, Organisation Mondiale de la Santé, 2016.

F. Santé-publique, Prévalence et incidence du diabète / Données épidémiologiques / Diabète / Maladies chroniques et traumatismes / Dossiers thématiques / Accueil

. Disponible,

L. S. Geiss, J. Wang, Y. J. Cheng, T. J. Thompson, L. Barker et al., Prevalence and Incidence Trends for Diagnosed Diabetes Among Adults Aged 20 to 79 Years, JAMA. 24 sept, vol.312, issue.12, pp.1218-1244, 1980.

S. Kalra, . Diabesity, and . Jpma, J Pak Med Assoc. avr, vol.63, issue.4, pp.532-536, 2013.

, Organisation Mondiale de la Santé

S. Hercberg, Le Programme National Nutrition Santé (PNNS) : un vrai programme de santé publique, Cah Nutr Diététique. 1 mai, vol.46, issue.2, pp.5-10, 2011.

K. Castetbon, M. Vernay, V. Deschamps, B. Salanave, A. Malon et al., Situation nutritionnelle en France selon les indicateurs d'objectif et les repères du Programme national nutrition santé (PNNS)-É tude nationale nutrition santé (ENNS, 2006): prévalences de l'obésité, de l'hypertension artérielle et des dyslipidémies, Obésité. 1 mars, vol.3, issue.1, pp.19-26, 2008.

A. Balicco, A. Oleko, E. Szego, L. Boschat, V. Deschamps et al., Protocole Esteban : une Étude transversale de santé sur l'environnement, la biosurveillance, l'activité physique et la nutrition, Toxicol Anal Clin. déc, vol.29, issue.4, pp.517-554, 2014.

C. Verdot, M. Torres, B. Salanave, and V. Deschamps, Corpulence des enfants et des adultes en France métropolitaine en 2015. Résultats de l'étude l'ESTEBAN et évolution depuis, 2006.

, BEH

. Disponible,

, Département Maladies chroniques et traumatismes. Échantillon national témoin représentatif des personnes diabétiques, 2007.

, Diabète de type 2 de l'adulte. Guide Parcours Soins, HAS, 2014.

, Prévalence et incidence du diabète, et mortalité liée au diabète en France: synthèse épidémiologique, 2010.

L. Mandereau-bruno, A. Fagot-campagna, G. Rey, C. Piffaretti, J. Antero-jacquemin et al., Évolution de la mortalité et de la surmortalité à 5 ans des personnes diabétiques traitées pharmacologiquement en France métropolitaine : comparaison des cohortes Entred, 2001.

N. Paquot, Le régime alimentaire chez le patient diabétique de type 2, Rev Médicale Liège, vol.60, issue.5-6, pp.391-395, 2005.

J. Marion and . Franz, Histoire de la thérapie nutritionnelle du diabète. Diabetes Voice, déc, vol.49, pp.30-33, 2004.

J. Wylie-rosett and N. J. Davis, Low-carbohydrate diets: an update on current research, Curr Diab Rep. oct, vol.9, issue.5, pp.396-404, 2009.

J. Dallongeville, Histoire critique des recommandations nutritionnelles : l'exemple des lipides et des maladies cardiovasculaires, Cah Nutr Diététique. 1 déc, vol.50, issue.6, pp.6-42, 2015.

A. Keys, A. Menotti, C. Aravanis, H. Blackburn, B. S. Djordevi? et al., The seven countries study: 2,289 deaths in 15 years, Prev Med, vol.13, issue.2, pp.141-154, 1984.

T. Gordon, W. F. Kannel, and . Study, , 1968.

, Trends in intake of energy and macronutrients-United States, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), vol.53, pp.80-82, 1971.

N. Teicholz, The big fat surprise: why butter, meat, and cheese belong in a healthy diet, 2014.

Z. Harcombe, J. S. Baker, J. J. Dinicolantonio, F. Grace, and B. Davies, Evidence from randomised controlled trials does not support current dietary fat guidelines: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Open Heart. 8 janv, vol.3, issue.2, p.409, 2016.

M. Dehghan, A. Mente, X. Zhang, S. Swaminathan, W. Li et al., Associations of fats and carbohydrate intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality in 18 countries from five continents (PURE): a prospective cohort study, Lancet Lond Engl, vol.390, pp.2050-62, 2017.

N. F. Sheard, N. G. Clark, J. C. Brand-miller, M. J. Franz, F. X. Pi-sunyer et al., Dietary Carbohydrate (Amount and Type) in the Prevention and Management of Diabetes, Diabetes Care. 1 sept, vol.27, issue.9, pp.2266-71, 2004.

J. Lecerf, Prise en charge nutritionnelle du diabète de type 2: certitudes et controverses, Corresp En MHDN, vol.16, issue.3, pp.56-61, 2012.

S. Vega-lópez, L. M. Ausman, J. L. Griffith, and A. H. Lichtenstein, Interindividual variability and intraindividual reproducibility of glycemic index values for commercial white bread, Diabetes Care. juin, vol.30, issue.6, pp.1412-1419, 2007.

D. Zeevi, T. Korem, N. Zmora, D. Israeli, D. Rothschild et al., Personalized Nutrition by Prediction of Glycemic Responses, Cell, vol.163, issue.5, pp.1079-94, 2015.

R. J. Wood and M. L. Fernandez, Carbohydrate-restricted versus low-glycemic-index diets for the treatment of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, Nutr Rev. mars, vol.67, issue.3, pp.179-83, 2009.

J. J. Otten, J. P. Hellwig, L. D. Meyers, and É. , DRI, dietary reference intakes: the essential guide to nutrient requirements, 2006.

, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients)

D. C. Washington, National Academies Press, 2005.

, Nutrition Recommendations and Interventions for Diabetes: A position statement of the American Diabetes Association, Diabetes Care. 1 janv, vol.31, pp.61-78, 2008.

, Lifestyle Management: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2018, Diabetes Care. janv, vol.4, pp.38-50, 2018.

, Management of diabetes: a national clinical guideline. Edinburgh: Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network, 2010.

L. Reynolds, Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2017. Diabetes Care, vol.40, 2017.

E. C. Westman, J. Mavropoulos, W. S. Yancy, and J. S. Volek, A review of low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets, Curr Atheroscler Rep, vol.5, issue.6, pp.476-83, 2003.

S. K. Arora and S. I. Mcfarlane, The case for low carbohydrate diets in diabetes management, Nutr Metab. 14 juill, vol.2, p.16, 2005.

R. D. Feinman, W. K. Pogozelski, A. Astrup, R. K. Bernstein, E. J. Fine et al., Dietary carbohydrate restriction as the first approach in diabetes management: critical review and evidence base, Nutr Burbank Los Angel Cty Calif. janv, vol.31, issue.1, pp.1-13, 2015.

L. M. Castañeda-gonzález, B. Gascón, M. , J. Cruz, and A. , Effects of low carbohydrate diets on weight and glycemic control among type 2 diabetes individuals: a systemic review of RCT greater than 12 weeks, Nutr Hosp. déc, vol.26, issue.6, pp.1270-1276, 2011.

A. Accurso, R. K. Bernstein, A. Dahlqvist, B. Draznin, R. D. Feinman et al., Dietary carbohydrate restriction in type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal, Nutr Metab, vol.5, p.9, 2008.

L. Cordain, Implications of Plio-Pleistocene hominin diets for modern humans, Early Hominin Diets Known Unkn Unknowable, pp.363-383, 2006.

M. P. Richards, A brief review of the archaeological evidence for Palaeolithic and Neolithic subsistence, Eur J Clin Nutr. déc, vol.56, issue.12, p.1270, 2002.

G. Taubes, Good calories, bad calories: fats, carbs, and the controversial science of diet and health, 2008.

W. Banting, Letter on corpulence, addressed to the public, Obesity, vol.1, issue.2, pp.153-163, 1993.

A. Mazur, Why were « starvation diets » promoted for diabetes in the pre-insulin period?, Nutr J. 11 mars, vol.10, p.23, 2011.

R. C. Atkins and . Dr, Atkins' diet revolution:the high calorie way to stay thin forever, 1989.

R. K. Bernstein and . Dr, Bernstein's diabetes solution: the complete guide to achieving normal blood sugars, Newly rev. and updated, 2011.

W. C. Willett and R. L. Leibel, Dietary fat is not a major determinant of body fat, Am J Med. 30 déc, vol.113, pp.47-59, 2002.

R. D. Feinman, W. K. Pogozelski, A. Astrup, R. K. Bernstein, E. J. Fine et al., Dietary carbohydrate restriction as the first approach in diabetes management: Critical review and evidence base, Nutrition. 1 janv, vol.31, issue.1, pp.1-13, 2015.

, ANSES. Actualisation des repères du PNNS: révision des repères de consommations alimentaires, 2016.

O. Ajala, P. English, and J. Pinkney, Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes, Am J Clin Nutr. 1 mars, vol.97, issue.3, pp.505-521, 2013.

M. E. Daly, R. Paisey, R. Paisey, B. A. Millward, C. Eccles et al., Short-term effects of severe dietary carbohydrate-restriction advice in Type 2 diabetes-a randomized controlled trial, Diabet Med. janv, vol.23, issue.1, pp.15-20, 2006.

N. J. Davis, N. Tomuta, C. Schechter, C. R. Isasi, C. J. Segal-isaacson et al., Comparative study of the effects of a 1-year dietary intervention of a low-carbohydrate diet versus a low-fat diet on weight and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care, vol.32, issue.7, pp.1147-1152, 2009.

M. C. Gannon and F. Q. Nuttall, Effect of a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet on blood glucose control in people with type 2 diabetes, Diabetes, vol.53, issue.9, pp.2375-2382, 2004.

T. Goldstein, J. D. Kark, E. M. Berry, B. Adler, E. Ziv et al., The effect of a low carbohydrate energyunrestricted diet on weight loss in obese type 2 diabetes patients-A randomized controlled trial. E-SPEN Eur E, J Clin Nutr Metab. août, vol.6, issue.4, pp.178-86, 2011.

H. Guldbrand, T. Lindström, B. Dizdar, B. Bunjaku, C. J. Östgren et al., Randomization to a low-carbohydrate diet advice improves health related quality of life compared with a low-fat diet at similar weight-loss in Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Diabetes Res Clin Pract, vol.106, issue.2, pp.221-227, 2014.

N. Iqbal, M. L. Vetter, R. H. Moore, J. L. Chittams, C. V. Dalton-bakes et al., Effects of a Lowintensity Intervention That Prescribed a Low-carbohydrate vs. a Low-fat Diet in Obese, Diabetic Participants, Obesity. sept, vol.18, issue.9, pp.1733-1741, 2010.

J. D. Krebs, D. Bell, R. Hall, A. Parry-strong, P. D. Docherty et al., Improvements in glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity with a low-carbohydrate diet in obese patients with type 2 diabetes, J Am Coll Nutr, vol.32, issue.1, pp.11-18, 2013.

J. D. Krebs, A. Parry-strong, P. Cresswell, A. N. Reynolds, A. Hanna et al., A randomized trial of the feasibility of a low carbohydrate diet vs. standard carbohydrate counting in adults with type 1 diabetes taking body weight into account, Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 2015.

S. B. Mayer, A. S. Jeffreys, M. K. Olsen, J. R. Mcduffie, M. N. Feinglos et al., Two diets with different haemoglobin A1c and antiglycaemic medication effects despite similar weight loss in type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Obes Metab, vol.16, issue.1, pp.90-93, 2014.

J. V. Nielsen, E. Jönsson, and A. Ivarsson, A Low Carbohydrate Diet in Type 1 Diabetes, Ups J Med Sci, vol.110, issue.3, pp.267-273, 2005.

J. V. Nielsen, E. Jönsson, and A. Nilsson, Lasting Improvement of Hyperglycaemia and Bodyweight: Low-carbonhydrate Diet in Type 2 Diabetes.-A Brief Report, Ups J Med Sci. janv, vol.110, issue.1, pp.69-74, 2005.

J. V. Nielsen and E. Joensson, Low-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes. Stable improvement of bodyweight and glycemic control during 22 months follow-up, Nutr Metab, vol.3, issue.1, p.22, 2006.

J. V. Nielsen and E. A. Joensson, Low-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes: stable improvement of bodyweight and glycemic control during 44 months follow-up, Nutr Metab, vol.5, issue.1, p.14, 2008.

O. Neill, D. F. Westman, E. C. Bernstein, and R. K. , The effects of a low-carbohydrate regimen on glycemic control and serum lipids in diabetes mellitus, Metab Syndr Relat Disord, vol.1, issue.4, pp.291-298, 2003.

L. R. Saslow, S. Kim, J. J. Daubenmier, J. T. Moskowitz, S. D. Phinney et al., A randomized pilot trial of a moderate carbohydrate diet compared to a very low carbohydrate diet in overweight or obese individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus or prediabetes, PloS One, vol.9, issue.4, p.91027, 2014.

J. Tay, N. D. Luscombe-marsh, C. H. Thompson, M. Noakes, J. D. Buckley et al., A Very LowCarbohydrate, Low-Saturated Fat Diet for Type 2 Diabetes Management: A Randomized Trial. Diabetes Care, vol.37, pp.2909-2927, 2014.

J. Tay, N. D. Luscombe-marsh, C. H. Thompson, M. Noakes, J. D. Buckley et al., Comparison of low-and high-carbohydrate diets for type 2 diabetes management: a randomized trial, Am J Clin Nutr, vol.102, issue.4, pp.780-90, 2015.

M. C. Vernon, J. Mavropoulos, M. Transue, Y. Jr, W. S. Westman et al., Clinical experience of a carbohydrate-restricted diet: effect on diabetes mellitus, Metab Syndr Relat Disord, vol.1, issue.3, pp.233-237, 2003.

E. C. Westman, W. S. Yancy, J. C. Mavropoulos, M. Marquart, and J. R. Mcduffie, The effect of a lowcarbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-glycemic index diet on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus, Nutr Metab, vol.5, issue.1, p.36, 2008.

Y. Yamada, J. Uchida, H. Izumi, Y. Tsukamoto, G. Inoue et al., A non-calorie-restricted low-carbohydrate diet is effective as an alternative therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes, Intern Med, vol.53, issue.1, pp.13-19, 2014.

W. S. Yancy, M. C. Vernon, and E. C. Westman, A pilot trial of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet in patients with type 2 diabetes, Metab Syndr Relat Disord. sept, vol.1, issue.3, pp.239-282, 2003.

W. S. Yancy, M. Foy, A. M. Chalecki, M. C. Vernon, and E. C. Westman, A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet to treat type 2 diabetes, Nutr Metab, vol.2, p.34, 2005.

O. Snorgaard, G. M. Poulsen, H. K. Andersen, and A. Astrup, Systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary carbohydrate restriction in patients with type 2 diabetes, BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. févr, vol.5, issue.1, p.354, 2017.

F. F. Samaha, N. Iqbal, P. Seshadri, K. L. Chicano, D. A. Daily et al., A Low-Carbohydrate as Compared with a Low-Fat Diet in Severe Obesity, N Engl J Med. 22 mai, vol.348, issue.21, pp.2074-81, 2003.

L. Stern, N. Iqbal, P. Seshadri, K. L. Chicano, D. A. Daily et al., The effects of lowcarbohydrate versus conventional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: one-year follow-up of a randomized trial, Ann Intern Med. 18 mai, vol.140, issue.10, pp.778-85, 2004.

, Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group, Lancet Lond Engl. 12 sept, vol.352, issue.9131, pp.837-53, 1998.

P. A. Dyson, A review of low and reduced carbohydrate diets and weight loss in type 2 diabetes, J Hum Nutr Diet Off J Br Diet Assoc. déc, vol.21, issue.6, pp.530-538, 2008.

G. D. Foster, H. R. Wyatt, J. O. Hill, B. G. Mcguckin, C. Brill et al., A Randomized Trial of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet for Obesity, N Engl J Med. 22 mai, vol.348, issue.21, pp.2082-90, 2003.

P. A. Dyson, S. Beatty, and D. R. Matthews, An assessment of low-carbohydrate or low-fat diets for weight loss at 2 year's follow-up, Diabet Med J Br Diabet Assoc. mars, vol.27, issue.3, pp.363-367, 2010.

P. A. Dyson, S. Beatty, and D. R. Matthews, A low-carbohydrate diet is more effective in reducing body weight than healthy eating in both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects, Diabet Med J Br Diabet Assoc. déc, vol.24, issue.12, pp.1430-1435, 2007.

W. S. Yancy, M. K. Olsen, J. R. Guyton, R. P. Bakst, and E. C. Westman, A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia: a randomized, controlled trial, Ann Intern Med. 18 mai, vol.140, issue.10, pp.769-77, 2004.
DOI : 10.7326/0003-4819-140-10-200405180-00006

W. S. Yancy, E. C. Westman, J. R. Mcduffie, S. C. Grambow, A. S. Jeffreys et al., A Randomized Trial of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet vs Orlistat Plus a Low-Fat Diet for Weight Loss, Arch Intern Med. 25 janv, vol.170, issue.2, pp.136-181, 2010.

B. J. Brehm, R. J. Seeley, S. R. Daniels, and D. Da, A randomized trial comparing a very low carbohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy women, J Clin Endocrinol Metab. avr, vol.88, issue.4, pp.1617-1640, 2003.

A. Paoli, A. Rubini, J. S. Volek, and K. A. Grimaldi, Beyond weight loss: a review of the therapeutic uses of very-low-carbohydrate (ketogenic) diets, Eur J Clin Nutr, vol.67, issue.8, pp.789-796, 2013.

D. M. Bravata, L. Sanders, J. Huang, H. M. Krumholz, I. Olkin et al., Efficacy and safety of low-carbohydrate diets: a systematic review, JAMA. 9 avr, vol.289, issue.14, pp.1837-50, 2003.

J. Volek, M. Sharman, A. Gómez, D. A. Judelson, M. Rubin et al., Comparison of energyrestricted very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets on weight loss and body composition in overweight men and women, Nutr Metab, vol.1, issue.1, p.13, 2004.

S. B. Sondike, N. Copperman, and M. S. Jacobson, Effects of a low-carbohydrate diet on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factor in overweight adolescents, J Pediatr. mars, vol.142, issue.3, pp.253-261, 2003.

Y. Meng, H. Bai, S. Wang, Z. Li, Q. Wang et al., Efficacy of low carbohydrate diet for type 2 diabetes mellitus management: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Diabetes Res Clin Pract. sept, vol.131, pp.124-155, 2017.

H. J. Van-wyk, R. E. Davis, and J. S. Davies, A critical review of low-carbohydrate diets in people with Type 2 diabetes, Diabet Med J Br Diabet Assoc. févr, vol.33, issue.2, pp.148-57, 2016.

J. V. Nielsen, C. Gando, E. Joensson, and C. Paulsson, Low carbohydrate diet in type 1 diabetes, long-term improvement and adherence: A clinical audit, Diabetol Metab Syndr. 31 mai, vol.4, issue.1, p.23, 2012.

A. Fardet, Mangeons vrai: halte aux aliments ultra transformés !, 2017.

C. Le and . Bluff, , 2016.

D. L. Raoult and . Point, La vérité sur le sucre, 2017.

R. D. Feinman, M. C. Vernon, and E. C. Westman, Low carbohydrate diets in family practice: what can we learn from an internet-based support group, Nutr J, vol.5, p.26, 2006.

W. C. Willett and M. J. Stampfer, Current Evidence on Healthy Eating, Annu Rev Public Health, vol.34, issue.1, pp.77-95, 2013.

M. Hession, C. Rolland, U. Kulkarni, A. Wise, and J. Broom, Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of low-carbohydrate vs. low-fat/low-calorie diets in the management of obesity and its comorbidities, Obes Rev Off J Int Assoc Study Obes. janv, vol.10, issue.1, pp.36-50, 2009.

L. J. Martin, W. Su, P. J. Jones, G. A. Lockwood, D. L. Tritchler et al., Comparison of energy intakes determined by food records and doubly labeled water in women participating in a dietaryintervention trial, Am J Clin Nutr. avr, vol.63, issue.4, pp.483-90, 1996.

W. Mertz, J. C. Tsui, J. T. Judd, S. Reiser, J. Hallfrisch et al., What are people really eating? The relation between energy intake derived from estimated diet records and intake determined to maintain body weight, Am J Clin Nutr. août, vol.54, issue.2, pp.291-296, 1991.

H. J. Van-wyk, R. E. Davis, and J. S. Davies, A critical review of low-carbohydrate diets in people with Type 2 diabetes, Diabet Med J Br Diabet Assoc. févr, vol.33, issue.2, pp.148-57, 2016.

G. M. Schofield, G. Henderson, and S. Thornley, Very low-carbohydrate diets in the management of diabetes revisited, N Z Med J. 1 avr, vol.129, pp.67-74, 1432.

S. V. Edelman and W. H. Polonsky, Type 2 Diabetes in the Real World: The Elusive Nature of Glycemic Control. Diabetes Care, vol.40, pp.1425-1457, 2017.

P. J. Todd, F. Edwards, L. Spratling, N. H. Patel, S. A. Amiel et al., Evaluating the relationships of hypoglycaemia and HbA1c with screening-detected diabetes distress in type 1 diabetes, Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 23 déc, p.3, 2017.