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            <title xml:lang="en">Null objects and clitics in some early IE languages</title>
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                <title xml:lang="en">Null objects and clitics in some early IE languages</title>
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                <title level="m">Idiosynkrasie. Neue Wege ihrer Beschreibung</title>
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                <term xml:lang="en">anaphora</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">clitics</term>
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              <p>This paper discusses the syntactic idiosyncrasy of null objects, which are ungrammatical in most modern Indo-European languages but are abundantly attested in many early Indo-European languages. We identify two possible factors underlying the different use of null objects in the history of Indo-European, that is, on the one hand the nature of the governing predicate, which originally was syntactically less relational, and on the other hand the features of the competing clitic structures. We claim that the change from null objects to obligatory pronouns is favoured by the change from second-position clitics to verbadjacent clitics, and that such a change may be also related to the different nature of pitch accent vs. stress accent. Pitch accent, which may be reconstructed for Proto-Indo-European, is more compatible with the syntactic and semantic independence of clitics from their verbal head, while under the pressure of a stress accent clitics become increasingly attracted by the verb, with a consequent loss of their phonologically motivated position and the acquisition of idiomatic meanings.</p>
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