G. M. Alarcon, N. A. Bowling, and S. Khazon, Great expectations: A meta-analytic examination of optimism and hope, Personality and Individual Differences, 2013.

M. A. Babyak, C. R. Snyder, and L. Yoshinobu, Psychometric properties of the Hope Scale: A confirmatory factor analysis, Journal of Research in Personality, vol.27, pp.154-154, 1993.

Y. Delas, . Marc-andré-k, F. Lafreni?re, Y. Fenouillet, C. Paquet et al., , vol.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

G. Chen, S. M. Gully, J. A. Whiteman, and R. N. Kilcullen, Examination of relationships among traitlike individual differences, state-like individual differences, and learning performance, The Journal of Applied Psychology, vol.85, issue.6, pp.835-847, 2000.

G. Chen, S. M. Gully, J. Whiteman, and R. N. Kilcullen, Examination of relationships among traitlike individual differences, state-like individual differences, and learning performance, Journal of Applied Psychology, vol.85, issue.6, pp.835-847, 2000.

J. Ciarrochi, P. C. Heaven, and F. Davies, The impact of hope, self-esteem, and attributional style on adolescents' school grades and emotional well-being: A longitudinal study, Journal of Research in Personality, vol.41, issue.6, pp.1161-1178, 2007.

L. A. Curry, C. R. Snyder, D. L. Cook, B. C. Ruby, and M. Rehm, Role of hope in academic and sport achievement, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.73, issue.6, pp.1257-1267, 1997.

,

F. Cury, S. Biddle, P. Sarrazin, and J. P. Famose, Achievement goals and perceived ability predict investment in learning a sport task, British Journal of Educational Psychology, vol.67, issue.3, pp.293-309, 1997.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00387226

O. B. Davidson, D. B. Feldman, and M. Margalit, A Focused Intervention for 1st-Year College Students: Promoting Hope, Sense of Coherence, and Self-Efficacy, The Journal of Psychology, vol.146, issue.3, pp.333-352, 2012.

L. Day, K. Hanson, J. Maltby, C. Proctor, and A. Wood, Hope uniquely predicts objective academic achievement above intelligence, personality, and previous academic achievement, Journal of Research in Personality, vol.44, issue.4, pp.550-553, 2010.

J. P. Famose, P. Sarrazin, and F. Cury, Un questionnaire d'habileté perçue spécifique ? chaque activité sportive. Document interne non publié du CEPAPS, Division STAPS, 1994.

D. B. Feldman, O. B. Davidson, and M. Margalit, Personal resources, hope, and achievement among college students: The conservation of resources perspective, Journal of Happiness Studies, 2014.

D. B. Feldman and D. E. Dreher, Can Hope be Changed in 90 Minutes? Testing the Efficacy of a Single-Session Goal-Pursuit Intervention for College Students, Journal of Happiness Studies, vol.13, issue.4, pp.745-759, 2012.

K. Gana, S. Daigre, and J. Ledrich, Psychometric Properties of the French Version of the Adult Dispositional Hope Scale, Assessment, vol.20, issue.1, pp.114-118, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01585076

R. Gilman, J. Dooley, and D. Florell, Relative Levels of Hope and Their Relationship with Academic and Psychological Indicators Among Adolescents, Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, vol.25, issue.2, pp.166-178, 2006.

S. Harter, Manual for the Self-Perception Profile for Children: Revision of the Perceived Competence Scale for Children, 1985.

S. J. Lopez, S. Rose, C. Robinson, S. C. Marques, and J. Pais-ribeiro, Measuring and promoting hope in schoolchildren, Handbook of positive psychology in the schools, pp.37-51, 2009.

S. C. Marques, J. L. Pais-ribeiro, and S. J. Lopez, The Role of Positive Psychology Constructs in Predicting Mental Health and Academic Achievement in Children and Adolescents: A Two-Year Longitudinal Study, Journal of Happiness Studies, vol.12, issue.6, pp.1049-1062, 2011.

C. Martin-krumm, Y. Delas, M. Lafreni?re, F. Fenouillet, and S. J. Lopez, Discussion of a state hope model, Journal of Positive Psychology, 2014.

C. P. Martin-krumm, P. G. Sarrazin, and C. Peterson, The moderating effects of explanatory style in physical education performance: a prospective study, Personality and Individual Differences, vol.38, issue.7, pp.1645-1656, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00388998

C. P. Martin-krumm, P. G. Sarrazin, C. Peterson, and J. Famose, Explanatory style and resilience after sports failure, Personality and Individual Differences, vol.35, issue.7, pp.1685-1695, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00388564

, , pp.390-392

J. G. Nicholls, M. Patashnick, and S. B. Nolen, Adolescents' theories of education, Journal of Educational Psychology, vol.77, issue.6, pp.683-692, 1985.

C. Peterson and L. Barrett, Explanatory style and academic performance among university freshmen, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.53, pp.603-607, 1987.

S. J. Peterson, M. W. Gerhardt, and J. C. Rode, Hope, learning goals, and task performance, Personality and Individual Differences, vol.40, issue.6, pp.1099-1109, 2006.

K. L. Rand, A. D. Martin, and A. M. Shea, Hope, but not optimism, predicts academic performance of law students beyond previous academic achievement, Journal of Research in Personality, vol.45, issue.6, pp.683-686, 2011.

C. Rolo and D. Gould, An intervention for fostering hope, athletic and academic performance in university student-athletes, International Coaching Psychology Review, vol.2, issue.1, pp.44-61, 2007.

Y. Delas, . Marc-andré-k, F. Lafreni?re, Y. Fenouillet, C. Paquet et al., , vol.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

C. R. Snyder, Conceptualizing, Measuring, and Nurturing Hope, Journal of Counseling & Development, vol.73, issue.3, pp.355-360, 1995.

C. R. Snyder, Hope Theory: Rainbows in the Mind, Psychological Inquiry, vol.13, issue.4, pp.249-275, 2002.

C. R. Snyder, C. Harris, J. R. Anderson, S. A. Holleran, L. M. Irving et al., The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.60, issue.4, pp.570-585, 1991.

C. R. Snyder, B. Hoza, W. E. Pelham, M. Rapoff, L. Ware et al., The Development and Validation of the Children's Hope Scale, Journal of Pediatric Psychology, vol.22, issue.3, pp.399-421, 1997.

C. R. Snyder and H. Shorey, Hope in the classroom: The role of positive psychology in academic achievement and psychology curriculum, Psychology Teacher Network, vol.12, issue.1, pp.1-4, 2002.

C. R. Snyder, H. S. Shorey, J. Cheavens, K. M. Pulvers, V. H. Adams et al., Hope and academic success in college, Journal of Educational Psychology, vol.94, issue.4, pp.820-826, 2002.

C. R. Snyder, S. C. Sympson, F. C. Ybasco, T. F. Borders, M. A. Babyak et al., Development and validation of the State Hope Scale, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.70, issue.2, pp.321-335, 1996.

J. H. Steiger, Strutural Model Evaluation and Modification: An Interval Estimation Approach, Multivariate Behavioral Research, vol.25, issue.2, pp.173-180, 1990.