S. Aziz and K. Sarkanen, Organosolv Pulping-A Review. Tappi Journal, vol.72, pp.162-175, 1989.

M. Delmas, Vegetal Refining and Agrochemistry, Chemical Engineering & Technology, vol.31, pp.792-797, 2008.

N. Brosse, M. N. Ibrahim, and A. Abdul, Biomass to Ethanol: Initiatives of the Future for Lignin, ISRN Materials Science, 2011.

I. G. Audu, N. Brosse, L. Desharnais, and S. K. Rakshit, Ethanol Organosolv I. G. Audu et al. Pretreatment of Typha capensis for Bioethanol Production and Coproducts, BioResources, vol.7, pp.5917-5933, 2012.

N. Sun, M. Rahman, Y. Qin, M. L. Maxim, H. Rodriguez et al., Complete Dissolution and Partial Delignification of Wood in Ionic Liquid 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium Acetate, Green Chemistry, vol.11, pp.646-655, 2009.

,

S. H. Lee, T. V. Doherty, R. J. Linhardt, and J. S. Dordick, Ionic Liquid-Mediated Selective Extraction of Lignin from Wood Leading to Enhanced Enzymatic Cellulose Hydrolysis, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, vol.102, pp.1368-1376, 2009.

,

J. Kadokawa, Ionic Liquid as Useful Media for Dissolution, Derivatization, and Nanomaterial Processing of Chitin, Green and Sustainable Chemistry, vol.3, pp.19-25, 2013.

,

E. C. Achinivu, R. M. Howar, G. Li, H. Gracz, and W. A. Henderson, Lignin Extraction from Biomass with Protic Ionic Liquids, Green Chemistry, vol.16, pp.1114-1119, 2014.

H. Zhao, C. L. Jones, G. A. Baker, and S. Xia, Regenerating Cellulose from Ionic Liquids for an Accelerated Enzymatic Hydrolysis, Journal of Biotechnology, vol.139, pp.47-54, 2009.

H. Abushammala, I. Krossing, and M. P. Laborie, Ionic Liquid-Mediated Technology to Produce Cellulose Nanocrystals Directly from Wood, Carbohydrate Polymers, vol.134, pp.609-616, 2015.

H. Abushammala, R. Goldsztayn, A. Leao, and M. P. Laborie, Combining Steam Explosion with 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazlium Acetate Treatment of Wood Yields Lignin-Coated Cellulose Nanocrystals of High Aspect Ratio, Cellulose, vol.23, pp.1813-1823, 2016.

J. Y. Kim, E. J. Shin, I. Eom, K. Won, Y. H. Kim et al., Structural Features of Lignin Macromolecules Extracted with Ionic Liquid from Poplar Wood, Bioresource Technology, vol.102, pp.9020-9025, 2011.

A. George, K. Tran, T. J. Morgan, P. I. Benke, C. Berrueco et al., The Effect of Ionic Liquid Cation and Anion Combinations on the Macromolecular Structure of Lignins, 2011.

, Green Chemistry, vol.13, pp.3375-3385

O. P. Cetinko, D. C. Dibble, G. Cheng, M. S. Kent, B. Knierim et al., , 2010.

, Biofuels, vol.1, pp.33-46

H. Abushammala, J. F. Pontes, G. H. Gomes, A. Osorio-madrazo, R. M. Thire et al., Swelling, Viscoelastic, and Anatomical Studies on Ionic Liquid-Swollen Norway Spruce as a Screening Tool toward Ionosolv Pulping. Holzforschung, vol.69, pp.1059-1067, 2015.

H. T. Tan and K. T. Lee, Understanding the Impact of Ionic Liquid Pretreatment on Biomass and Enzymatic Hydrolysis, Chemical Engineering Journal, vol.183, pp.448-458, 2012.

J. B. Binder and R. T. Raines, Fermentable Sugars by Chemical Hydrolysis of Biomass, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol.107, pp.4516-4521, 2010.

I. Kilpelainaen, H. Xie, A. King, M. Granstrom, S. Heikkinen et al., Dissolution of Wood in Ionic Liquids, Journal of Agricultural and Food I. G. Audu et al, 2007.

, Chemistry, vol.55, pp.9142-9148

B. Hames, R. Ruiz, C. Scarlata, A. Sluiter, J. Sluiter et al., Preparation of Samples for Compositional Analysis, Laboratory Analytical Procedure (LAP), 2008.

A. Sluiter, R. Ruiz, C. Scarlata, J. Sluiter, and D. Templeton, Determination of Extractives in Biomass, Laboratory Analytical Procedure (LAP), 2008.

J. R. Obst and T. K. Kirk, Isolation of Lignin, Methods in Enzymology, vol.161, pp.87-101, 1988.

J. Rencoret, G. Marques, A. Gutierrez, D. Ibarra, J. Li et al., Structural Characterization of Milled Wood Lignins from Different Eucalypt Species, Holzforschung, vol.62, pp.514-526, 2008.

J. Schafer, F. Urbat, K. Rund, and M. J. Bunzel, A Stable-Isotope Dilution GC-MS Approach for the Analysis of DFRC (Derivatization Followed by Reductive Cleavage) Monomers from Low Lignin Plant Materials, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol.63, pp.2668-2673, 2015.

O. Faix, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Methods in Lignin Chemistry, pp.83-109, 1992.

K. V. Sarkanen, H. M. Chang, and G. G. Allan, Species in Lignins. I. Infra Red Spectra of Guaiacyl and Syringyl Models, Tappi Journal, vol.50, pp.572-575, 1967.

A. Granata and D. S. Argyropoulos, 2-Chloro-4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-1,3,2-Dioxaphospholane, a Reagent for the Accurate Determination of the Uncondensed and Condensed Phenolic Moieties in Lignins, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol.43, pp.1538-1544, 1995.

J. Asikkala, T. Tamminen, and D. S. Argyropoulos, Accurate and Reproducible Determination of Lignin Molar Mass by Acetobromination, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol.60, pp.8968-8973, 2012.

F. Vieböck and A. A. Schwappach, Eine neue Methode zur maßanalytischen Bestimmung der Methoxyl-und Äthoxylgruppe. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (A and B Series), vol.63, pp.2818-2823, 1930.

,

G. F. Zakis, The Functional Analysis of Lignins and Their Derivatives, pp.1-102, 1997.

C. L. Chen, Determination of Carbonyl Groups, Methods in Lignin Chemistry, pp.409-422, 1992.

C. W. Dence, Determination of Total and Aliphatic Hydroxyl Groups, Methods in Lignin Chemistry, pp.409-422, 1992.

O. Faix, B. Andersons, and G. Zakis, Determination of Carbonyl Groups of Six Round Robin Lignins by Modified Oximation and FTIR Spectroscopy. Holzforschung, vol.52, pp.268-274, 1998.

T. J. Mcdonough, The Chemistry of Organosolv Delignification, IPST Technical Paper Series, issue.455, 1992.

A. Guerra, I. Filpponen, L. A. Lucia, and D. S. Argyropoulos, Comparative Evaluation of Three Lignin Isolation Protocols for Various Wood Species, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol.54, pp.9696-9705, 2006.

,

I. G. Audu,

O. Faix, Classification of Lignins from Different Botanical Origins by FT-IR Spectroscopy, Holzforschung, vol.45, pp.21-27, 1991.

B. M. Lynch and R. A. Durie, Comparative Studies of Brown Coal and Lignin: The Action of Concentrated Alkali at Elevated Temperatures, Australian Journal of Chemistry, vol.13, pp.567-581, 1960.

J. C. Del-rio, P. Prinsen, J. Rencoret, L. Nieto, J. Jimenex-barbero et al., Structural Characterization of the Lignin in the Cortex and Pith of Elephant Grass (Pennisetum purpureum) Stems, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol.60, pp.3619-3634, 2012.

F. Lu and J. Ralph, Preliminary Evidence for Sinapyl Acetate as a Lignin Monomer in Kenaf, Chemical Communications, vol.1, pp.90-91, 2002.

,

R. El-hage, N. Brosse, P. Sannigrahi, and A. Ragauskas, Effects of Process Severity on the Chemical Structure of Miscanthus Ethanol Organosolv Lignin. Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol.95, pp.997-1003, 2010.

C. G. Boeriu, D. Bravo, R. J. Gosselink, and R. E. Van-dam, Characterization of Structure-Dependent Functional Properties of Lignin with Infrared Spectroscopy, Industrial Crops and Products, vol.20, pp.205-218, 2004.

R. J. Sammons, D. P. Harper, N. Labbe, J. J. Bozell, T. Elder et al., Characterization of Organosolv Lignins Using Thermal and FT-IR Spectroscopic Analysis, BioResources, vol.8, pp.2752-2767, 2013.

E. A. Capanema, M. Y. Balakshin, and . J. Kadla, A Comprehensive Approach for Quantitative Lignin Characterization by NMR Spectroscopy, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol.52, pp.1850-1860, 2004.

K. M. Holtman, H. M. Chang, and J. F. Kadla, Solution-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of the Similarities between Milled Wood Lignin and Cellulolytic Enzyme Lignin, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol.52, pp.720-726, 2004.

,

L. Meng, S. Kang, X. Zhang, Y. Wu, and R. Sun, Comparative Characterization of Lignins Extracted from Cotton Stalk Based on Complete Dissolution in Different Systems, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol.51, pp.9858-9866, 2012.

G. Brunow and K. Lindquist, Functional Groups and Bonding Patterns in Lignin (Including the Lignin-Carbohydrate Complexes), Lignin and Lignans: Advances in Chemistry, pp.267-299, 2010.

H. Geiger and H. Fuggerer, Uber den Chemismus der Wiesener-reaktion auf lignin, Zeitschrift für Naturforschung, vol.34, pp.1471-1472, 1979.

E. Adler and J. I. Marton, Zur kenntnis der Carbonylgruppen im Lignin, Acta Chemica Scandinavica, vol.13, pp.75-96, 1959.

,

S. Wang, K. Wang, Q. Liu, Y. Gu, Z. Luo et al., Comparison of the Pyrolysis Behavior of Lignins from Different Tree Species, Biotechnology Advances, vol.27, pp.562-567, 2009.

B. Scholze and D. Meier, Characterization of Water Soluble Fraction from Pyrolysis Oil (Pyrolysis Lignin), Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol.60, pp.41-54, 2001.

A. Brandt, L. Chen, B. E. Van-dongen, T. Welton, and J. P. Hallett, Structural Changes in Lignins Isolated Using an Acidic Ionic Liquid Water Mixture. Green I, 2015.

, Chemistry, vol.17, pp.5019-5034

O. Faix, T. Stevanovic-janezic, and K. Lundquist, The Lignin of the Diffuse Porous Angiosperm Tree Triplochyton scleroxylon K. Schum with Low Syringyl Content, Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology, vol.14, pp.263-278, 1994.

,

I. Romero, M. Moya, S. Sanchez, E. Ruiz, E. Castro et al., Ethanolic Fermentation of Phosphoric Acid Hydrolysates from Olive Tree Pruning, dustrial Crops and Products, vol.25, pp.160-168, 2007.

A. Tejado, C. Peña, J. Labidi, J. M. Echeverria, and I. Mondragon, Physico-Chemical Characterization of Lignins from Different Sources for Use in Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Synthesis, Bioresource Technology, vol.98, pp.1655-1663, 2007.

M. Roman and W. T. Winter, Effect of Sulfate Groups from Sulfuric Acid Hydrolysis on the Thermal Degradation Behavior of Bacterial Cellulose, Biomacromolecules, vol.5, pp.1671-1677, 2004.

W. K. Tang and W. K. Neill, Effect of Flame Retardants on Pyrolysis and Decomposition of Cellulose, Journal of Polymer Science Part C, vol.6, pp.65-81, 1964.

I. G. Audu,

J. R. Obst and T. K. Kirk, Isolation of Lignin, Methods in Enzymology, vol.161, pp.87-101, 1988.

J. Rencoret, G. Marques, A. Gutierrez, D. Ibarra, J. Li et al., Structural Characterization of Milled Wood Lignins from Different Eucalypt Species, Holzforschung, vol.62, pp.514-526, 2008.

F. Vieböck and A. A. Schwappach, Eine neue Methode zur maßanalytischen Bestimmung der Methoxyl und äthoxylgruppe, Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (A and B Series), vol.63, pp.2818-2823, 1930.

,

G. F. Zakis, The Functional Analysis of Lignins and Their Derivatives, pp.1-102, 1997.

C. L. Chen, Determination of Carbonyl Groups, Methods in Lignin Chemistry, pp.409-422, 1992.

C. W. Dence, Determination of Total and Aliphatic Hydroxyl Groups, Methods in Lignin Chemistry, pp.409-422, 1992.

O. Faix, B. Andersons, and G. Zakis, Determination of Carbonyl Groups of Six Round Robin Lignins by Modified Oximation and FTIR Spectroscopy. Holzforschung, vol.52, pp.268-274, 1998.

, Submit or recommend next manuscript to SCIRP and we will provide best service for you: Accepting pre-submission inquiries through Email, Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, etc. A wide selection of journals