W. F. Fitzgerald, C. H. Lamborg, and C. R. Hammerschmidt, Marine biogeochemical cycling of mercury, Chem. Rev, vol.107, pp.641-662, 2007.

M. A. Bradley, B. D. Barst, and N. Basu, A review of mercury bioavailability in humans and fish, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, vol.14, p.169, 2017.

, Directive 2013/39 EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 August 2013 amending Directives 2000/60/EC and 2008/105/EC as regards priority substances in the field of water policy, Off. J. Eur. Union L, vol.226, pp.1-17, 2013.

R. Karimi, C. Y. Chen, and C. L. Folt, Comparing nearshore benthic and pelagic prey as mercury sources to lake fish: The importance of prey quality and mercury content, Sci. Total Environ, vol.565, pp.211-221, 2016.

Y. Vadeboncoeur, M. J. Vander-zanden, and D. M. Lodge, Putting the Lake Back Together: Reintegrating Benthic Pathways into Lake Food Web Models: Lake ecologists tend to focus their research on pelagic energy pathways, but, from algae to fish, benthic organisms form an integral part of lake food webs, BioScience, vol.52, pp.44-54, 2002.

P. Wu, M. J. Kainz, A. G. Bravo, S. Åkerblom, L. Sonesten et al., The importance of bioconcentration into the pelagic food web base for methylmercury biomagnification: A meta-analysis, Sci. Total Environ, vol.646, pp.357-367, 2019.

, Appl. Sci, vol.2020, 1970.

S. Van-der-velden, J. B. Dempson, M. S. Evans, D. C. Muir, and M. Power, Basal mercury concentrations and biomagnification rates in freshwater and marine food webs: Effects on Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) from eastern Canada, Sci. Total Environ, vol.444, pp.531-542, 2013.

J. L. Van-geest, D. G. Poirier, P. K. Sibley, and K. R. Solomon, Measuring bioaccumulation of contaminants from field-collected sediment in freshwater organisms: A critical review of laboratory methods, Environ. Toxicol. Chem, vol.29, pp.2391-2401, 2010.

D. A. Vignati, S. Polesello, R. Bettinetti, and M. S. Bank, Mercury environmental quality standard for biota in Europe: Opportunities and challenges, Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag, vol.9, pp.167-168, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01119766

W. J. Adams, R. Blust, U. Borgmann, K. V. Brix, D. K. Deforest et al., Utility of tissue residues for predicting effects of metals on aquatic organisms, Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag, vol.7, pp.75-98, 2011.

K. A. Kidd, L. P. Burkhard, M. Babut, K. Borgå, D. C. Muir et al., Practical advice for selecting or determining trophic magnification factors for application under the European Union Water Framework Directive, Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag, vol.15, pp.266-277, 2019.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02608873

S. Martin, I. Proulx, and L. Hare, Explaining metal concentrations in sympatric Chironomus species, Limnol. Oceanogr, vol.53, pp.411-419, 2008.

G. T. Ankley, Evaluation of metal/acid-volatile sulfide relationships in the prediction of metal bioaccumulation by benthic macroinvertebrates, Environ. Toxicol. Chem, vol.15, pp.2138-2146, 1996.

K. L. Goodyear and S. Mcneill, Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by aquatic macro-invertebrates of different feeding guilds: A review, Sci. Tot. Environ, vol.229, pp.1-19, 1999.

B. J. Ferrari, D. A. Vignati, and J. Dominik, Bioaccumulation kinetics and effects of sediment-bound contaminants on chironomids in deep waters: New insights using a low-disturbance in situ system, Environ. Technol, vol.35, pp.456-469, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01076634

M. Crane, G. A. Burton, J. M. Culp, M. S. Greenberg, K. R. Munkittrick et al., Review of aquatic in situ approaches for stressor and effect diagnosis, Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag, vol.3, pp.234-245, 2007.

B. J. Ferrari, D. A. Vignati, J. L. Roulier, M. Coquery, E. Szalinska et al., Chromium bioavailability in aquatic systems impacted by tannery wastewaters, New insights from laboratory and in situ testing with Chironomus riparius Meigen, vol.2
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01907047

, Sci. Total Environ, vol.653, pp.1-9, 2019.

P. Guilizzoni, S. N. Levine, M. Manca, A. Marchetto, A. Lami et al., Ecological effects of multiple stressors on a deep lake, J. Limnol, vol.71, pp.1-22, 2012.

L. M. Guzzella, S. Novati, N. Casatta, C. Roscioli, L. Valsecchi et al., Spatial and temporal trends of target organic and inorganic micropollutants in Lake Maggiore and Lake Lugano (Italian-Swiss water bodies): Contamination in sediments and biota, Hydrobiologia, vol.824, pp.271-290, 2018.

V. Damiani and R. L. Thomas, Mercury in the sediments of Pallanza Basin, Nature, vol.251, pp.696-697, 1974.

A. Marchetto, A. Lami, S. Gerli, P. Guilizzoni, and P. Campionamento-;-guilizzoni, Commissione Internazionale Per la Protezione Delle Acque Italo-Svizzere International Commission for the Protection of Italian-Swiss Waters: Verbania Pallanza, Indagini su DDT e Sostanze Pericolose Nell'ecosistema del Lago Maggiore Investigations on DDT and Dangerous Substances in Lake Maggiore Ecosystem, pp.5-16, 2012.

D. A. Vignati, L. Marziali, G. Tartari, L. Guzzella, . Contaminanti-nei-sedimenti-del-lago-maggiore et al., Indagini su DDT e Sostanze Pericolose Nell'ecosistema del Lago Maggiore

P. Guilizzoni and . Ed, Commissione Internazionale per la Protezione Delle Acque Italo-Svizzere, pp.29-32, 2012.

B. J. Ferrari and J. Faburé, Field assessment of reproduction-related traits of chironomids using a newly developed emergence platoform (E-Board), Ecotox. Environ. Safe, vol.137, pp.186-193, 2017.

P. Stief and D. De-beer, Probing the microenvironment of freshwater sediment macrofauna: Implications of deposit-feeding and bioirrigation for nitrogen cycling, Limnol. Oceanogr, vol.51, pp.2538-2548, 2006.

A. Boggero, S. Zaupa, B. Rossaro, V. Lencioni, L. Marziali et al., Protocollo di Campionamento e Analisi Dei Macroinvertebrati Negli Ambienti Lacustri; Protocol for Sampling and Analysing Lacustrine Macroinvertebrates; Ministero dell'Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare (MATTM) -Agenzia per la Protezione dell'Ambiente e per i servizi Tecnici, p.16, 2013.

, /60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for community action in the field of water policy, Off. J. Eur. Econ. L, vol.327, pp.1-73, 2000.

L. Guzzella, M. Camusso, C. Marchegiano, C. Roscioli, and A. De-paolis, Contaminanti nei sedimenti del Lago Maggiore

A. Calderoni and . Ed, Commissione Internazionale Per la Protezione Delle Acque Italo-Svizzere, pp.19-46, 2002.

A. Marchetto, P. Guilizzoni, A. Lami, and . Campionamento, preparazione dei campioni per le analisi di DDT e correlazione tra carote mediante studio diatomologico

A. Calderoni and . Ed, Commissione Internazionale Per la Protezione Delle Acque Italo-Svizzere, pp.4-14, 2002.

T. Timm, A guide to the freshwater Oligochaeta and Polychaeta of Northern and Central Europe. Lauterbornia, vol.66, pp.1-235, 2009.

T. Wiederholm, Chironomidae of Holarctic region: Keys and diagnoses. Part 1, Larvae. Entomol. Scand. Suppl, vol.19, pp.1-457, 1983.

T. Wiederholm, Chironomidae of the Holarctic Region Part 2, Pupae. Entomol. Scand. Suppl, vol.28, pp.1-482, 1986.

. Aavv and . Guide, Per Il Riconoscimento Delle Specie Animali Delle Acque Interne Italiane, Collana Del Progetto Finalizzato, Animal Species in Inland Italian Waters, Serie 'Promoting Environmental Quality

C. Nazionale-delle-ricerche, , 1978.

, Sediment-Water Chironomid Toxicity Using Spiked Sediment; OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2, OECD. Test No, vol.218, p.21, 2004.

, Sediment-Water Chironomid Toxicity Using Spiked Water; OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2, OECD. Test No, vol.219, p.21, 2004.

, Methods for Measuring the Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates

. Us-epa, , 2000.

, Bioaccumulation in Sediment-Dwelling Benthic Oligochaetes; OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, OECD. Test No, vol.315, p.33, 2008.

A. E1688-00a, Standard Guide for Determination of the Bioaccumulation of Sediement-Associated Contaminants by Benthic Invertebrates, p.54, 2000.

D. R. Mount, T. L. Highland, V. R. Mattson, T. D. Dawson, K. G. Lott et al., Use of the oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus, as a prey organism for toxicant exposure of fish through the diet, Environ. Toxicol. Chem, vol.25, pp.2760-2767, 2006.

T. D. Dawson, K. G. Lott, E. N. Leonard, and D. R. Mount, Time course of metal loss in Lumbriculus variegatus following sediment exposure, Environ. Toxicol. Chem, vol.22, pp.886-889, 2003.

M. L. Jackson, Soil Chemical Analysis, 1958.

W. N. Venables and B. D. Ripley, Modern Applied Statistics with S-plus, p.501, 1999.

D. A. Vignati, P. Guilizzoni, and . Metalli-nel-lago-maggiore,

, Acqua Aria, vol.1, pp.22-27, 2011.

M. Viel and V. Damiani, Sedimentological and geochemical study of recent deposits in Lago Maggiore (North Italy), Mem. Ist. Ital. Idrobiol, vol.43, pp.181-238, 1985.

, Appl. Sci, vol.2020, 1970.

W. Ambrosetti, L. Barbanti, A. Rolla, L. Castellano, and N. Sala, Hydraulic paths and estimation of real residence time of the water in Lago Maggiore (N. Italy): Application of massless markers transported in 3D motion fields, J. Limnol, vol.71, pp.23-33, 2012.

A. Marchetto, A. Lami, and S. Musazzi, Indagine sui sedimenti del Lago Maggiore. Campionamento e datazione delle carote [Investigations on Lake Maggiore sediments. Sampling and dating of sediment cores

A. Marchetto and . Ed, Commissione Internazionale Per la Protezione Delle Acque Italo-Svizzere, pp.62-64, 2018.

A. Marchetto, A. Lami, S. Gerli, and P. Guilizzoni, Indagine sui sedimenti lacustri. Campionamento, preparazione dei campioni e datazione

P. Guilizzoni and . Ed, Commissione Internazionale per la Protezione Delle Acque Italo-Svizzere, pp.13-20, 2013.

V. Damiani, Study of a fluvio-lacustrine environment using sediment grain-size analysis: Toce river and Borromean Gulf

, Mem. Ist. Ital. Idrobiol, vol.29, pp.37-95, 1972.

F. Gimbert, A. Geffard, S. Guédron, J. Dominik, and B. J. Ferrari, Mercury tissue residue approach in Chironomus riparius: Involvement of toxicokinetics and comparison of subcellular fractionation methods, Aquat. Toxicol, vol.171, pp.1-8, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02636537

S. N. Luoma and P. S. Rainbow, Why is metal bioaccumulation so variable? Biodynamics as unifying concept, Environ. Sci. Technol, 1921.

N. Åkerblom and W. Goedkoop, Stable isotopes and fatty acids reveal that Chironomus riparius feeds selectively on added food in standardized toxicity tests, Environ. Toxicol. Chem, vol.22, pp.1473-1480, 2003.

A. E. Mcelroy, M. G. Barron, N. Beckvar, S. B. Driscoll, J. P. Meador et al., A review of the tissue residue approach for organic and organometallic compounds in aquatic organisms, Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag, vol.7, pp.50-74, 2011.

T. J. Naimo, J. G. Wiener, W. G. Cope, and N. S. Bloom, Bioavailability of sediment-associated mercury to Hexagenia mayflies in a contaminated floodplain river, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci, vol.57, pp.1092-1102, 2000.

A. Tremblay, L. Cloutier, and M. Lucotte, Total mercury and methylmercury fluxes via emerging insects in recently flooded hydroelectric reservoirs and a natural lake, Sci. Tot. Environ, vol.219, pp.209-221, 1998.

J. Chételat, M. Amyot, L. Cloutier, and A. Poulain, Metamorphosis in Chironomids, More than Mercury Supply, Controls Methylmercury Transfer to Fish in High Arctic Lakes, Environ. Sci. Technol, vol.42, pp.9110-9115, 2008.

R. K. Johnson, Feeding efficiencies of (Chironomus plumosus L.) and C. anthracinus Zett. (Diptera: Chironomidae) in mesotrophic Lake Erken, Freshw. Biol, vol.15, pp.605-612, 1985.

P. D. Armitage, Some aspects of the ecology of Pagastiella orophila (Diptera: Chironomidae) in the lake Kuusijärvi, in the south of Finland, Can. Entomol, vol.103, pp.306-310, 1971.

, This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI