W. Abouchami, M. Boher, A. Michard, and F. Albarede, A major 2.1 Ga event of mafic 604 magmatism in west Africa: An Early stage of crustal accretion, J Geophys Res Solid Earth, vol.605, pp.17605-17629, 1990.

A. Allibone, P. Hayden, G. Cameron, and F. Duku, , p.607, 2004.

A. and C. , Altered Tonalite in the Chirano District, vol.99, pp.479-497

C. D. Anglin, I. R. Jonasson, and J. M. Franklin, Sm-Nd dating of scheelite and tourmaline; 610 implications for the genesis of Archean gold deposits, Econ Geol, vol.611, pp.1372-1382, 1996.

J. Augustin and D. Gaboury, Paleoproterozoic plume-related basaltic rocks in the Mana gold 613 district in western Burkina Faso, West Africa: Implications for exploration and the source 614 of gold in orogenic deposits, J Afr Sci, vol.129, pp.17-30, 2017.

J. Augustin, D. Gaboury, and M. Crevier, Structural and gold mineralizing evolution of the 616 world-class orogenic Mana district, Ore Geo Rev, vol.91, pp.981-1012, 2017.

I. A. Baksheev, V. Y. Prokofiev, R. B. Trumbull, M. Wiedenbeck, and Y. Vo, , 2015.

, Geochemical evolution of tourmaline in the Darasun gold district, Transbaikal region, p.620

, Russia: evidence from chemical and boron isotopic compositions, Miner Deposita, vol.621, pp.125-138

L. Baratoux, V. Metelka, S. Naba, M. W. Jessel, M. Gregoire et al., , p.623, 2011.

B. Faso, Precambrian Res, vol.191, pp.18-45

G. Beaudoin, C. Rollion-bard, and G. Giuliani, The boron isotope composition of tourmaline 626 from the Val-d'Or orogenic gold deposits, 12 th SGA Biennial Meeting: 627 Mineral deposit research for a high-tech world, vol.3, pp.1090-1092, 2013.

G. E. Bebout and E. Nakamura, Record in metamorphic tourmalines of subduction-zone 629 devolatilization and boron cycling, Geology, vol.31, pp.407-410, 2003.

E. J. Berryman, M. Kutzschbach, R. B. Trumbull, A. Meixner, V. Van-hinsberg et al., , p.631

G. Franz, Tourmaline as a petrogenetic indicator in the Pfitsch Formation, Western 632 Tauern Window, Lithos, vol.284, pp.138-155, 2017.

D. Béziat, F. Bourges, P. Debat, Y. Fuchs, M. Lompo et al., , p.634, 1999.

, Guibaré and Fété Kolé gold-bearing tourmaline-quartz veins in the Birimian greenstone 635 belt of Burkina Faso, Can Mineral, vol.37, pp.575-591

D. Béziat, M. Dubois, P. Debat, S. Nikiéma, S. Salvi et al., Gold metallogeny in the 637 birimian craton of Burkina Faso (West Africa), J Afr Earth Sci, vol.50, pp.215-233, 2008.

S. Block, J. Ganne, L. Baratoux, A. Zeh, A. Parra-avila et al., , p.639, 2015.

, Petrological and geochronological constraints on lower crust exhumation during 640

. Paleoproterozoic-(eburnean)-orogeny and . Ghana, West African Craton, Journal, p.641

, Metamorphic Geology, vol.33, pp.463-494

S. Block, L. Baratoux, A. Zeh, O. Laurent, P. Bruguier et al.,

. La and D. Bosch, Paleoproterozoic juvenile crust formation and stabilisation in the 644 south-eastern West African Craton (Ghana); New insights from U-Pb-Hf zircon data and 645 geochemistry, Precambrian Res, vol.287, pp.1-30, 2016.

M. Boher, W. Abouchami, A. Michard, F. Albarede, and N. T. Arndt, Crustal growth in West, vol.647, 1992.

, Africa at 2.1 Ga, J Geophys Res Solid Earth, vol.97, pp.345-369

D. Burrows and E. Spooner, Generation of magmatic H2O-CO2 fluid enriched in Mo, Au and 649 W within an Archean sodic granodiorite stock, Econ 650 Geol, vol.82, pp.1931-1957, 1987.

S. H. Büttner, W. Reid, J. Glodny, M. Wiedenbeck, G. Chuwa et al., Fluid 652 sources in the Twangiza-Namoya Gold Belt, Evidence 653 from tourmaline and fluid compositions, and from boron and Rb-Sr isotope systematics, 2016.

, Precambrian Res, vol.280, pp.161-178

G. R. Byerly and M. R. Palmer, Tourmaline mineralization in the Barberton greenstone belt, p.656, 1991.

, South Africa: early Archean metasomatism by evaporite-derived boron, Contrib Mineral, vol.657

, Petr, vol.107, pp.387-402

C. Castaing, M. Bila, J. P. Milési, D. Thiéblemont, L. Metour et al., , p.659, 2003.

. Explicative-de-la-carte-géologique and . Burkina, , vol.3, p.660

E. Catanzaro, C. Champion, E. Garner, G. Marinenko, K. Sappenfield et al., Boric 661 acid: isotopic and assay standard reference materials, p.662, 1970.

, Special Publications, vol.260, pp.1-71

J. Davis, J. Miller, N. Thébaud, C. Mccuaig, G. Begg et al., , p.664, 2015.

, Craton-scale lithostratigraphic correlation as an insight for the geodynamic evolution of 665 the southern West African Craton, Proceeding of the 13th Biennial SGA Meeting, vol.4, p.1590

B. L. Dutrow and D. J. Henry, Tourmaline: a geologic DVD, Elements, vol.7, pp.301-306, 2011.

B. L. Dutrow and D. J. Henry, Fibrous tourmaline: a sensitive probe of fluid compositions and 669 petrologic environments, Can Mineral, vol.54, pp.311-335, 2016.

B. L. Dutrow and D. J. Henry, Tourmaline compositions and textures: reflections of the fluid 671 phase, J Geosci, vol.63, pp.99-110, 2018.

M. D. Dyar, M. Wiedenbeck, D. Robertson, L. R. Cross, J. S. Delaney et al., Grew, vol.673

. Es, C. V. Guidotti, R. L. Hervig, J. M. Hughes, J. Husler et al., , p.674

H. Rothe, R. L. Paul, I. Richards, and M. Yates, Reference minerals for the microanalysis 675 of light elements, Geostand Newslett, vol.25, pp.441-463, 2001.

E. Egal, D. Thiéblemont, D. Lahondère, C. Guerrot, C. A. Costea et al., , p.677

J. M. Lafon and M. Tegyey, Late Eburnean granitization and tectonics along the western 678 and northwestern margin of the Archean Kénéma-Man domain, p.679, 2002.

. Craton, Precambrian Res, vol.117, pp.57-84

A. Eglinger, N. Thébaud, A. Zeh, J. Davis, J. Miller et al., , p.681

E. Belousova, New insights into the crustal growth of the Paleoproterozoic margin 682 of the Archean Kéména-Man domain, West African craton (Guinea): Implications for 683 gold mineral system, Precambrian Res, vol.292, pp.258-289, 2017.

J. L. Feybesse and J. P. Milési, The Archaean/Proterozoic contact zone in West Africa: a 685 mountain belt of décollement thrusting and folding on a continental margin, vol.2, 1994.

, Ga convergence of Archaean cratons?, Precambrian Res, vol.69, pp.199-227

J. L. Feybesse, M. Billa, C. Guerrot, E. Duguey, J. L. Lescuyer et al., , p.688, 2006.

, paleoproterozoic Ghanaian province: Geodynamic model and ore controls, including 689 regional stress modeling, Precambrian Res, vol.149, pp.149-196

A. Fontaine, A. Eglinger, K. Ada, A. S. André-mayer, L. Reisberg et al., , p.691

J. Ganne and M. Poujol, Geology of the world-class Kiaka polyphase gold deposit, p.692, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01397784

A. Craton and B. Faso, J Afr Earth Sci, vol.126, pp.96-122

D. Fougerouse, S. Micklethwaite, S. Ulrich, J. Miller, B. Godel et al., , p.694, 2017.

, Evidence for two stages of mineralization in West Africa's largest gold deposit: Obuasi, p.695

, Ghana. Econ Geology, vol.112, pp.3-22

R. Frei and T. Pettke, Mono-sample Pb-Pb dating of pyrrhotite and tourmaline: Proterozoic 697 vs. Archean intracratonic gold mineralization in Zimbabwe, Geology, vol.24, pp.823-826, 1996.

T. Fusswinkel, T. Wagner, and G. Sakellaris, Fluid evolution of the Neoarchean Pampalo 699 orogenic gold deposit (E Finland): Constraints from LA-ICPMS fluid inclusion 700 microanalysis, Chem Geol, vol.450, pp.96-121, 2017.

J. Ganne, D. Andrade, V. Weinberg, R. F. Vidal, O. Dubacq et al., Baratoux, vol.702

L. , J. M. Allibon, and J. , Modern-style plate subduction preserved in the 703, 2012.

, Palaeoproterozoic West African craton. Nat Geosci, vol.5, pp.60-65

R. Goldfarb, T. Baker, B. Dubé, D. I. Groves, C. Hart et al., Distribution, character 705 and genesis of gold deposits in metamorphic terranes, Hedenquist JW, p.706, 2005.

. Jfh, R. G. Goldfarb, and J. P. Richards, Economic geology 100 th Anniversary volume, p.707

, Econ Geol, pp.407-450

R. J. Goldfarb and D. I. Groves, Orogenic gold: Common or evolving fluid and metal sources 709 through time, Lithos, vol.233, pp.2-26, 2015.

R. J. Goldfarb, A. S. André-mayer, S. M. Jowitt, and G. M. Mudd, , p.711, 2017.

, Premier Paleoproterozoic Gold Province, Econ Geol, vol.112, pp.123-143

M. Grenholm, M. Jessell, and N. Thébaud, Paleoproterozoic volcano-sedimentary series in the 713, 2019.

, 27-1.96 Ga Birimian Orogen of the southeastern West African Craton, Precambrian 714 Res, vol.328, issue.2, pp.161-192

D. I. Groves, M. Santosh, J. Deng, Q. Wang, L. Yang et al., A holistic model for the 716 origin of orogenic gold deposits and its implications for exploration, Miner Deposita, vol.717, pp.275-292, 2019.

M. Harlaux, J. Mercadier, C. Marignac, J. Villeneuve, B. Mouthier et al., , p.719, 2019.

, France) constrained by trace 720 element and boron isotopic composition of tourmaline, atypical Puy-les-Vignes W breccia pipe, vol.114, p.103132

P. Hazarika, B. Mishra, and K. L. Pruseth, , 2015.

, Gold Deposits in the Hutti-Maski Greenstone Belt, India: Implications for Sources of 723

, Ore-Forming Fluids, Econ Geol, vol.110, pp.337-353

P. Hazarika, B. Mishra, and K. L. Pruseth, Scheelite, apatite, calcite and tourmaline 725 compositions from the late Archean Hutti orogenic gold deposit: Implications for 726 analogous two stage ore fluids, Ore Geol Rev, vol.72, pp.989-1003, 2016.

D. J. Henry and C. V. Guidotti, Tourmaline as a petrogenetic indicator mineral: an example from 728 the staurolite-grade metapelite of NW Maine, Am Mineral, vol.70, pp.1-15, 1985.

D. J. Henry and B. L. Dutrow, Metamorphic tourmaline and its petrologic applications, Grew 730, 1996.

M. Boron and G. Petrology, Rev Mineral, vol.731, pp.503-557

D. J. Henry, M. Novak, F. C. Hawthorne, A. Ertl, B. L. Dutrow et al., , p.733, 2011.

, Nomenclature of the tourmaline-supergroup minerals, Am Mineral, vol.96, pp.895-913

. Hottin-g and O. F. Ouédrago, Carte géologique de la Réepublique de Haute-Volta, Direction, vol.735, 1976.

G. De-la, , p.58

S. Y. Jiang, Stable and radiogenic isotope studies of tourmaline: an overview, J Czech, vol.737, 1998.

, Geol Soc, vol.43, pp.1-2

S. Y. Jiang, M. R. Palmer, and C. J. Yeats, Chemical and boron isotopic compositions of 739 tourmaline from the Archean Big Bell and Mount Gibson gold deposits, 2002.

Y. Province, W. Craton, and . Australia, Chem Geol, vol.188, pp.229-247

H. Kalliomäki, T. Wagner, T. Fusswinkel, and G. Sakellaris, Major and trace element 742 geochemistry of tourmalines from Archean orogenic gold deposits: Proxies for the origin 743 of gold mineralizing fluids?, Ore Geol Rev, vol.91, pp.906-927, 2017.

T. Kawakami and T. Ikeda, Boron in metapelites controlled by the breakdown of tourmaline 745 and retrograde formation of borosilicates in the Yanai area, Ryoke metamorphic belt, 2003.

, Japan. Contrib Mineral Petr, vol.145, pp.131-150

R. W. King and R. W. Kerrich, Strontium isotope compositions of tourmaline from lode gold 748 deposits of the Archean Abitibi Greenstone belt (Ontario-Quebec, Canada): Implications 749 for source reservoirs, Chem Geol, vol.79, pp.225-240, 1989.

T. G. Kotzer, T. K. Kyser, R. W. King, and R. Kerrich, An empirical oxygen-and hydrogen-isotope 751 geothermometer for quartz-tourmaline and tourmaline-water, Geochim Cosmochim Ac, vol.752, pp.3421-3426, 1993.

M. S. Krienitz, R. Trumbull, A. Hellmann, J. Kolb, F. Meyer et al., Hydrothermal, vol.754, 2008.

, gold mineralization at the Hira Buddini gold mine, India: constraints on fluid evolution 755 and fluid sources from boron isotopic compositions of tourmaline, Miner Deposita, vol.756, pp.421-434

I. Labou, M. Benoit, L. Baratoux, M. Grégoire, P. M. Ndiaye et al., , p.758, 2020.

, Petrological and geochemical study of Birimian ultramafic rocks within the West African 759 Craton: Insights from Mako (Senegal) and Loraboué

, lherzolite/harzburgite/wehrlite associations, J Afr Earth Sci, vol.162, pp.103677-761

R. A. Js, P. J. Treloar, and D. M. Lawrence, Discriminating fluid source regions in 762 orogenic gold deposits using B-isotopes, Geochim Cosmochim Ac, vol.194, pp.57-76, 2016.

L. Mignot, E. Reisberg, L. André-mayer, A. S. Bourassa, Y. Fontaine et al., , p.764, 2017.

, Geochronological Evidence for Multiple Paleoproterozoic Gold Events at the Scale of the 765

. West-african-craton, Econ Geol, vol.112, pp.145-168

W. Leeman and V. B. Sisson, Geochemistry of boron and its implications for crustal and 767 mantle processes, p.768, 1996.

, Geochemistry. Rev Mineral, vol.33, pp.645-707

W. P. Leeman and S. Tonarini, Boron isotopic analysis of proposed borosilicate mineral 770 reference samples, Geostand Newslett, vol.25, pp.399-403, 2001.

D. Lemarchand, D. Cividini, M. P. Turpault, and F. Chabaux, Boron isotopes in different grain 772 size fractions: Exploring past and present water-rock interactions from two soil profiles 773, Geochim Cosmochim Ac, vol.98, pp.78-93, 2012.

D. London, Experimental synthesis and stability of tourmaline: a historical overview, Can 775 Mineral, vol.49, pp.117-136, 2011.

V. Markwitz, K. Hein, and J. Miller, Compilation of West African mineral deposits: spatial 777 distribution and mineral endowment, Precambrian Res, vol.274, pp.61-81, 2016.

H. R. Marschall, Boron isotopes in the ocean floor realm and the mantle, p.779, 2018.

G. Foster, Boron Isotopes: The Fifth Element. Advances in Isotope Geochemistry, p.780

. Springer-verlag, , pp.189-215

H. R. Marschall and S. Y. Jiang, Tourmaline Isotopes: No Element Left Behind, Elements, vol.782, pp.313-319, 2011.

H. R. Marschall, C. Meyer, B. Wunder, T. Ludwig, and W. Heinrich, Experimental boron isotope 784 fractionation between tourmaline and fluid: confirmation from in situ analyses by 785 secondary ion mass spectrometry and from Rayleigh fractionation modelling, Contrib, vol.786, 2009.

, Miner Petrol, vol.158, pp.675-681

Q. Masurel, N. Thébaud, J. Miller, S. Ulrich, K. Hein et al., , vol.788

, Sadiola Hill: A World-Class Carbonate-Hosted Gold Deposit in Mali, p.789, 2017.

, Africa. Econ Geol, vol.112, pp.23-47

Q. Masurel, A. Eglinger, N. Thébaud, A. Allibone, A. S. André-mayer et al., , p.791

M. Jessell, L. Aillères, O. Vanderhaeghe, S. Salvi, L. Baratoux et al., , p.792

D. Fougerouse, P. Hayman, W. Ousmane, A. Tshibubudze, L. Parra-avila et al., , p.793

, Ofori P (submitted) Gold metallogeny of the Paleoproterozoic part of the southern 794