, vol.38, pp.550-557, 2005.

E. Pereira, R. O. Gomes, A. Leroy, R. Singh, O. A. Peters et al., Mechanical behavior of M-Wire and conventional NiTi wire used to manufacture rotary endodontic instruments, Dent Mater Off Publ Acad Dent Mater, vol.29, pp.318-342, 2013.

?. Pérez-higueras, J. J. Arias, A. De-la-macorra, J. C. Peters, and O. A. , Differences in cyclic fatigue resistance between ProTaper Next and ProTaper Universal instruments at different levels, J Endod, vol.40, pp.1477-81, 2014.

O. A. Peters, C. I. Peters, K. Schönenberger, and F. Barbakow, ProTaper rotary root canal preparation: effects of canal anatomy on final shape analysed by micro CT, Int Endod J, vol.36, pp.86-92, 2003.

O. A. Peters, J. O. Roehlike, and M. A. Baumann, Effect of immersion in sodium hypochlorite on torque and fatigue resistance of nickel-titanium instruments, J Endod, vol.33, pp.589-93, 2007.

W. J. Pertot, L. Pommel, S. Simon, P. Machtou, W. J. Pertot et al., Mise en forme et nettoyage du système canalaire, CdP, pp.187-217, 2012.

D. L. Pitts, H. E. Matheny, and J. I. Nicholls, An in vitro study of spreader loads required to cause vertical root fracture during lateral condensation, J Endod, vol.9, pp.544-50, 1983.

G. Plotino, C. H. Pameijer, N. M. Grande, and F. Somma, Ultrasonics in endodontics: a review of the literature, J Endod, vol.33, pp.81-95, 2007.

G. Plotino, A. Costanzo, N. M. Grande, R. Petrovic, L. Testarelli et al., Experimental evaluation on the influence of autoclave sterilization on the cyclic fatigue of new nickel-titanium rotary instruments, J Endod, vol.38, pp.222-227, 2012.

?. Plotino, G. Grande, N. M. Testarelli, L. Gambarini, and G. , Cyclic fatigue of Reciproc and WaveOne reciprocating instruments, Int Endod J, vol.45, pp.614-622, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02015.x

G. Plotino, N. M. Grande, E. Cotti, L. Testarelli, and G. Gambarini, Blue treatment enhances cyclic fatigue resistance of vortex nickel-titanium rotary files, J Endod, vol.40, pp.1451-1454, 2014.

C. Praisarnti, J. Chang, and G. Cheung, Electropolishing enhances the resistance of nickel-titanium rotary files to corrosion-fatigue failure in hypochlorite, J Endod, vol.36, pp.1354-1361, 2010.

J. P. Pruett, D. J. Clement, and D. L. Carnes, Cyclic fatigue testing of nickel-titanium endodontic instruments, J Endod, vol.23, pp.77-85, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/s0099-2399(97)80250-6

C. J. Ruddle, Micro-endodontic nonsurgical retreatment, Dent Clin North Am, vol.41, pp.429-54, 1997.

C. J. Ruddle, Broken instrument removal: the endodontic challenge, Dent Today, vol.21, pp.70-81, 2002.

C. J. Ruddle, Nonsurgical retreatment : Post & Broken instrument removal, J Endod, vol.30, pp.827-872, 2004.

B. Sattapan, J. E. Palamara, and H. H. Messer, Torque during canal instrumentation using rotary nickel-titanium files, J Endod, vol.26, pp.156-60, 2000.

E. Schäfer and J. Tepel, Relationship between design features of endodontic instruments and their properties. Part 3. Resistance to bending and fracture, J Endod, vol.27, pp.299-303, 2001.

Y. Shen, B. Peng, and G. Cheung, Factors associated with the removal of fractured NiTi instruments from root canal systems. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, vol.98, pp.605-615, 2004.

Y. Shen, H. Zhou, Y. Zheng, L. Campbell, B. Peng et al., Metallurgical characterization of controlled memory wire nickel-titanium rotary instruments, J Endod, vol.37, pp.1566-71, 2011.

Y. Shen, H. Zhou, Y. Zheng, B. Peng, and M. Haapasalo, Current challenges and concepts of the thermomechanical treatment of nickel-titanium instruments, J Endod, vol.39, pp.163-72, 2013.

?. Shenoy, A. Mandava, P. Bolla, N. Vemuri, and S. , A novel technique for removal of broken instrument from root canal in mandibular second molar, Indian J Dent Res Off Publ Indian Soc Dent Res, vol.25, pp.107-117, 2014.

K. K. Shiyakov and R. I. Vasileva, Success for removing or bypassing instruments fractured beyond the root canal curve-45 clinical cases, J IMAB-Annu Proceeding Sci Pap, vol.20, pp.567-71, 2014.

?. Shokri, A. Eskandarloo, A. Noruzi-gangachin, M. Khajeh, and S. , Detection of root perforations using conventional and digital intraoral radiography, multidetector computed tomography and cone beam computed tomography, Restor Dent Endod, vol.40, pp.58-67, 2015.
DOI : 10.5395/rde.2015.40.1.58

URL : http://synapse.koreamed.org/Synapse/Data/PDFData/2185RDE/rde-40-58.pdf

S. Simon, P. Machtou, P. Tomson, N. Adams, and P. Lumley, Influence of fractured instruments on the success rate of endodontic treatment, Dent Update, vol.35, pp.178-187, 2008.

U. Sjogren, B. Hagglund, G. Sundqvist, and K. Wing, Factors affecting the long-term results of endodontic treatment, J Endod, vol.16, pp.498-504, 1990.

D. Sonntag and O. A. Peters, Effect of prion decontamination protocols on nickel-titanium rotary surfaces, J Endod, vol.33, pp.442-448, 2007.

M. Solomonov, M. Webber, and D. Keinan, Fractured Endodontic Instrument: A Clinical Dilemma Retrieve, Bypass or Entomb?, J Mich Dent Assoc, vol.97, pp.44-50, 2015.

N. J. Souter and H. H. Messer, Complications associated with fractured file removal using an ultrasonic technique, J Endod, vol.31, pp.450-452, 2005.

P. Spili, P. Parashos, and H. H. Messer, The impact of instrument fracture on outcome of endodontic treatment, J Endod, vol.31, pp.845-50, 2005.

O. W. Stokes, P. M. Fiore, J. T. Barss, A. Koerber, J. L. Gilbert et al., Corrosion in stainless-steel and nickel-titanium files, J Endod, vol.25, pp.17-20, 1999.

K. M. Sundaram, R. Ebenezar, M. F. Ghani, L. Martina, A. Narayanan et al., Comparative evaluation of the effects of multiple autoclaving on cyclic fatigue resistance of three different rotary Ni-Ti instruments: An in vitro study, J Conserv Dent JCD, vol.16, pp.323-329, 2013.

B. Suter, A new method for retrieving silver points and separated instruments from root canals, J Endod, vol.24, pp.446-454, 1998.

B. Suter, A. Lussi, and P. Sequeira, Probability of removing fractured instruments from root canals, Int Endod J, vol.38, pp.112-135, 2005.

J. Tanalp and T. Güngör, Apical extrusion of debris: a literature review of an inherent occurrence during root canal treatment, Int Endod J, vol.47, pp.211-232, 2014.

S. Taschieri, P. Machtou, G. Rosano, T. Weinstein, D. Fabbro et al., The influence of previous non-surgical re-treatment on the outcome of endodontic surgery, Minerva Stomatol, vol.59, pp.625-657, 2010.

?. Thirumalai, A. Sekar, M. Mylswamy, and S. , Retrieval of a separated instrument using Masserann technique, J Conserv Dent, vol.11, p.42, 2008.

Y. Terauchi, O. 'leary, L. Suda, and H. , Removal of separated files from root canals with a new file-removal system: Case reports, J Endod, vol.32, pp.789-97, 2006.

Y. Terauchi, O. 'leary, L. Kikuchi, I. Asanagi, M. Yoshioka et al., Evaluation of the efficiency of a new file removal system in comparison with two conventional systems, J Endod, vol.33, pp.585-593, 2007.

?. Terauchi and Y. , Managing iatrogenic endodontic events, pp.722-50, 2016.

T. Testori, M. Badino, and M. Castagnola, Vertical root fractures in endodontically treated teeth: a clinical survey of 36 cases, J Endod, vol.19, pp.87-91, 1993.

?. Thirumalai, A. Sekar, M. Mylswamy, and S. , Retrieval of a separated instrument using Masserann technique, J Conserv Dent, vol.11, p.42, 2008.

M. Torabinejad and R. Lemon, Procedural accidents, Torabinejad M, Walton RE. Endodontics: Principals and Practice, pp.322-361, 2009.

M. Torabinejad and M. Parirokh, Mineral trioxide aggregate: a comprehensive literature review-part II: leakage and biocompatibility investigations, J Endod, vol.36, pp.190-202, 2010.

G. Troiano, M. Dioguardi, A. Cocco, G. Giannatempo, L. Laino et al., Influence of Operator's Experience on the Shaping Ability of Protaper Universal and Waveone Systems: A Comparative Study on Simulated Root Canals, Open Dent J, vol.10, pp.546-52, 2016.

M. Tsujimoto, Y. Irifune, Y. Tsujimoto, S. Yamada, I. Watanabe et al., Comparison of conventional and new-generation nickel-titanium files in regard to their physical properties, J Endod, vol.40, pp.1824-1833, 2014.

C. J. Ullmann and O. A. Peters, Effect of cyclic fatigue on static fracture loads in ProTaper nickel-titanium rotary instruments, J Endod, vol.31, pp.183-189, 2005.

H. M. Walia, W. A. Brantley, and H. Gerstein, An initial investigation of the bending and torsional properties of Nitinol root canal files, J Endod, vol.14, pp.346-51, 1988.

J. R. Ward, P. Parashos, and H. H. Messer, Evaluation of an ultrasonic technique to remove fractured rotary nickel-titanium endodontic instruments from root canals: clinical cases, J Endod, vol.29, pp.764-771, 2003.

X. Wei, J. Ling, Y. Gao, X. Huang, and X. Li, Management of intracanal separated instruments with the microsonic technique and its clinical outcome, Chin J Stomatol, vol.39, pp.379-81, 2004.

L. R. Wilcox, C. Roskelley, and T. Sutton, The relationship of root canal enlargement to finger-spreader induced vertical root fracture, J Endod, vol.23, pp.533-537, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/s0099-2399(97)80316-0

J. Wolcott and V. T. Himel, Torsional properties of nickel-titanium versus stainless steel endodontic files, J Endod, vol.23, pp.217-237, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/s0099-2399(97)80049-0

S. Wolcott, J. Wolcott, D. Ishley, W. Kennedy, S. Johnson et al., Separation incidence of protaper rotary instruments: a large cohort clinical evaluation, J Endod, vol.32, pp.1139-1180, 2006.

J. Wu, G. Lei, M. Yan, Y. Yu, J. Yu et al., Instrument separation analysis of multiused ProTaper Universal rotary system during root canal therapy, J Endod, vol.37, pp.758-63, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.joen.2011.02.021

X. Xu, M. Eng, Y. Zheng, and D. Eng, Comparative study of torsional and bending properties for six models of nickel-titanium root canal instruments with different crosssections, J Endod, vol.32, pp.372-377, 2006.

G. M. Yared, F. Dagher, P. Machtou, and G. K. Kulkarni, Influence of rotational speed, torque and operator proficiency on failure of Greater Taper files, Int Endod J, vol.35, pp.7-12, 2002.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2591.2002.00443.x

O. Yoldas, H. Oztunc, C. Tinaz, and N. Alparslan, Perforation risks associated with the use of Masserann endodontic kit drills in mandibular molars. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, vol.97, pp.513-520, 2004.

D. G. Yu, Y. Kimura, Y. Tomita, Y. Nakamura, H. Watanabe et al., Study on removal effects of filling materials and broken files from root canals using pulsed Nd:YAG laser, J Clin Laser Med Surg, vol.18, pp.23-31, 2000.

?. Zhou, H. Shen, Y. Zheng, W. Li, L. Zheng et al., Mechanical properties of controlled memory and superelastic nickel-titanium wires used in the manufacture of rotary endodontic instruments, J Endod, vol.38, pp.1535-1575, 2012.

S. Zinelis, T. Eliades, and G. Eliades, A metallurgical characterization of ten endodontic NiTi instruments: assessing the clinical relevance of shape memory and superelastic properties of Ni-Ti endodontic instruments, Int Endod J, vol.43, pp.125-159, 2010.

R. Bibliographiques-Électroniques,

?. Alazrag and M. , The Effect of Fractured Instruments on The Prognosis of Endodontic treatment, 2015.

?. Terauchi and Y. , Separated File Removal | Dentistry Today, vol.93, p.4, 2012.

C. .. Cliniques,

;. ). Bypass-(michiels, , p.96, 2010.

. Gandevivala, , p.99, 2014.

C. .. ,

R. .. Bibliographiques,

R. .. Bibliographiques-Électroniques,