. Métabolisme-cellulaire-de-l-'homocystéine-l-'homocystéine, Hcy) est un acide aminé soufré formé au niveau intracellulaire à partir de la méthionine apportée par l'alimentation. L'Hcy n'est pas codée génétiquement et est absente des protéines

. Réf, Prendre 12.5µL de chaque solution et ajouter 950 µL de H2O milliQ Sigma Aldrich BP 701, Applied Biosystems, vol.100, issue.38297

. Generateur:-powerpac?, S. Biorad-shiman, K. Kleinman, D. Ollendorf, A. Bousvaros et al., Life Science Group, Hercules California 94547, USA 10 Eurobio. 91953 Les Ulis, France 11 UVP Dual Intensity Transilluminator 12 Gel Doc Scanner. BioRad, Life Science Group The prevalence and geographic distribution of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in the United States, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, vol.5, pp.1424-1433, 2007.

E. Loftus and J. , Clinical epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: incidence, prevalence, and environmental influences, Gastroenterology, vol.126, issue.6, pp.1504-1521, 2004.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.01.063

F. Molinie, C. Gower-rousseau, T. Yzet, V. Merle, B. Grandbastien et al., Opposite evolution in incidence of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in Northern France (1988-1999), Gut, vol.53, issue.6, pp.843-851, 1988.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.2003.025346

L. Peyrin-biroulet and M. Bigard, Circumstances of the diagnosis and clinical course of inflammatory bowel disease], Rev Prat, vol.55, pp.962-76, 2005.

C. Bernstein, N. Papineau, J. Zajaczkowski, P. Rawsthorne, G. Okrusko et al., Direct hospital costs for patients with inflammatory bowel disease in a Canadian Tertiary Care University Hospital, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.17, issue.3, pp.677-83, 2000.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2036.1996.107278000.x

M. Ebinger, R. Leidl, S. Thomas, V. Tirpitz, C. Reinshagen et al., Cost of outpatient care in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in a German University Hospital, Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol.40, issue.2, pp.192-201, 2004.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.40.6.775

R. Xavier and D. Podolsky, Unravelling the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease, Nature, vol.124, issue.7152, pp.427-461, 2007.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.176.2.705

J. Hugot, M. Chamaillard, H. Zouali, S. Lesage, J. Cezard et al., Association of NOD2 leucine-rich repeat variants with susceptibility to Crohn's disease, Nature, vol.411, issue.6837, pp.599-603, 2001.
DOI : 10.1038/35079107

Y. Ogura, D. Bonen, N. Inohara, D. Nicolae, F. Chen et al., A frameshift mutation in NOD2 associated with susceptibility to Crohn's disease, Nature, vol.411, issue.6837, pp.603-609, 2001.
DOI : 10.1038/35079114

R. Duerr, K. Taylor, S. Brant, J. Rioux, M. Silverberg et al., A Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies IL23R as an Inflammatory Bowel Disease Gene, Science, vol.314, issue.5804, pp.1461-1464, 2006.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1135245

L. Jiang, B. Xia, J. Li, M. Ye, Y. W. Deng et al., Retrospective survey of 452 patients with inflammatory bowel disease in Wuhan City, central China, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, vol.26, issue.3, pp.212-219, 2006.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.26.2.158

J. Hugot, C. Alberti, D. Berrebi, E. Bingen, and J. Cezard, Crohn's disease: the cold chain hypothesis, The Lancet, vol.362, issue.9400, pp.2012-2017, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15024-6

C. Laclotte, O. Oussalah, P. Rey, M. Bensenane, N. Pluvinage et al., Peyrin-Biroulet L. Helminths and inflammatory bowel diseases, Gastroenterol Clin Biol, 2008.

V. Nerich, E. Monnet, E. A. Louafi, S. Ramee, C. Rican et al., Geographical variations of inflammatory bowel disease in France: A study based on national health insurance data, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, vol.12, issue.3, pp.218-244, 2006.
DOI : 10.1053/gast.2003.50021

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00466309

D. Elliott, J. Urban, C. Argo, and J. Weinstock, Does the failure to acquire helminthic parasites predispose to Crohn???s disease?, The FASEB Journal, vol.14, issue.12, pp.1848-55, 2000.
DOI : 10.1017/S0031182000055347

J. Cho and C. Weaver, The Genetics of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Gastroenterology, vol.133, issue.4, pp.1327-1366, 2007.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.08.032

C. Tamboli, C. Neut, P. Desreumaux, J. Colombel, N. Barnich et al., Dysbiosis as a prerequisite for IBD Darfeuille-Michaud A. CEACAM6 acts as a receptor for adherent-invasive E. coli, supporting ileal mucosa colonization in Crohn disease, Gut J Clin Invest, vol.53117, issue.18, pp.10571566-74, 2004.

C. Abraham and J. Cho, Bugging of the Intestinal Mucosa, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.357, issue.7, pp.708-718, 2007.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMcibr073420

P. Turnbaugh, R. Ley, M. Hamady, C. Fraser-liggett, R. Knight et al., The Human Microbiome Project, Nature, vol.112, issue.7164, pp.804-814, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/nature06244

G. Bamias, M. Nyce, D. La-rue, S. Cominelli, and F. , New Concepts in the Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Annals of Internal Medicine, vol.143, issue.12, pp.895-904, 2005.
DOI : 10.7326/0003-4819-143-12-200512200-00007

S. Buhner, C. Buning, J. Genschel, K. Kling, D. Herrmann et al., Genetic basis for increased intestinal permeability in families with Crohn's disease: role of CARD15 3020insC mutation?, Gut, vol.55, issue.3, pp.342-349, 2006.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.2005.065557

J. Wehkamp, N. Salzman, E. Porter, S. Nuding, M. Weichenthal et al., Reduced Paneth cell ??-defensins in ileal Crohn's disease, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.275, issue.51, pp.18129-18163, 2005.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M007816200

L. Peyrin-biroulet, M. Chamaillard, F. Gonzalez, E. Beclin, C. Decourcelle et al., Mesenteric fat in Crohn's disease: a pathogenetic hallmark or an innocent bystander?, Gut, vol.56, issue.4, pp.577-83, 2007.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.2005.082925

E. Lerebours, G. Savoye, and C. Guedon, [Epidemiology and natural history of chronic inflammatory bowel disease], Gastroenterol Clin Biol, vol.27, pp.76-80, 2003.

I. Etienney, Y. Bouhnik, J. Gendre, M. Lemann, J. Cosnes et al., Crohn's disease over 20 years after diagnosis in a referral population, Gastroent??rologie Clinique et Biologique, vol.28, issue.12, pp.1233-1242, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0399-8320(04)95216-5

J. Cosnes, L. Beaugerie, F. Carbonnel, and J. Gendre, Smoking cessation and the course of Crohn's disease: An intervention study, Gastroenterology, vol.120, issue.5, pp.1093-1102, 2001.
DOI : 10.1053/gast.2001.23231

J. Cosnes, I. Nion-larmurier, L. Beaugerie, P. Afchain, E. Tiret et al., Impact of the increasing use of immunosuppressants in Crohn's disease on the need for intestinal surgery, Gut, vol.54, issue.2, pp.237-278, 2005.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.2004.045294

E. Langholz, P. Munkholm, M. Davidsen, and V. Binder, Course of ulcerative colitis: Analysis of changes in disease activity over years, Gastroenterology, vol.107, issue.1, pp.3-11, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-5085(94)90054-X

W. Selby, S. Griffin, N. Abraham, and M. Solomon, Appendectomy protects against the development of ulcerative colitis but does not affect its course, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.28, issue.11, pp.2834-2842, 2002.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.01680.x

L. Peyrin-biroulet, A. Fich, S. Reif, A. Halak, A. Lavy et al., Appendectomy and inflammatory bowel disease: the end of a dogma? Effects of current cigarette smoking on clinical course of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, 32. Odes HS, pp.491-21717, 2001.

M. Lemann, J. Bonnet, M. Allez, J. Gornet, and M. X. , L??sions ost??o-articulaires au cours des maladies inflammatoires chroniques de l???intestin, Gastroent??rologie Clinique et Biologique, vol.28, issue.5, pp.75-82, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0399-8320(04)94991-3

R. Razack and D. Seidner, Nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease, Current Opinion in Gastroenterology, vol.23, issue.4, pp.400-405, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/MOG.0b013e3281ddb2a3

A. Wilson, E. Reyes, and J. Ofman, Prevalence and outcomes of anemia in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review of the literature, The American Journal of Medicine, vol.116, issue.7, pp.44-49, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.12.011

C. Bernstein, J. Blanchard, D. Houston, and A. Wajda, The incidence of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism among patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based cohort study, Thromb Haemost, vol.85, pp.430-434, 2001.

E. Loftus and J. , Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Colorectal Dysplasia and Cancer in Ulcerative Colitis, Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, vol.35, issue.3, pp.517-548, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gtc.2006.07.005

J. Eaden, Review article: colorectal carcinoma and inflammatory bowel disease

A. Von-roon, G. Reese, J. Teare, V. Constantinides, A. Darzi et al., The risk of cancer in patients with Crohn's disease, Aliment Pharmacol Ther Dis Colon Rectum, vol.2050, issue.39, pp.24-30839, 2004.

R. Gupta, N. Harpaz, S. Itzkowitz, S. Hossain, S. Matula et al., Histologic Inflammation Is a Risk Factor for Progression to Colorectal Neoplasia in Ulcerative Colitis: A Cohort Study, Gastroenterology, vol.133, issue.4, pp.1099-105, 2007.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.08.001

J. Xie and S. Itzkowitz, Cancer in inflammatory bowel disease, World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.14, issue.3, pp.378-89, 2008.
DOI : 10.3748/wjg.14.378

Y. Gitin and F. Farraye, Can regular use of 5-ASAs protect against the development of dysplasia and colorectal cancer in patients with ulcerative colitis?, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, vol.100, issue.8, pp.1051-1053, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.50218.x

F. Velayos, J. Terdiman, and J. Walsh, Effect of 5-Aminosalicylate Use on Colorectal Cancer and Dysplasia Risk: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis of Observational Studies, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.18, issue.2, pp.1345-53, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/00054725-200401000-00003

D. Rubin, A. Losavio, N. Yadron, D. Huo, and S. Hanauer, Aminosalicylate Therapy in the Prevention of Dysplasia and Colorectal Cancer in Ulcerative Colitis, Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol.4, issue.11, pp.1346-50, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cgh.2006.08.014

S. Hutfless, X. Weng, L. Liu, J. Allison, and L. Herrinton, Mortality by Medication Use Among Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease, 1996???2003, Gastroenterology, vol.133, issue.6, pp.1779-86, 1996.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.09.022

C. Canavan, K. Abrams, B. Hawthorne, and J. Mayberry, Long-term prognosis in Crohn's disease: an epidemiological study of patients diagnosed more than 20???years ago in Cardiff, Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vol.21, issue.Suppl. 11, pp.59-65, 2007.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50016.x

C. Canavan, K. Abrams, and J. Mayberry, Meta-analysis: mortality in Crohn???s disease, Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vol.21, issue.7, pp.861-70, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03132.x

L. Peyrin-biroulet, P. Deltenre, N. Branche, J. Sandborn, W. Colombel et al., Efficacy and safety of tumor necrosis factor antagonists: meta-analysis of placebocontrolled trials Treatment of Crohn's disease with anti-tumor necrosis factor chimeric monoclonal antibody (cA2), Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol Gastroenterology, vol.49109, pp.129-164, 1995.

P. Rutgeerts, W. Sandborn, B. Feagan, W. Reinisch, A. Olson et al., Infliximab for Induction and Maintenance Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.353, issue.23, pp.2462-76, 2005.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa050516

L. Peyrin-biroulet, P. Desreumaux, W. Sandborn, and J. Colombel, New drug classes for Crohn's disease: Beyond tumour necrosis factor antagonists Lancet, 2008.

D. Haens, G. Baert, F. Van-assche, G. Caenepeel, P. Vergauwe et al., Early combined immunosuppression or conventional management in patients with newly diagnosed Crohn's disease: an open randomised trial, The Lancet, vol.371, issue.9613, pp.660-667, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60304-9

L. Beaugerie, P. Seksik, I. Nion-larmurier, J. Gendre, and J. Cosnes, Predictors of Crohn???s Disease, Gastroenterology, vol.130, issue.3, pp.650-656, 2006.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.12.019

L. Peyrin-biroulet, A. Standaert-vitse, J. Branche, and M. Chamaillard, IBD serological panels: Facts and perspectives, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, vol.38, issue.12, pp.1561-1567, 2007.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.38.3.384

L. Peyrin-biroulet, C. Vignal, R. Dessein, M. Simonet, P. Desreumaux et al., NODs in defence: from vulnerable antimicrobial peptides to chronic inflammation, Trends in Microbiology, vol.14, issue.10, pp.432-440, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tim.2006.08.008

L. Peyrin-biroulet and M. Chamaillard, Invited review: NOD2 and defensins: translating innate to adaptive immunity in Crohn's disease, Journal of Endotoxin Research, vol.2, issue.3, pp.135-144, 2007.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0000313

J. Selhub, HOMOCYSTEINE METABOLISM, Annual Review of Nutrition, vol.19, issue.1, pp.217-263, 1999.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.nutr.19.1.217

M. Stipanuk, SULFUR AMINO ACID METABOLISM: Pathways for Production and Removal of Homocysteine and Cysteine, Annual Review of Nutrition, vol.24, issue.1, pp.539-77, 2004.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.nutr.24.012003.132418

K. Mccully and R. Wilson, Homocysteine theory of arteriosclerosis, Atherosclerosis, vol.22, issue.2, pp.215-242, 1975.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9150(75)90004-0

P. Ueland, H. Refsum, S. Stabler, M. Malinow, A. Andersson et al., Total homocysteine in plasma or serum: methods and clinical applications, Clin Chem, vol.39, pp.1764-79, 1993.

K. Robinson, E. Mayer, D. Miller, R. Green, F. Van-lente et al., Hyperhomocysteinemia and Low Pyridoxal Phosphate : Common and Independent Reversible Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease, Circulation, vol.92, issue.10, pp.2825-2855, 1995.
DOI : 10.1161/01.CIR.92.10.2825

E. Mayer, D. Jacobsen, and K. Robinson, Homocysteine and coronary atherosclerosis, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol.27, issue.3, pp.517-544, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0735-1097(95)00508-0

URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(95)00508-0

V. Dennis and K. Robinson, Homocysteinemia and vascular disease in end-stage renal disease, Kidney Int, vol.57, pp.11-18, 1996.

A. Bostom and L. Lathrop, Hyperhomocysteinemia in end-stage renal disease: Prevalence, etiology, and potential relationship to arteriosclerotic outcomes, Kidney International, vol.52, issue.1, pp.10-20, 1997.
DOI : 10.1038/ki.1997.298

H. Jakubowski, Metabolism of homocysteine thiolactone in human cell cultures. Possible mechanism for pathological consequences of elevated homocysteine levels, J Biol Chem, vol.272, pp.1935-1977, 1997.

H. Jakubowski, W. Ambrosius, and J. Pratt, Genetic determinants of homocysteine thiolactonase activity in humans: implications for atherosclerosis, FEBS Letters, vol.349, issue.120, pp.35-44, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)80014-1

G. Ferretti, T. Bacchetti, E. Marotti, and G. Curatola, Effect of homocysteinylation on human high-density lipoproteins: A correlation with paraoxonase activity, Metabolism, vol.52, issue.2, pp.146-51, 2003.
DOI : 10.1053/meta.2003.50033

J. Selhub, P. Jacques, P. Wilson, D. Rush, and I. Rosenberg, Vitamin Status and Intake as Primary Determinants of Homocysteinemia in an Elderly Population, JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol.270, issue.22, pp.2693-2701, 1993.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.1993.03510220049033

D. Jacobsen, V. Gatautis, R. Green, K. Robinson, S. Savon et al., Rapid HPLC determination of total homocysteine and other thiols in serum and plasma: sex differences and correlation with cobalamin and folate concentrations in healthy subjects, Clin Chem, vol.40, pp.873-81, 1994.

A. Andersson, L. Brattstrom, B. Israelsson, A. Isaksson, A. Hamfelt et al., Plasma homocysteine before and after methionine loading with regard to age, gender, and menopausal status, European Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.81, issue.2, pp.79-87, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/S0026-0495(98)90014-2

P. Verhoef and L. De-groot, Dietary Determinants of Plasma Homocysteine Concentrations, Seminars in Vascular Medicine, vol.5, issue.02, pp.110-133, 2005.
DOI : 10.1055/s-2005-872397

P. Ueland and H. Refsum, Plasma homocysteine, a risk factor for vascular disease: plasma levels in health, disease, and drug therapy, J Lab Clin Med, vol.114, pp.473-501, 1989.

A. De-bree, W. Verschuren, D. Kromhout, L. Kluijtmans, and H. Blom, Homocysteine Determinants and the Evidence to What Extent Homocysteine Determines the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease, Pharmacological Reviews, vol.54, issue.4, pp.599-618, 2002.
DOI : 10.1124/pr.54.4.599

J. Scott and D. Weir, Folic acid, homocysteine and one-carbon metabolism: a review of the essential biochemistry, J Cardiovasc Risk, vol.5, pp.223-230, 1998.

P. Goyette, J. Sumner, R. Milos, A. Duncan, D. Rosenblatt et al., Human methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase: isolation of cDNA, mapping and mutation identification, Nature Genetics, vol.313, issue.2, pp.195-200, 1994.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM199104253241701

P. Goyette, A. Pai, R. Milos, P. Frosst, P. Tran et al., Gene structure of human and mouse methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), Mammalian Genome, vol.9, issue.8, pp.652-658, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/s003359900838

D. Gaughan, S. Barbaux, L. Kluijtmans, and A. Whitehead, The human and mouse methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) genes: genomic organization, mRNA structure and linkage to the CLCN6 gene, Gene, vol.257, issue.2, pp.279-89, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-1119(00)00392-9

P. Frosst, H. Blom, R. Milos, P. Goyette, C. Sheppard et al., A candidate genetic risk factor for vascular disease: a common mutation in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, Nature Genetics, vol.11, issue.1, pp.111-114, 1995.
DOI : 10.1203/00006450-197711000-00004

N. Akar, E. Akar, R. Akcay, F. Avcu, A. Yalcin et al., Effect Of Metylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase 677 C-T, 1298 A-C, and 1317 T-C on Factor V 1691 Mutation in Turkish Deep Vein Thrombosis Patients, Thrombosis Research, vol.97, issue.3, pp.163-170, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0049-3848(99)00157-7

L. Brattstrom, D. Wilcken, J. Ohrvik, and L. Brudin, Common Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Gene Mutation Leads to Hyperhomocysteinemia but Not to Vascular Disease : The Result of a Meta-Analysis, Circulation, vol.98, issue.23, pp.2520-2526, 1998.
DOI : 10.1161/01.CIR.98.23.2520

P. Jacques, A. Bostom, R. Williams, R. Ellison, J. Eckfeldt et al., Relation between folate status, a common mutation in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, and plasma homocysteine concentrations Association between B vitamin intake and plasma homocysteine concentration in the general Dutch population aged 20-65, Circulation Am J Clin Nutr, vol.9373, issue.82, pp.7-91027, 1996.

B. Mcquillan, J. Beilby, M. Nidorf, P. Thompson, J. Hung et al., Hyperhomocysteinemia but not the C677T mutation of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase is an independent risk determinant of carotid wall thickening. The Perth Carotid Ultrasound Disease Assessment Study (CUDAS) Biological cardiovascular risk factors and plasma homocysteine levels in the general Dutch population, Circulation Atherosclerosis, vol.99154, issue.84, pp.2383-8513, 1999.

Y. Li, S. Gulati, P. Baker, L. Brody, R. Banerjee et al., Cloning, mapping and RNA analysis of the human methionine synthase gene, Human Molecular Genetics, vol.5, issue.12, pp.1851-1859, 1996.
DOI : 10.1093/hmg/5.12.1851

D. Leclerc, E. Campeau, P. Goyette, C. Adjalla, B. Christensen et al., Human methionine synthase: cDNA cloning and identification of mutations in patients of the cblG complementation group of folate/cobalamin disorders, Human Molecular Genetics, vol.5, issue.12, pp.1867-74, 1996.
DOI : 10.1093/hmg/5.12.1867

L. Chen, M. Liu, H. Hwang, L. Chen, J. Korenberg et al., Human Methionine Synthase, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.3, issue.6, pp.3628-3662, 1997.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.76.1.405

S. Gulati, P. Baker, Y. Li, B. Fowler, W. Kruger et al., Defects in human methionine synthase in cblG patients, Human Molecular Genetics, vol.5, issue.12, pp.1859-65, 1996.
DOI : 10.1093/hmg/5.12.1859

M. Doolin, S. Barbaux, M. Mcdonnell, K. Hoess, A. Whitehead et al., Maternal Genetic Effects, Exerted by Genes Involved in Homocysteine Remethylation, Influence the Risk of Spina Bifida, The American Journal of Human Genetics, vol.71, issue.5, pp.1222-1228, 2002.
DOI : 10.1086/344209

P. Bosco, R. Gueant-rodriguez, G. Anello, C. Barone, F. Namour et al., Methionine synthase (MTR) 2756 (A?????????G) polymorphism, double heterozygosity methionine synthase 2756 AG/methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) 66 AG, and elevated homocysteinemia are three risk factors for having a child with Down syndrome, American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, vol.62, issue.3, pp.219-243, 2003.
DOI : 10.1086/301825

Y. Zhang, M. Zhang, T. Niu, X. Xu, G. Zhu et al., D919G polymorphism of methionine synthase gene is associated with blood pressure response to benazepril in Chinese hypertensive patients A common polymorphism in methionine synthase reductase increases risk of premature coronary artery disease, J Hum Genet J Cardiovasc Risk, vol.497, issue.92, pp.296-301197, 2000.

D. Gaughan, L. Kluijtmans, S. Barbaux, D. Mcmaster, I. Young et al., The methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) A66G polymorphism is a novel genetic determinant of plasma homocysteine concentrations, Atherosclerosis, vol.157, issue.2, pp.451-457, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0021-9150(00)00739-5

J. Geisel, I. Zimbelmann, H. Schorr, J. Knapp, M. Bodis et al., Genetic Defects as Important Factors for Moderate Hyperhomocysteinemia, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, vol.11, issue.8, pp.698-704, 2001.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM199707243370403

A. Wilson, R. Platt, Q. Wu, D. Leclerc, B. Christensen et al., A Common Variant in Methionine Synthase Reductase Combined with Low Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) Increases Risk for Spina Bifida, Molecular Genetics and Metabolism, vol.67, issue.4, pp.317-340, 1999.
DOI : 10.1006/mgme.1999.2879

P. Jacques, A. Bostom, J. Selhub, S. Rich, R. Ellison et al., Effects of polymorphisms of methionine synthase and methionine synthase reductase on total plasma homocysteine in the NHLBI Family Heart Study, Atherosclerosis, vol.166, issue.1, pp.49-55, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0021-9150(02)00204-6

E. Brilakis, P. Berger, K. Ballman, and R. Rozen, Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677C>T and methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) 66A>G polymorphisms: association with serum homocysteine and angiographic coronary artery disease in the era of flour products fortified with folic acid, Atherosclerosis, vol.168, issue.2, pp.315-337, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0021-9150(03)00098-4

N. Hakami, P. Neiman, G. Canellos, and J. Lazerson, Neonatal Megaloblastic Anemia Due to Inherited Transcobalamin II Deficiency in Two Siblings, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.285, issue.21, pp.1163-70, 1971.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM197111182852103

F. Namour, J. Olivier, I. Abdelmouttaleb, C. Adjalla, R. Debard et al., Transcobalamin codon 259 polymorphism in HT-29 and Caco-2 cells and in Caucasians: relation to transcobalamin and homocysteine concentration in blood, Blood, vol.97, issue.4, pp.1092-1100, 2001.
DOI : 10.1182/blood.V97.4.1092

J. Miller, M. Ramos, M. Garrod, M. Flynn, and R. Green, Transcobalamin II 775G>C polymorphism and indices of vitamin B12 status in healthy older adults, Blood, vol.100, issue.2, pp.718-738, 2002.
DOI : 10.1182/blood-2002-01-0209

H. Zetterberg, Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and transcobalamin genetic polymorphisms in human spontaneous abortion: biological and clinical implications, Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, vol.2, issue.1, p.7, 2004.
DOI : 10.1186/1477-7827-2-7

L. Peyrin-biroulet, R. Rodriguez-gueant, M. Chamaillard, P. Desreumaux, B. Xia et al., Vascular and Cellular Stress in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Revisiting the Role of Homocysteine, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.19, issue.2, pp.1108-1123, 2007.
DOI : 10.1182/blood.V97.4.1092

K. Robert, J. Nehme, E. Bourdon, G. Pivert, B. Friguet et al., Cystathionine ?? Synthase Deficiency Promotes Oxidative Stress, Fibrosis, and Steatosis in Mice Liver, Gastroenterology, vol.128, issue.5, pp.1405-1420, 2005.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.02.034

S. Danese, A. Sgambato, A. Papa, F. Scaldaferri, R. Pola et al., Homocysteine Triggers Mucosal Microvascular Activation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.112, issue.2, pp.886-95, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)05050-8

M. De-groote, T. Testerman, Y. Xu, G. Stauffer, and F. Fang, Homocysteine Antagonism of Nitric Oxide-Related Cytostasis in Salmonella typhimurium, Science, vol.272, issue.5260, pp.414-421, 1996.
DOI : 10.1126/science.272.5260.414

J. Mato and S. Lu, Homocysteine, the bad thiol, Hepatology, vol.1455, issue.5, pp.976-985, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S0925-4439(99)00049-6

J. Drzewoski, A. Gasiorowska, E. Malecka-panas, E. Bald, and L. Czupryniak, Plasma total homocysteine in the active stage of ulcerative colitis, Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol.8, issue.4, pp.739-782, 2006.
DOI : 10.3748/wjg.v8.i3.575

L. Peyrin-biroulet, H. Barraud, D. Ancel, F. Petit-laurent, M. Bigard et al., M??tabolisme des folates et canc??rogen??se colorectale, Gastroent??rologie Clinique et Biologique, vol.28, issue.6-7, pp.582-92, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0399-8320(04)95015-4

L. Peyrin-biroulet, H. Barraud, F. Darfeuil, M. Lefebvre, M. Bigard et al., Anomalies ??pig??n??tiques et carcinogen??se h??patique, Gastroent??rologie Clinique et Biologique, vol.30, issue.12, pp.1354-1363, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/S0399-8320(06)73554-0

J. Loscalzo, The oxidant stress of hyperhomocyst(e)inemia., Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.98, issue.1, pp.5-7, 1996.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI118776

S. Mckenzie, M. Baker, G. Buffinton, and W. Doe, Evidence of oxidant-induced injury to epithelial cells during inflammatory bowel disease., Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.98, issue.1, pp.136-177, 1996.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI118757

S. Middleton, M. Shorthouse, and J. Hunter, Increased nitric oxide synthesis in ulcerative colitis, The Lancet, vol.341, issue.8843, pp.465-471, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0140-6736(93)90211-X

A. Tuzun, A. Erdil, V. Inal, A. Aydin, S. Bagci et al., Oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, Clinical Biochemistry, vol.35, issue.7, pp.569-72, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0009-9120(02)00361-2

P. Outinen, S. Sood, S. Pfeifer, S. Pamidi, T. Podor et al., Homocysteine-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and growth arrest leads to specific changes in gene expression in human vascular endothelial cells, Blood, vol.94, pp.959-67, 1999.

G. Upchurch, J. Welch, G. Fabian, A. Freedman, J. Johnson et al., Homocyst(e)ine Decreases Bioavailable Nitric Oxide by a Mechanism Involving Glutathione Peroxidase, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.110, issue.27, pp.17012-17019, 1997.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI118771

I. Koutroubakis, N. Malliaraki, P. Dimoulios, K. Karmiris, E. Castanas et al., Decreased Total and Corrected Antioxidant Capacity in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Digestive Diseases and Sciences, vol.49, issue.9, pp.1433-1440, 2004.
DOI : 10.1023/B:DDAS.0000042242.22898.d9

H. Oz, T. Chen, C. Mcclain, and W. De-villiers, Antioxidants as novel therapy in a murine model of colitis, The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, vol.16, issue.5, pp.297-304, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2004.09.007

T. Collins and M. Cybulsky, NF-??B: pivotal mediator or innocent bystander in atherogenesis?, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.107, issue.3, pp.255-64, 2001.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI10373

K. Au-yeung, C. Woo, F. Sung, J. Yip, Y. Siow et al., Hyperhomocysteinemia Activates Nuclear Factor-??B in Endothelial Cells via Oxidative Stress, Circulation Research, vol.94, issue.1, pp.28-36, 2004.
DOI : 10.1161/01.RES.0000108264.67601.2C

R. Poddar, N. Sivasubramanian, P. Dibello, K. Robinson, and D. Jacobsen, Homocysteine Induces Expression and Secretion of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 and Interleukin-8 in Human Aortic Endothelial Cells : Implications for Vascular Disease, Circulation, vol.103, issue.22, pp.2717-2740, 2001.
DOI : 10.1161/01.CIR.103.22.2717

D. Xu, R. Neville, and T. Finkel, Homocysteine accelerates endothelial cell senescence, FEBS Letters, vol.43, issue.1, pp.20-24, 2000.
DOI : 10.1159/000213885

S. Jones, R. Banks, A. Haidar, A. Gearing, I. Hemingway et al., Adhesion molecules in inflammatory bowel disease., Gut, vol.36, issue.5, pp.724-754, 1995.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.36.5.724

F. Ratter, C. Gassner, V. Shatrov, and V. Lehmann, Modulation of tumor necrosis factor-??-mediated cytotoxicity by changes of the cellular methylation state: mechanism and in vivo relevance, International Immunology, vol.11, issue.4, pp.519-546, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81377-X

K. Holven, P. Aukrust, K. Retterstol, T. Hagve, L. Morkrid et al., Increased levels of C???reactive protein and interleukin???6 in hyperhomocysteinemic subjects, Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, vol.2, issue.1, pp.45-54, 2006.
DOI : 10.1097/00001721-200011020-00007

M. Schroder and R. Kaufman, THE MAMMALIAN UNFOLDED PROTEIN RESPONSE, Annual Review of Biochemistry, vol.74, issue.1, pp.739-89, 2005.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.biochem.73.011303.074134

C. Zhang, Y. Cai, M. Adachi, S. Oshiro, T. Aso et al., Homocysteine Induces Programmed Cell Death in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells through Activation of the Unfolded Protein Response, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.193, issue.38, pp.35867-74, 2001.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1983.tb00121.x

S. Danese, M. Sans, C. De-la-motte, C. Graziani, G. West et al., Angiogenesis as a Novel Component of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Pathogenesis, Gastroenterology, vol.130, issue.7, pp.2060-73, 2006.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.03.054

C. Roybal, S. Yang, C. Sun, D. Hurtado, V. Jagt et al., Homocysteine Increases the Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor by a Mechanism Involving Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Transcription Factor ATF4, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.16, issue.15, pp.14844-52, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-2836(02)00234-6

C. Ji and N. Kaplowitz, Betaine decreases hyperhomocysteinemia, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and liver injury in alcohol-fed mice, Gastroenterology, vol.124, issue.5, pp.1488-99, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0016-5085(03)00276-2

P. Laird, Early detection: The power and the promise of DNA methylation markers, Nature Reviews Cancer, vol.3, issue.4, pp.253-66, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/nrc1045

S. Goelz, B. Vogelstein, S. Hamilton, and A. Feinberg, Hypomethylation of DNA from benign and malignant human colon neoplasms, Science, vol.228, issue.4696, pp.187-90, 1985.
DOI : 10.1126/science.2579435

L. Gloria, M. Cravo, A. Pinto, L. De-sousa, P. Chaves et al., DNA hypomethylation and proliferative activity are increased in the rectal mucosa of patients with long-standing ulcerative colitis, Cancer, vol.35, issue.11, pp.2300-2306, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02253497

S. Fujii, K. Tominaga, K. Kitajima, J. Takeda, T. Kusaka et al., Methylation of the oestrogen receptor gene in non-neoplastic epithelium as a marker of colorectal neoplasia risk in longstanding and extensive ulcerative colitis, Gut, vol.54, issue.9, pp.1287-92, 2005.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.2004.062059

L. Peyrin-biroulet and J. Gueant, Does hyperhomocysteinaemia contribute to gastric carcinogenesis in Helicobacter pylori infected patients?, Gut, vol.561, issue.1480, 1480.

F. Fang, Antimicrobial reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: concepts and controversies, Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol.115, issue.Suppl. 1, pp.820-852, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00803-1

L. Keller and M. Surette, Communication in bacteria: an ecological and evolutionary perspective, Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol.184, issue.4, pp.249-58, 2006.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.169.5.2636

A. Papa, D. Stefano, V. Danese, S. Chiusolo, P. Persichilli et al., Hyperhomocysteinemia and prevalence of polymorphisms of homocysteine metabolism-related enzymes in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.3, issue.9, pp.2677-82, 2001.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.03193.x

I. Morgenstern, M. Raijmakers, W. Peters, H. Hoensch, and W. Kirch, Homocysteine, cysteine, and glutathione in human colonic mucosa: elevated levels of homocysteine in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, Digestive Diseases and Sciences, vol.48, issue.10, pp.2083-90, 2003.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1026338812708

M. Cattaneo, M. Vecchi, M. Zighetti, S. Saibeni, I. Martinelli et al., High prevalence of hyperchomocysteinemia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a pathogenic link with thromboembolic complications?, Thromb Haemost, vol.80, pp.542-547, 1998.

A. Mahmood, J. Needham, J. Prosser, J. Mainwaring, T. Trebble et al., Prevalence of hyperhomocysteinaemia, activated protein C resistance and prothrombin gene mutation in inflammatory bowel disease, European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, vol.17, issue.7, pp.739-783, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/00042737-200507000-00008

F. Maire, L. Beaugerie, M. Cohen, A. Deschamps, J. Cosnes et al., [Factors associated with hyperhomocysteinemia in Crohn's disease], Gastroenterol Clin Biol, vol.25, pp.745-753, 2001.

J. Romagnuolo, R. Fedorak, V. Dias, F. Bamforth, and M. Teltscher, Hyperhomocysteinemia and inflammatory bowel disease: prevalence and predictors in a cross-sectional study, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.327, issue.7, pp.2143-2152, 2001.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.93.26.15227

I. Koutroubakis, E. Dilaveraki, I. Vlachonikolis, E. Vardas, G. Vrentzos et al., Hyperhomocysteinemia in greek patients with inflammatory bowel disease, Gastroenterology, vol.118, issue.4, pp.2347-51, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0016-5085(00)83345-4

B. Oldenburg, R. Fijnheer, R. Van-der-griend, G. Vanberge-henegouwen, and J. Koningsberger, Homocysteine in inflammatory bowel disease: a risk factor for thromboembolic complications?, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.17, issue.10, pp.2825-2855, 2000.
DOI : 10.1038/ng0595-111

Y. Chowers, B. Sela, R. Holland, H. Fidder, F. Simoni et al., Increased levels of homocysteine in patients with Crohn's disease are related to folate levels, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.61, issue.12, pp.3498-502, 2000.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1018675624181

D. Lambert, S. Benhayoun, C. Adjalla, M. Gelot, P. Renkes et al., Crohn's disease and vitamin B12 metabolism, Digestive Diseases and Sciences, vol.29, issue.2, pp.1417-1439, 1996.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.qjmed.a067265

L. Bjerregaard, N. Nederby, L. Fredholm, I. Brandslund, P. Munkholm et al., Hyperhomocysteinaemia, coagulation pathway activation and thrombophilia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, Scand J Gastroenterol, vol.37, pp.62-69, 2002.

N. Mahmud, A. Molloy, J. Mcpartlin, R. Corbally, A. Whitehead et al., Increased prevalence of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T variant in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, and its clinical implications, Gut, vol.45, issue.3, pp.389-94, 1999.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.45.3.389

S. Saibeni, M. Cattaneo, M. Vecchi, M. Zighetti, A. Lecchi et al., Low vitamin B6 plasma levels, a risk factor for thrombosis, in inflammatory bowel disease: role of inflammation and correlation with acute phase reactants, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.131, issue.1, pp.112-119, 2003.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.279.5.359

C. Guedon, L. Cam-duchez, V. Lalaude, O. Menard, J. Lerebours et al., Prothrombotic inherited abnormalities other than factor v leiden mutation do not play a role in venous thrombosis in inflammatory bowel disease, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.24, issue.5, pp.1448-54, 2001.
DOI : 10.1006/jsre.1996.0301

M. Vecchi, E. Sacchi, S. Saibeni, G. Meucci, L. Tagliabue et al., Inflammatory bowel disease are not associated with the major hereditary conditions predisposing to thrombosis, Gastroenterology, vol.114, pp.1465-1474, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0016-5085(98)84505-8

M. Chen, B. Xia, R. Rodriguez-gueant, M. Bigard, and J. Gueant, Genotypes 677TT and 677CT+1298AC of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase are associated with the severity of ulcerative colitis in central China, Gut, vol.54, issue.5, pp.733-737, 2005.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.2004.062539

F. Magro, M. Dinis-ribeiro, F. Araujo, P. Pereira, M. Fraga et al., High prevalence of combined thrombophilic abnormalities in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, vol.15, issue.11, pp.1157-63, 2003.
DOI : 10.1097/00042737-200311000-00002

C. Halsted, G. Gandhi, and T. Tamura, Sulfasalazine Inhibits the Absorption of Folates in Ulcerative Colitis, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.305, issue.25, pp.1513-1520, 1981.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM198112173052506

A. Van-ede, R. Laan, H. Blom, G. Boers, C. Haagsma et al., Homocysteine and folate status in methotrexate???treated patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Rheumatology, vol.41, issue.6, pp.658-65, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0889-857X(05)70358-6

K. Herrlinger, J. Cummings, M. Barnardo, M. Schwab, T. Ahmad et al., The pharmacogenetics of methotrexate in inflammatory bowel disease, Pharmacogenetics and Genomics, vol.15, issue.10, pp.705-716, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/01.fpc.0000172242.19675.33

A. Undas, J. Brozek, and A. Szczeklik, Homocysteine and thrombosis: from basic science to clinical evidence, Thrombosis and Haemostasis, vol.94, pp.907-922, 2005.
DOI : 10.1160/TH05-05-0313

S. Warren and S. Sommers, Pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis, Am J Pathol, vol.25, pp.657-79, 1949.

F. Edwards and S. Truelove, The Course and Prognosis of Ulcerative Colitis, Iii. Complications. Gut, vol.5, pp.1-22, 1964.

A. Papa, A. Santoliquido, S. Danese, M. Covino, D. Campli et al., Increased carotid intima-media thickness in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, vol.22, issue.9, pp.839-885, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02657.x

O. Grip, P. Svensson, and S. Lindgren, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Promotes Venous Thrombosis Earlier in Life, Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.82, issue.170, pp.619-642, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/0049-3848(96)00060-6

M. Cattaneo, M. Tsai, P. Bucciarelli, E. Taioli, M. Zighetti et al., A Common Mutation in the Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Gene (C677T) Increases the Risk for Deep-Vein Thrombosis in Patients With Mutant Factor V (Factor V:Q506), Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol.17, issue.9, pp.1662-1668, 1997.
DOI : 10.1161/01.ATV.17.9.1662

S. Danese, A. Papa, S. Saibeni, A. Repici, A. Malesci et al., Inflammation and Coagulation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: The Clot Thickens., The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.130, issue.12, 2006.
DOI : 10.1053/gast.2000.18159

S. Vasilopoulos, K. Saiean, J. Emmons, W. Berger, M. Abu-hajir et al., Terminal Ileum Resection Is Associated With Higher Plasma Homocysteine Levels in Crohn's Disease, Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, vol.33, issue.2, pp.132-138, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00004836-200108000-00008

M. Arenas, G. Simpson, C. Lewis, M. Shobowale-bakre-el, E. Escuredo et al., Genetic Variation in the MTHFR Gene Influences Thiopurine Methyltransferase Activity, Clinical Chemistry, vol.51, issue.12, pp.2371-2375, 2005.
DOI : 10.1373/clinchem.2005.053157

E. Nishio and Y. Watanabe, Homocysteine as a modulator of platelet-derived growth factor action in vascular smooth muscle cells: a possible role for hydrogen peroxide, British Journal of Pharmacology, vol.70, issue.2, pp.269-74, 1997.
DOI : 10.1042/bj3140021

X. Wang, N. Duarte, H. Cai, T. Adachi, A. Sim et al., Relationship between total plasma homocysteine, polymorphisms of homocysteine metabolism related enzymes, risk factors and coronary artery disease in the Australian hospital-based population, Atherosclerosis, vol.146, issue.1, pp.133-173, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0021-9150(99)00111-2

S. Moat, J. Bonham, R. Cragg, and H. Powers, Elevated plasma homocysteine elicits an increase in antioxidant enzyme activity, Free Radical Research, vol.73, issue.2, pp.171-180, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/0049-3848(80)90175-9

Y. Dincer, Y. Erzin, S. Himmetoglu, K. Gunes, K. Bal et al., Oxidative DNA Damage and Antioxidant Activity in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Digestive Diseases and Sciences, vol.82, issue.5, pp.1636-1677, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-5085(91)90729-5

J. Satsangi, M. Silverberg, S. Vermeire, and J. Colombel, The Montreal classification of inflammatory bowel disease: controversies, consensus, and implications, Gut, vol.55, issue.6, pp.749-53, 2006.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.2005.082909

L. Peyrin-biroulet, Is ileocaecal Crohn's disease L1 or L3 according to the Montreal classification?, Gut, vol.57, issue.3, p.427, 2008.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.2007.140939

L. Peyrin-biroulet, R. Gueant-rodriguez, M. Chen, J. Bronowicki, M. Bigard et al., Association of MTRR 66A>G Polymorphism With Superoxide Dismutase and Disease Activity in Patients With Crohn's Disease, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.107, issue.2, pp.399-406, 2008.
DOI : 10.1084/jem.194.9.1207

M. Chen, L. Peyrin-biroulet, X. Bing, R. Guéant-rogriguez, J. Bronowicki et al., Methionine synthase A2756G polymorphism may predict ulcerative colitis and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T pancolitis, in Central China, BMC Medical Genetics, vol.102, issue.Suppl
DOI : 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00943.x

E. Rogers, S. Chen, and A. Chan, Folate Deficiency and Plasma Homocysteine during Increased Oxidative Stress, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.357, issue.4, pp.421-423, 2007.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMc066569

L. Oostenbrug, H. Van-dullemen, G. Te-meerman, P. Jansen, and J. Kleibeuker, Clinical outcome of Crohn??s disease according to the Vienna classification: disease location is a useful predictor of disease course, European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, vol.18, issue.3, pp.255-61, 2006.
DOI : 10.1097/00042737-200603000-00005

H. Gabriel, J. Crott, H. Ghandour, G. Dallal, S. Choi et al., Chronic cigarette smoking is associated with diminished folate status, altered folate form distribution, and increased genetic damage in the buccal mucosa of healthy adults, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol.5, issue.4, pp.835-876, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/jn/130.2.129

C. Bernstein, M. Sargent, H. Vos, and F. Rosendaal, Mutations in Clotting Factors and Inflammatory Bowel Disease, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.55, issue.2, pp.338-381, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/S0002-9270(98)00051-3

C. Krieglstein, W. Cerwinka, F. Laroux, J. Salter, J. Russell et al., Regulation of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Reactive Metabolites of Oxygen and Nitrogen, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.87, issue.9, pp.1207-1225, 2001.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2000.01090.x

R. Gueant-rodriguez, J. Gueant, R. Debard, S. Thirion, L. Hong et al., Prevalence of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677T and 1298C alleles and folate status: a comparative study in Mexican, West African, and European populations, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol.26, issue.suppl, pp.701-708, 2006.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.261469998

C. Fernandez-miranda, M. Prieto, M. , C. Herce, B. et al., Hyperhomocysteinemia and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677C???T and 1298A???C mutations in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, Revista Espa??ola de Enfermedades Digestivas, vol.97, issue.7, pp.497-504, 2005.
DOI : 10.4321/S1130-01082005000700005

N. Madamanchi and M. Runge, Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Atherosclerosis, Circulation Research, vol.100, issue.4, pp.460-73, 2007.
DOI : 10.1161/01.RES.0000258450.44413.96

R. Gueant-rodriguez, Y. Juilliere, M. Candito, C. Adjalla, P. Gibelin et al., Association of MTRRA66G polymorphism (but not of MTHFR C677T and A1298C, MTRA2756G, TCN C776G) with homocysteine and coronary artery disease in the French population, Thromb Haemost, vol.94, pp.510-515, 2005.

R. Leong, A. Armuzzi, T. Ahmad, M. Wong, P. Tse et al., NOD2/CARD15 gene polymorphisms and Crohn's disease in the Chinese population, Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, vol.117, issue.12, pp.1465-70, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0016-5085(99)70390-2

Q. Guo, B. Xia, Y. Jiang, Y. Qu, and J. Li, NOD2 3020insC frameshift mutation is not associated with inflammatory bowel disease in Chinese patients of Han nationality, World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.10, issue.7, pp.1069-71, 2004.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.42.4.477

S. Kalra, R. Ahuja, D. Binion, S. Seetharam, and B. Seetharam, Upregulation of transcobalamin (TC) and its receptor in colonic inflammation: Effect of homocysteine

R. Ullegaddi, H. Powers, and S. Gariballa, B-group vitamin supplementation mitigates oxidative damage after acute ischaemic stroke, Clinical Science, vol.107, issue.5, pp.477-84, 2004.
DOI : 10.1042/CS20040134

K. Bonaa, I. Njolstad, P. Ueland, H. Schirmer, A. Tverdal et al., Homocysteine Lowering and Cardiovascular Events after Acute Myocardial Infarction, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.354, issue.15, pp.1578-88, 2006.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa055227

J. Phelip, V. Ducros, J. Faucheron, B. Flourie, and X. Roblin, Association of hyperhomocysteinemia and folate deficiency with colon tumors in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, vol.297, issue.2, pp.242-250, 2008.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.297.21.2351

X. Roblin, J. Phelip, M. Genevois, V. Ducros, and B. Bonaz, Hyperhomocysteinaemia is associated with osteoporosis in patients with Crohn???s disease, Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vol.4, issue.7, pp.797-804, 2007.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.40.2.228