G. C. Allen, M. Paul, and K. R. Hallam, An X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopie study of the high temperature oxidation of pyrite, Can J. Appl. Spectrosc, vol.40, issue.6, pp.160-166, 1995.

M. Ammou-chokroum, Aspect électrochimique de la dissolution des sulfures et des minerais sulfurés, Bull. Soc. Fr. Min. Crista, vol.98, pp.121-129, 1975.

A. Andriamanana and M. Lamache, Etude electrochimique de la pyrite en milieu acide, Electrochimica Acta, vol.28, issue.2, pp.177-183, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0013-4686(83)85106-8

L. K. Bailey and E. Peters, Decomposition of pyrite in acids by pressure leaching and anodization: the case for an electrochemical mechanism, Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, vol.15, issue.4, pp.333-344, 1976.
DOI : 10.1179/cmq.1976.15.4.333

S. S. Bang, . Deshpande, S. Sandeep, and K. N. Han, The oxidation of galena using Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, Hydrometallurgy, vol.37, issue.2, pp.181-192, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-386X(94)00059-C

C. Bartels, J. A. Rojas-chapana, and H. Tributsch, In-situ video microscopic technique for visualization and control of bacterial leaching activity on thin synthetic sulfide films, Biohydrometallurgical Processing, pp.131-139, 1995.

V. K. Berry and L. E. Murr, DIRECT OBSERVATIONS OF BACTERIA AND QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF THEIR CATALYTIC ROLE IN THE LEACHING OF LOW-GRADE, COPPER-BEARING WASTE, Metallurgical applications and bacterial leaching and related microbiological phenomena, pp.103-136, 1978.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-0-12-511150-8.50012-5

J. Berthelin, Des bactéries pour extraire des mé taux, La Recherche, vol.188, pp.720-725, 1987.

J. Berthelin and G. Et-belgy, Microbial degradation of phyllosilicates during simulated podzolization, Geoderma, vol.21, issue.4, pp.297-310, 1979.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7061(79)90004-1

J. Berthelin, Physical and chemical weathering in geochcmical cycles, pp.33-59, 1988.

J. Berthelin, A. Koblevi, and Y. Et-dommcrgues, Microbial weathering of a brown forest soil: Influence of partial sterilization, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.6, issue.6, pp.393-400, 1974.
DOI : 10.1016/0038-0717(74)90049-2

J. M. Bigham, M. Carlson, and E. Murad, Schwertmannite, a New Iron Oxyhydroxysulphate from Pyh??salmi, Finland, and Other Localities, Mineralogical Magazine, vol.58, issue.393, pp.641-648, 1994.
DOI : 10.1180/minmag.1994.058.393.14

J. M. Bigham, U. Schwertmann, M. Carlson, and E. Murad, A poorly crystallized oxyhydroxysulfate of iron formed by bacterial oxidation of Fe(II) in acid mine waters, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.54, issue.10, pp.2743-2758, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7037(90)90009-A

J. M. Bigham, U. Schwertmann, S. J. Traina, R. L. Winland, and M. Wolf, Schwertmannite and the chemical modeling of iron in acid sulfate waters, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.60, issue.12, pp.2111-2121, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7037(96)00091-9

E. V. Blagov, G. L. Klimchitskaya, A. A. Lobashov, and V. M. Mostepanenko, How to describe AFM constant force surfaces in repulsive mode?, Surface Science, vol.349, issue.2, pp.196-206, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0039-6028(96)01035-7

I. Blake, R. C. Lyles, M. M. Simmons, and K. C. , Morphological and physical aspects of attachment of Thiobaci/lus ferrooxidan s to pyrite and sulfur, Biohydrometallurgical Processing, pp.13-22, 1995.

M. Boon, G. S. Hansford, and J. J. Heijnen, The role of bacterial ferrous iron oxidation in the bio-oxydation of pyrite. Biohydrometallurgical Processing, pp.153-163, 1995.

M. Boon and J. J. Heijnen, Mechanisms and rate limiting steps in bioleaching of sphalerite, chalcopyrite and pyrite with Thiobacillus ferroxidans, Bioleaching Processes.l. A publication of T.MS. MineraIs Metals Materials, 1993.

O. Brion, Etude par spectroscopie de photoelectrons de la degradation superficielle de FeS2, CuFeS2, ZnS et PbS a l'air et dans l'eau, Applications of Surface Science, vol.5, issue.2, pp.133-152, 1980.
DOI : 10.1016/0378-5963(80)90148-8

O. Brion, J. Hayer, and J. J. Predali, Characterization by ESCA of surface compounds of fine pyrite during the flotation process, 1980.

C. Brierley, Microbiological Mining, Scientific American, vol.247, issue.2, pp.42-51, 1982.
DOI : 10.1038/scientificamerican0882-44

A. N. Buckley and K. Woods, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of oxidised pyrrhotite surfaces, Applications of Surface Science, vol.20, issue.4, pp.472-780, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/0378-5963(85)90168-0

A. N. Buckley and K. Woods, The surface oxidation of pyrite, Applied Surface Science, vol.27, issue.4, pp.437-452, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/0169-4332(87)90153-X

J. M. Cases, P. De-donato, M. Kongolo, and L. Michot, An infrared investigation of amylxanthate adsorption by pyrite after wet grinding at natural and acid pH, Colloids and Surfaces, vol.36, issue.3, pp.323-338, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0166-6622(89)80247-1

M. Cases and P. Et-de-donato, FTIR analysis of sulphide mineral surfaces before and after collection: galena, International Journal of Mineral Processing, vol.33, issue.1-4, pp.49-65, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0301-7516(91)90042-H

S. Chander and A. Briceno, Kinetics of pyrite oxydation, pp.171-176, 1987.

S. Chander, R. Zhou, and A. Briceno, Effect of sample storage on the kinetics of pyrite oxidation, Min. Met. Proc, pp.141-147, 1994.

G. Charlot, L'analyse qualitative et les réactions en solution, Masson et Cie, pp.298-311, 1957.

R. Cognot, La méthode OS! : Optimisation, Implémentation et Applications, Thèse de L'Institue National Polytechnique de Lorraine, 1996.

A. R. Colmer and M. E. Hinkle, The Role of Microorganisms in Acid Mine Drainage: A Preliminary Report, Science, vol.106, issue.2751, pp.253-256, 1947.
DOI : 10.1126/science.106.2751.253

P. De-donato, Mécanismes de la collection de la ga lène par les xanthates, Thèse de doctorat d, 1987.

P. De-donato, J. M. Cases, M. Kongolo, L. Michot, and A. Burneau, Infrared investigation of amylxanthate Adsorption on galena: Influence of oxidation, pH and grinding, Colloids and Surfaces, pp.207-228, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0166-6622(90)80197-C

P. De-donato, J. M. Cases, and M. Kongolo, Mécanismes de fixation de l'amylanthate de potassium sur la galène et la pyrite: conséquences sur la flottation de ces minéraux, J, 1989.

P. De-donato, C. Mustin, . Benoit, and R. Et-erre, Spatial distribution of iron and sulphur species on the surface of pyrite, Applied Surface Science, vol.68, issue.1, pp.81-93, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0169-4332(93)90217-Y

P. De-donato, C. Mustin, J. Berthelin, and P. Marion, An infrared investigation of pellicular phases observed on pyrite by stanning electron microscopy during its bacterial oxidation, pp.312-241, 1991.

J. G. Dunn, W. Gong, and D. Shi, A Fourier transform infrared study of the oxidation of pyrite, Thermochimica Acta, vol.208, pp.293-303, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0040-6031(92)80173-T

M. A. Dziurla, Contribution à l'étude de réactions à l'interface Bactérie-Minéral au cours de la lixiviation de minéraux sulfurés (pyrites) par Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, Thèse Université de Nancy 1 : 223 p, 1995.

M. A. Dziurla, M. Monroy, B. T. Lam, S. Picquot, and J. Berthelin, A method to estima te the aeidophilic bacteria (Thiobacillus ferrooxidans) attached to pyrite. Comparison with counts of non-adhering bacteria on solid media, Proceed. Sixth Int. Symp. on Microbial Ecology OSME-6), p.288, 1992.

B. Escobar, E. Jedlicki, J. Wiertz, and T. Vargas, A method for evaluating the proportion of free and attached bacteria in the bioleaching of chalcopyrite with Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, Hydrometallurgy, vol.40, issue.1-2, pp.1-10, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-386X(95)00005-2

C. Fretigny and M. C. Boisset, Contact AFM on soft surfaces: Elasticity and friction effects, Microscopy Microanalysis Microstructures, vol.65, issue.4-6, pp.447-453, 1994.
DOI : 10.1051/mmm:0199400504-6044700

G. M. Fuchs, T. Prohaska, G. Friedbacher, H. Hutter, and M. Grasserbauer, Maximum entropy deconvolution of AFM and STM images, Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry, vol.40, issue.8, pp.143-147, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-009-3049-0_8

U. G. Gasser, E. Jeanroy, C. Mustin, O. Barres, R. Nüesch et al., Properties of Synthetic Goethites with Co for Fe Substitution, Clay Minerals, vol.31, issue.4, pp.465-476, 1996.
DOI : 10.1180/claymin.1996.031.4.03

T. Gehrke, R. Hallmann, and W. Sand, Importance of exopolymers from Thiobacil/us ferrooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans for bioleaching, 1995.

P. J. Godowski, V. Maurice, and P. Marcus, Analytical problems in Atomic Force Microscopy: Distortion of surface structure during imaging, Chem. Anal. (Warsaw), vol.40, pp.231-242, 1995.

S. I. Grishin and O. H. Tuovinen, Fast Kinetics of Fe2+ Oxidation in Packed-Bed Reactors, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.54, pp.12-3092, 1988.

I. C. Hamilton and R. Woods, An investigation of surface oxidation of pyrite and pyrrhotite by linear potential sweep voltammetry, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, vol.118, pp.327-343, 1981.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-0728(81)80551-7

E. Jeanroy, J. L. Rajot, P. Pillon, and A. Et-herbillon, Differential dissolution of hematite and goethite in dithionite and its implication on soil yellowing, Geoderma, vol.50, issue.1-2, pp.79-94, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7061(91)90027-Q

D. B. Johnson, Aeidophilic Micrabial Communities: Candidates for Bioremediation of Aeid Mine Effluents, Int. Biodeterior, pp.41-58, 1995.

D. B. Johnson, The raie of 'iron bacteria' in the biodegradation of minerais, Biodeterioration Abstracts, vol.9, pp.1-7, 1995.

G. Kaupp, J. Schmeyers, . Pogodda, M. Haak, T. Marquardt et al., AFM for the imaging of large and steep submicroscopic features, artifacts and scraping with asymmetric cantilever tips, Thin Solid Films, vol.264, issue.2, pp.205-211, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0040-6090(95)05823-0

M. Kongolo, Interactions de l'amylxanthate de potassium avec la galène et la pyrite finement broyées : conséquences sur la flottation, Thèse de doctorat d, 1991.

B. Lamontagne, O. Guay, O. Roy, R. Sporken, and R. Caudano, AFM and XPS characterization of the Si(111) surface after thermal treatment, Applied Surface Science, vol.90, issue.4, pp.481-487, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0169-4332(95)00154-9

L. Lazaro, N. Martinez-medina, L. Rodriguez, E. Arce, and L. Gonzalez, The use of carbon paste electrodes with non-conducting binder for the study of minerals: Chalcopyrite, Hydrometallurgy, vol.38, issue.3, pp.277-287, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-386X(94)00070-J

J. Li, X. Zhu, and M. E. Wadsworth, Raman spectroscopy of natural and oxidized metal sulfides. EPD Congress The MineraIs, Metals and Materials Soeiety, pp.229-223, 1993.

A. Lapez-delgado and F. A. Lapez, Thermal decomposition of ferric and ammonium sulphates obtained by bio-oxidation of water pickling liquors with Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, Journal of Materials Science, vol.33, issue.20, pp.5130-5138, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00356060

R. T. Lowson, Aqueous oxidation of pyrite by molecular oxygen, Chemical Reviews, vol.82, issue.5, pp.462-493, 1982.
DOI : 10.1021/cr00051a001

M. E. Mackintosh, Nitrogen Fixation by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, Journal of General Microbiology, vol.105, issue.2, pp.215-218, 1978.
DOI : 10.1099/00221287-105-2-215

URL : http://mic.microbiologyresearch.org/deliver/fulltext/micro/105/2/mic-105-2-215.pdf?itemId=/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-105-2-215&mimeType=pdf&isFastTrackArticle=

J. L. Mallet, Discrete smooth interpolation in geometric modelling, Computer-Aided Design, vol.24, issue.4, pp.178-191, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0010-4485(92)90054-E

P. Marion, C. Mustin, M. Monroy, and J. Berthelin, Effect of auriferaus sulfide minerais structure and composition on their bacterial weathering. Source, Transport and deposition of Metais, Proceedings of the 25 years anniversary meeting, pp.30-33, 1991.

F. Meline, C. Mustin, and P. De-donato, Inhibition de l'oxydation bactérienne de la pyrite par adsorption de thymol, pp.959-964, 1996.

M. Misra, K. Bukka, and S. Chen, The effect of growth medium of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans on pyrite flotation . MineraIs Engineering, Vo1, pp.157-168, 1996.

M. G. Monroy, Biolixiviation -cyanuration de minerais sulfurés aurifères réfractaires en dispositifs de percolation : comportement d es populations de Thiobacillus ferrooxidans.et influence de la minéralogie et des conditions opératoires, Thèse Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine, p.238, 1993.

M. G. Monroy, M. A. Dziurla, B. Lam, J. Bertheiin, and P. Marion, A laboratory study on the behavior of Thiobacillu s ferrooxidans.during pyrite bioleaching in percolation columnsAdvances in Bioprocess Engineering, pp.509-517, 1994.

M. G. Monroy-femandez, C. Mustin, P. De-donato, O. Barres, P. Marion et al., Occurences at Mineral-Bacteria Interface during Oxidation of Arsenopyrite by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, Biotechnol bioeng, vol.46, pp.13-21, 1995.

M. G. Monroy-fernandez, C. Mustin, P. De-donato, J. Berthelin, M. et al., Bacterial behavior and evolution of surface oxidized phases during arsenopyrite oxidation by Thiobacillus ferrooxidan s, Biohydrometallurgical Processing, pp.57-66, 1995.

C. Moses, O. K. Nordstrom, J. S. Hermann, and A. L. Mills, Aqueous pyrite oxidation by dissolved oxygen and by ferric iron, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.51, issue.6, pp.1567-1571, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7037(87)90337-1

C. Moses and J. S. Hermann, Pyrite oxidation at circumneutral pH, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.55, issue.2, pp.471-482, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7037(91)90005-P

C. Mustin, Approche physico-chimique et modélisation de l'oxydation bactérienne de la pyrite par Thiobacillus ferrooxidans.: rôle déterminant de la phase minérale, Thèse Université de Nancy 1: 222 p, 1992.

C. Mustin, J. Berthelin, P. Marion, and P. De-donato, Corrosion and electrochemical oxidation of a pyrite by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, Appl. and Env. Microbiol, vol.58, pp.1175-1182, 1992.

C. Mustin, P. De-donato, and J. Berthelin, An approch to spatial distribution of iron and sulfur species present on pyrite surface. Biohydrometallurgical technologies, l, Biological Processes, pp.163-175, 1993.

C. Mustin, P. De-donato, and J. Berthelin, Investigation of superficial oxidized species development during the bacterial oxidation of pyrite by Thiobacillus ferrooxidan s. Biohydrometallurgical technologies, II, Biological Processes, pp.175-184, 1993.

C. Mustin, P. De-donato, and J. Berthelin, Quantification of the intragranular porosity formed in bioleaching of pyrite byThiobacillus ferroxidans, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, vol.31, issue.11, pp.1121-1127, 1992.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-009-8579-7_3

C. Mustin, P. De-donato, J. Berthelin, and P. Marion, Surface sulphur as promoting agent of pyrite leaching by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, FEM'S Microb. Rev, vol.11, pp.77-78, 1993.

C. Mustin, P. Marion, J. Berthelin, P. De-donato, and M. Monroy, An original technique to study bacterial oxidation of pyrite: packed electrodes, C. R. Ac. Sei. Paris, vol.312, pp.1197-1203, 1991.

L. Nadjo and B. Keita, Application des microscopies d e proximité en électrochimie, Analusis Magazine, vol.22, issue.8, pp.13-16

.. H. Nesbitt and L. Muir, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic study of a pristine pyrite surface reacted with water vapour and air, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.58, issue.21, pp.4667-4679, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7037(94)90199-6

H. W. Nesbitt, .. J. Muir, and A. R. Pratt, Oxidation of arsenopyrite by air and air-saturated, distilled water, and implications for mechanism of oxidation, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.59, issue.9, pp.1773-1786, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7037(95)00081-A

F. Nunzi, Relations structure/fonction de la rusticyanine chez Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, 1993.

K. Nyavor, N. O. Egiebor, and . P. Fedorak, Bacteria oxydation of sulfides during Acid Mine Drainage formation: a mechanistic study, The MineraIs, Metals and Materials society, pp.269-287, 1995.

1. Palencia, R. Y. Wan, and J. Miller, The electrochemical behavior of a semiconducting natural pyrite in the presence of bacteria, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, vol.7, issue.(2), pp.765-774, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-386X(81)90019-0

V. V. Panin, G. Karavaiko, and S. L. Pol-'kin, Mechanism and kinetics of bacterial oxidation of sulfide mineraIs, 1985.

B. Pesic and . Kim, Electrochemistry ofthiobacillus ferrooxidans interactions with pyrite, Metallurgical Transactions B, vol.20, issue.9, pp.717-727, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02663132

A. R. Pratt, H. W. Nesbitt, and L. Muir, Generation of acids from mine waste: Oxidative leaching of pyrrhotite in dilute H2SO4 solutions at pH 3.0, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.58, issue.23, pp.5147-5159, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7037(94)90300-X

J. O. Rimstidt, J. A. Chennak, and P. M. Gagen, Rates of reaction of galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and arsenopyrite with Fe(III) in acidic solutions. Environmental Geochemistry of sulfide oxidation, pp.1-13, 1993.

W. Sand, T. Gerke, R. Hallmann, and A. Shippers, Sulfur chemistry, biofilm, and the (in)direct attack mechanism ? a critical evaluation of bacterial leaching, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol.161, issue.6, pp.961-966, 1995.
DOI : 10.1271/bbb1961.29.1063

K. Sa-saki, Effect of grinding on the rate of oxidation of pyrite by oxygen in acid solutions, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.58, issue.21, pp.4649-4655, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7037(94)90197-X

K. Sasaki, M. Tsunekawa, T. Ohtsuka, and H. Konno, Confirmation of a sulfur-rich layer on pyrite after oxidative dissolution by Fe(lIl) ions around pH2, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.59, issue.15, pp.3155-358, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7037(95)00203-C

U. Schwertmann, J. M. Bigham, and E. Murad, The first occurrence of schwertmannite in a natural stream environment, European Journal of Mineralogy, vol.7, issue.3, pp.547-552, 1995.
DOI : 10.1127/ejm/7/3/0547

J. H. Scofield, Hartree-Slater subshell photoionization cross-sections at 1254 and 1487 eV, Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena, vol.8, issue.2, pp.129-138, 1976.
DOI : 10.1016/0368-2048(76)80015-1

J. L. Seveque, Etude expérimentale de la dissolution d es min éraux sulfurés en milieu oxydant: application à la prospection minière, Thèse d'Université, 1986.

. Shrihari, S. R. Bhavaraju, J. M. Modak, R. Kumar, and K. S. Gandhi, Dissolution of sulphur particles byThiobacillus ferrooxidans: Substrate for unattached cells, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, vol.77, issue.6, pp.612-616, 1992.
DOI : 10.1099/00221287-77-2-501

L. M. Shrihari, . Modak, R. Kumar, and K. S. Gandhi, Dissolution of particles of pyrite mineral by direct attachment of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, Hydrometallurgy, vol.38, issue.2, pp.175-187, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-386X(94)00053-6

D. Siebert and W. Stocker, Investigation of a (100) Surface of Pyrite by STM, Physica Status Solidi (a), vol.20, issue.1, pp.17-20, 1992.
DOI : 10.1107/S0567739476001198

P. C. Singer and W. Stumm, Kinetics of the oxydation of ferrous iron, PlOC. 2nd Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res, pp.12-34, 1968.

T. Sugio, T. Hirose, A. Oto, . Inagaki, and T. Tano, The regulation of sulfur use by ferrous ion in Thiobacillus ferrooxidans., Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, vol.54, issue.8, pp.54-2017, 1990.
DOI : 10.1271/bbb1961.54.2017

T. Sugio, W. Mizunashi, T. Tano, and K. Imai, Production of ferrous ions as intermediates during aerobic sulfur oxidation in Thiobacillus ferrooxidans., Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, vol.50, issue.11, pp.50-51, 1986.
DOI : 10.1271/bbb1961.50.2755

A. E. Torma, Leaching of metals, Biotechnology, 6b : V.CH, pp.367-399, 1988.

A. E. Torma, The Microbiologieal Extraction of less common Mctals, Journal of Metals, pp.32-36, 1989.

S. 8. Turcotte, R. E. Benner, A. M. Riley, M. E. Wadsworth, and D. Bodily, Application of Raman spectroscopy to metal-sulfide surface analysis, Applied Optics, vol.32, issue.6, pp.935-938, 1993.
DOI : 10.1364/AO.32.000935

H. Vogt, T. Chattopadhyay, and H. J. Stolz, Complete first-order Raman spectra of the pyrite structure compounds FeS2, MnS2 AND SiP2, Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, vol.44, issue.9, pp.869-873, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-3697(83)90124-5

M. E. Wadsworth, X. Zhu, J. Li, . Hydrometallurgy, J. B. Hyskey et al., Electrochemistry of pyrite, pp.85-99, 1993.

M. Zehri and J. Frenay, Bioleaching of pyrite: Evolution of po rosit y and specifie surface area, Biohydrometallurgical Processing, pp.141-152, 1995.

X. Zhu, J. Li, D. M. Bodily, and M. E. Wadsworth, Transpassive Oxidation of Pyrite, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.140, issue.7, pp.1927-1935, 1993.
DOI : 10.1149/1.2220741

D. Donato, P. Mustin, C. Benoit, E. , and K. , Spatial distribution of iron and sulphur species on the surface of pyrite, Applied Surface Science, vol.68, issue.1, pp.81-93, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0169-4332(93)90217-Y

L. , B. Guay, O. Roy, O. Sporken, C. et al., AFM and XPS characterization of the Si(111) surface after thermal treatment, Appl. Surf. Sei, vol.90, pp.481-487, 1995.

M. , P. Mustin, C. , M. , M. et al., Effect of auriferous sulfide minerais structure and composition on their bacterial weathering. Source, Transport and deposition of Metals, Proceedings Pajel, M., éd, pp.30-33, 1991.

M. , M. G. Mustin, C. , D. Donato, P. Berthelin et al., Bacterial behavior and evo luti on of surface oxidized phases during arsenopyrite oxidation by Thiobaci11us ferrooxidnl1s, Biohydrometallurgical Processing, pp.57-66, 1995.

C. Mustln, B. J. , M. P. , D. Donato, and P. , Corrosion and electrochemical oxidation of a pyrite by Thiobncilllls ferrooxidnl1s, Appl. Env. Microbiol, vol.58, pp.1175-1182, 1992.

C. Mustin, D. Donato, P. , B. , and J. , Quantification of the intragranular porosity formed in bioleaching of pyrite byThiobacillus ferroxidans, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, vol.31, issue.11, pp.1121-1127, 1992.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-009-8579-7_3

C. Mustln, D. Donato, P. Berthelln, and J. , An approch to spatial distribution of iron and sulfur species present on pyrite surface. Biohydrometallurgical technologies, l, Biological Processes, pp.163-175, 1993.

C. Mustln, D. Donato, P. Berthelln, and J. , Investigation of sup e rficial o xidized species development during the bacterial oxidation of pyrite by Thiolmcilllls ferrooxidnl1s, Biohydrometallurgical techno-Iogies, l, Biological Processes, pp.175-184, 1993.

C. Mustin, D. Donato, P. Berthelin, J. , M. et al., Surface sulphur as promoting agent of pyrite leaching by Thiobacilllls ferrooxidrll1s, FEM'S Microb. Rev, vol.11, pp.77-78, 1993.

N. , .. H. And, and L. Muir, X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopie study of a pristine pyrite surface reacted with water vapour and air, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, vol.58, issue.21, pp.4667-4679, 1994.

S. , K. Tsunekawa, M. Ohtsuka, T. , K. et al., A.O 3C-F9 Résumé A l'échelle de la bactérie, les processus microscopiques qui conduisent à l'oxydation corrosive de la pyrite par Thiobacillus ferrooxidans sont encore mal décrits, tant d'un point de vue microbiologique que d'un point de vue physico-chimique. Pour mieux cerner et comprendre les réactions à l'interface bactérie-minéral, une étude locale à l'échelle micrométrique, de l'interface pyrite-solution, a été réalisée dans ce travail. Les techniques employées (spectroscopies XPS, Raman, électrochimie et GC-MS) pour la description physico-chimique de la surface des pyrites oxydées, décapées ou biolixiviées ont permis de caractériser qualitativement ou quantitativement les phases superficielles oxydées (soufre élémentaire, oxyhydroxydes de fer, sulfates ferreux ou ferriques, polysulfures). A cette diversité chimique s'ajoute une hétérogénéité de distribution spatiale des produits d'oxydation, caractérisée et évaluée grâce à la Microscopie à Force Atomique (AFM) Une approche mathématique et statistique de la topographie de la surface minérale a été développée pour établir une modélisation morpho-chimique de l'interface. D'autre part, l'emploi conjoint de techniques microbiologiques, physico-chimiques et spectroscopiques, a établi les liens existant entre les cinétiques de solubilisation, le développement de la corrosion et l'organisation des phases superficielles au cours de la biolixiviation, III) ions around pH 2 Résultant exclusivement de l'action du fer(III) à la surface du minéral, ces composés de surface apparaissent comme les seuls substrats solides utilisables par Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, incapable d'oxyder directement la pyrite. Produits indirectement par l'oxydation bactérienne du fer(II) en solution, ils contrôlent aussi la corrosion de la pyrite par leur organisation chimique et leur distribution spatiale. Tous ces résultats fondamentaux permettent de proposer un modèle morpho-chimique dynamique de l'interface pyrite-solution au cours de son oxydation par Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, pp.3155-358, 1995.