*. Abu-abed, S. Dollé, P. Metzger, and D. , The retinoic acid-metabolizing enzyme, CYP26A1, is essential for normal hindbrain patterning, vertebral identity, and development of posterior structures, Genes & Development, vol.15, issue.2, pp.226-266, 2001.
DOI : 10.1101/gad.855001

*. Bastien, J. , R. , and C. , Nuclear retinoid receptors and the transcription of retinoid-target genes, Gene, vol.328, pp.1-16, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gene.2003.12.005

*. Benbrook, D. Lernhardt, E. Pfahl, and M. , A new retinoic acid receptor identified from a hepatocellular carcinoma, Nature, vol.333, issue.6174, pp.669-72, 1988.
DOI : 10.1038/333669a0

*. Bérard, J. Laboune, F. Mukuna, and M. , Lung tumors in mice expressing an antisense RARbeta2 transgene., The FASEB Journal, vol.10, issue.9
DOI : 10.1096/fasebj.10.9.8801172

*. Berg, J. Aase, S. Soland, and T. , The value of cytology in the diagnostics of lung cancer, APMIS, vol.161, issue.3, pp.208-220, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-60049-4

*. Bilello, K. Murin, S. Matthay, and R. , Epidemiology, etiology, and prevention of lung cancer, Clinics in Chest Medicine, vol.23, issue.1, pp.1-25, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0272-5231(03)00057-1

*. Blaner, W. Olson, and J. , Retinol and Retinoic Acide Metabolism, The Retinoids: Biology, Chemistry and Medecine, pp.229-255, 1994.

*. Boissan, M. Poupon, M. Lacombe, and M. , NM23 et les gen??s Suppresseurs de m??tastases, m??decine/sciences, vol.23, issue.12, 2007.
DOI : 10.1051/medsci/200723121115

URL : http://www.medecinesciences.org/articles/medsci/pdf/2007/13/medsci20072312p1115.pdf

*. Boisvieux-ulrich, E. , L. Pechon-vallée, C. Million, and K. , Differential effects of several retinoid receptor-selective ligands on squamous differentiation and apoptosis in airway epithelial cells, Cell and Tissue Research, vol.300, issue.1, pp.67-81, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/s004410050048

*. Borel, P. Drai, J. Faure, and H. , Recent knowledge about intestinal absorption and cleavage of carotenoids, Ann Biol Clin (Paris), vol.63, pp.165-77, 2005.

*. Bowman, R. , C. B. Duhig, and E. , Re: Effects of N-(4-Hydroxy-phenyl)retinamide on hTERT Expression in the Bronchial Epithelium of Cigarette Smokers, CancerSpectrum Knowledge Environment, vol.94, issue.12, pp.949-50, 2002.
DOI : 10.1093/jnci/94.12.949-a

*. Brabender, J. Danenberg, K. Metzger, and R. , The role of retinoid X receptor messenger RNA expression in curatively resected non-small cell lung cancer, Clin Cancer Res, vol.8, pp.438-481, 2002.

*. Brabender, J. Metzger, R. Salonga, and D. , Comprehensive expression analysis of retinoic acid receptors and retinoid X receptors in non-small cell lung cancer: implications for tumor development and prognosis, Carcinogenesis, vol.26, issue.3
DOI : 10.1093/carcin/bgi006

*. Brand, N. Petkovich, A. Krust, and A. , Identification of a second human retinoic acid receptor, Nature, vol.16, issue.6167, pp.850-53, 1988.
DOI : 10.1038/327625a0

*. Brambilla, E. Travis, W. Colby, and T. , The new World Health Organization classification of lung tumours, European Respiratory Journal, vol.18, issue.6
DOI : 10.1183/09031936.01.00275301

*. Brooks, D. Ausin, J. Heelan, and R. , Influence of Type of Cigarette on Peripheral versus Central Lung Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, vol.14, issue.3
DOI : 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-04-0468

*. Bustin and S. , Absolute quantification of mRNA using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays, Journal of Molecular Endocrinology, vol.25, issue.2, pp.169-93, 2000.
DOI : 10.1677/jme.0.0250169

*. Ceci, J. Kingsley, D. Silan, C. Copeland, N. Jenkins et al., A molecular genetic backcross linkage map of the proximal half of mouse chromosome 14, Genomics, vol.6, pp.373-378, 1990.

*. Cerosimo and B. , Lung cancer: a review, Am J Health Syst Pharm, vol.59, issue.7, pp.611-653, 2002.

*. Chambon and P. , A decade of molecular biology of retinoic acid receptors., The FASEB Journal, vol.10, issue.9, pp.940-54, 1996.
DOI : 10.1096/fasebj.10.9.8801176

*. Chang, Y. Chung, J. Shin, and D. , Retinoic Acid Receptor-?? Expression in Stage I Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Adjacent Normal Appearing Bronchial Epithelium, Yonsei Medical Journal, vol.45, issue.3, pp.435-477, 2004.
DOI : 10.3349/ymj.2004.45.3.435

*. Chen, L. Sommer, K. Swisshelm, and K. , Downstream codons in the retinoic acid receptor beta -2 and beta, p.4

*. Cooper, D. Eldridge, A. Peters, and J. , Dietary Carotenoids and Certain Cancers, Heart Disease, and Age-related Macular Degeneration: A Review of Recent Research, Nutrition Reviews, vol.62, issue.suppl, pp.201-215, 1999.
DOI : 10.1161/01.CIR.94.7.1795

*. Côté, S. Sinnett, D. Momparler, and R. , Demethylation by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine of specific 5-methylcytosine sites in the promoter region of the retinoic acid receptor beta gene in human colon carcinoma cells, Anticancer Drugs, vol.9, pp.743-50, 1998.

*. Dasgupta, P. Kinkade, R. Joshi, and B. , Nicotine inhibits apoptosis induced by chemotherapeutic drugs by up-regulating XIAP and survivin, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.21, issue.55, pp.6332-6339, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.onc.1205944

*. Dawson and M. , The Importance of Vitamin A in Nutrition, Current Pharmaceutical Design, vol.6, issue.3, pp.311-336, 2000.
DOI : 10.2174/1381612003401190

*. Doll and R. , Mortality from lung cancer in asbestos workers, Br J Ind Med, vol.12, issue.2, pp.81-87, 1955.

*. Doll, R. Hill, and A. , Smoking and Carcinoma of the Lung, BMJ, vol.2, issue.4682, pp.739-787, 1950.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.2.4682.739

*. Duester and G. , Families of retinoid dehydrogenases regulating vitamin A function, European Journal of Biochemistry, vol.21, issue.14, pp.4315-4339, 2000.
DOI : 10.1038/7788

*. Dupé, V. Ghyselinck, N. Wendling, and O. , Key roles of retinoic acid receptors alpha and beta in the patterning of the caudal hindbrain, pharyngeal arches and otocyst in the mouse, Development, vol.126, pp.5051-5060, 1999.

*. Farias, E. Arapshian, A. Bleiweiss, and I. , Retinoic acid receptor alpha2 is a growth suppressor epigenetically silenced in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, Cell Growth Differ, vol.13, pp.335-376, 2002.

*. Fleischhauer, K. Park, J. Di-santo, and J. , Isolation of a full-length cDNA clone encoding a N-terminally variant form of the human retinoid X receptor ??, Nucleic Acids Research, vol.20, issue.7, p.1801, 1992.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/20.7.1801

*. Fong, K. Minna, and J. , Molecular biology of lung cancer: Clinical implications, Clinics in Chest Medicine, vol.23, issue.1, pp.83-101, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0272-5231(03)00062-5

*. Formelli, F. Barua, A. Olson, and J. , Bioactivities of N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide and retinoyl beta-glucuronide., The FASEB Journal, vol.10, issue.9, pp.1014-1038, 1996.
DOI : 10.1096/fasebj.10.9.8801162

*. Friedrich, U. Lenke, and J. , Improved Enumeration of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Mesophilic Dairy Starter Cultures by Using Multiplex Quantitative Real-Time PCR and Flow Cytometry-Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.72, issue.6, pp.4163-71, 2006.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.02283-05

*. Furukawa, K. Kato, H. Konaka, and C. , Locally Recurrent Central-Type Early Stage Lung Cancer < 1.0 cm in Diameter After Complete Remission by Photodynamic Therapy, Chest, vol.128, issue.5, pp.3269-75, 2005.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.128.5.3269

*. Ghyselinck, N. Bavik, C. Sapin, and V. , Cellular retinol-binding protein I is essential for vitamin A homeostasis, The EMBO Journal, vol.18, issue.18, pp.4903-4917, 1999.
DOI : 10.1093/emboj/18.18.4903

*. Gottesman, M. Quadro, L. Blaner, and W. , Studies of vitamin A metabolism in mouse model systems, BioEssays, vol.70, issue.5, pp.409-428, 2001.
DOI : 10.1006/exer.1999.0780

*. Gouveia, J. Mathe, G. Hercend, and T. , DEGREE OF BRONCHIAL METAPLASIA IN HEAVY SMOKERS AND ITS REGRESSION AFTER TREATMENT WITH A RETINOID, The Lancet, vol.319, issue.8274, pp.710-712, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(82)92623-X

*. Gouyer, V. Conti, M. Devos, and P. , Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 is an independent predictor of prognosis in patients with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma who undergo resection with curative intent, Cancer, vol.64, issue.8, pp.1676-84, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19980105)75:1<81::AID-IJC13>3.0.CO;2-G

*. Gronemeyer, H. Gustafsson, J. Laudet, and V. , Principles for modulation of the nuclear receptor superfamily, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, vol.97, issue.11, pp.950-64, 2004.
DOI : 10.1242/jcs.00247

*. Giguère, V. Ong, S. Segui, and P. , Identification of a receptor for the morphogen retinoic acid, Nature, vol.330, issue.6149, pp.624-653, 1987.
DOI : 10.1038/330624a0

*. Hamada, K. Gleason, S. Levi, and B. , H-2RIIBP, a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily that binds to both the regulatory element of major histocompatibility class I genes and the estrogen response element., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.86, issue.21, pp.8289-8293, 1989.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.86.21.8289

*. Hastürk, S. Kemp, B. Kalapurakal, and S. , Expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 in bronchial epithelium and nonsmall cell lung carcinoma, Cancer, vol.41, issue.Suppl, pp.1023-1054, 2002.
DOI : 10.1080/15287399409531825

*. Haugen, B. Larson, L. Pugazhenthi, and U. , Retinoic Acid and Retinoid X Receptors Are Differentially Expressed in Thyroid Cancer and Thyroid Carcinoma Cell Lines and Predict Response to Treatment with Retinoids, acid receptor beta isoforms 2 and 4, pp.272-80623, 2003.
DOI : 10.1210/jc.2003-030770

*. Hayashi, K. Yokozaki, H. Goodison, and S. , Inactivation of retinoic acid receptor beta by promoter CpG hypermethylation in gastric cancer, Differentiation, vol.68, issue.1, pp.13-21, 2001.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1432-0436.2001.068001013.x

*. Hecht and S. , Cigarette smoking and lung cancer: chemical mechanisms and approaches to prevention, The Lancet Oncology, vol.3, issue.8, pp.461-470, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1470-2045(02)00815-X

*. Hennekens, C. Buring, J. Manson, and J. , Lack of Effect of Long-Term Supplementation with Beta Carotene on the Incidence of Malignant Neoplasms and Cardiovascular Disease, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.334, issue.18, pp.1145-1154, 1996.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM199605023341801

*. Heron, J. Higuchi, R. Dollinger, G. Walsh, and P. , Cancérologie générale. Pr Heron JF de l'université de Caen, 2005.

*. Higuchi, R. Fockler, C. Dollinger, and G. , Kinetic PCR Analysis: Real-time Monitoring of DNA Amplification Reactions, Nature Biotechnology, vol.85, issue.9, pp.1026-1056, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/1050-3862(92)90051-6

*. Hind, M. Maden, and M. , Retinoic acid induces alveolar regeneration in the adult mouse lung, European Respiratory Journal, vol.23, issue.1, pp.20-27, 2004.
DOI : 10.1183/09031936.03.00119103

*. Hirao, T. Nelson, H. Ashok, and T. , Tobacco smoke-induced DNA damage and an early age of smoking initiation induce chromosome loss at 3p21 in lung cancer, Cancer Res, vol.61, issue.2, pp.612-617, 2001.

*. Hofmann, C. Eichele, G. Sporn, M. Roberts, A. Goodman et al., Retinoids in development, The Retinoids: Biology, pp.387-441, 1994.

*. Hoopes, C. Taketo, M. Ozato, and K. , Mapping of the mouse Rxr loci encoding nuclear retinoid X receptors RXR??, RXR??, and RXR??, Genomics, vol.14, issue.3, pp.611-628, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/S0888-7543(05)80159-4

*. Hong, W. Lippman, S. Itri, and L. , Prevention of Second Primary Tumors with Isotretinoin in Squamous-Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.323, issue.12, pp.795-796, 1990.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM199009203231205

*. Houle, B. Leduc, F. Bradley, and W. , Implication ofRARB in Epidermoid (Squamous) Lung Cancer, Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer, vol.84, issue.5, pp.358-66, 1991.
DOI : 10.1038/bjc.1955.42

*. Houle, B. Pelletier, M. Wu, and J. , Fetal isoform of human retinoic acid receptor beta expressed in small cell lung cancer lines, Cancer Res, vol.54, pp.365-374, 1994.

*. Huang, J. Powell, W. Khodavirdi, and A. , Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in mice with conditional disruption of the retinoid X receptor alpha allele in the prostate epithelium, Cancer Res, vol.62, pp.4812-4821, 2002.

*. Invs, Mortalité par cancer du poumon en France métropolitaine Analyse de tendance et projection de, 1975.

*. Ishikawa, T. Umesono, K. Mangelsdorf, D. Aburatani, H. Stanger et al., A Functional Retinoic Acid Receptor Encoded by the Gene on Human Chromosome 12, Molecular Endocrinology, vol.4, issue.6, pp.837-844, 1990.
DOI : 10.1210/mend-4-6-837

*. Kastner, P. Mark, M. Ghyselinck, and N. , Genetic evidence that the retinoid signal is transduced by heterodimeric RXR/RAR functional units during mouse development, Development, vol.124, pp.313-339, 1997.

*. Khuri, F. Lotan, R. Kemp, and B. , Retinoic Acid Receptor-Beta as a Prognostic Indicator in Stage I Non???Small-Cell Lung Cancer, Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol.18, issue.15, pp.2798-804, 2000.
DOI : 10.1200/JCO.2000.18.15.2798

*. Kim, S. Adachi, H. Koo, and J. , Induction of the Cytochrome P450 Gene CYP26 during Mucous Cell Differentiation of Normal Human Tracheobronchial Epithelial Cells, Molecular Pharmacology, vol.58, issue.3, pp.483-90, 2000.
DOI : 10.1124/mol.58.3.483

*. Klaassen, I. Brakenhoff, R. Smeets, and S. , Expression of retinoic acid receptor gamma correlates with retinoic acid sensitivity and metabolism in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines, International Journal of Cancer, vol.14, issue.5, pp.661-666, 2001.
DOI : 10.1210/mend.14.9.0518

*. Klein, N. Vignaud, J. Sadmi, and M. , Squamous metaplasia expression of proto-oncogenes and P 53 in lung cancer patients, Lab Invest, vol.68, pp.26-32, 1993.

*. Kok, K. Naylor, S. Buys, and C. , Deletions of the Short Arm of Chromosome 3 in Solid Tumors and the Search for Suppressor Genes, Adv Cancer Res, vol.71, pp.27-92, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0065-230X(08)60096-2

*. Kreuzer, M. Gerken, M. Kreienbrock, and L. , Lung cancer in lifetime nonsmoking men ??? results of a case-control study in Germany, British Journal of Cancer, vol.84, issue.1, pp.134-140, 2001.
DOI : 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1518

*. Krust, A. Kastner, P. Petkovich, and M. , A third human retinoic acid receptor, hRAR-gamma., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.86, issue.14, pp.5310-5314, 1989.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.86.14.5310

*. Lampron, C. Rochette-egly, C. Gorry, and P. , Mice deficient in cellular retinoic acid binding protein II (CRABPII) or in both CRABPI and CRABPII are essentially normal, Development, vol.121, pp.539-587, 1995.

*. Lanutrition, . Fr, and A. Vitamine, lanutrition.fr/Vitamine-A-(R%E9tinol)-a-165-45.html * Le Calvez F, Mukeria A, Hunt JD, et al. TP53 and KRAS mutation load and types in lung cancer in relation to tobacco smoke: disitnct pattern in never, former and current smokers, Cancer Res, vol.65, issue.12, pp.5076-83, 2005.

*. Lee, J. Lippman, S. Benner, and S. , Randomized placebo-controlled trial of isotretinoin in chemoprevention of bronchial squamous metaplasia., Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol.12, issue.5, pp.937-982, 1994.
DOI : 10.1200/JCO.1994.12.5.937

*. Leid, M. Kastner, P. Chambon, and P. , Multiplicity generates diversity in the retinoic acid signalling pathways, Trends in Biochemical Sciences, vol.17, issue.10
DOI : 10.1016/0968-0004(92)90014-Z

*. Leid, M. Kastner, P. Lyons, R. Nakshari, H. Saunders et al., Purification, cloning, and RXR identity of the HeLa cell factor with which RAR or TR heterodimerizes to bind target sequences efficiently, Cell, vol.68, issue.2, pp.377-395, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90478-U

*. Li, M. Indra, A. Warot, and X. , Skin abnormalities generated by temporally controlled RXRalpha mutations in mouse epidermis, Nature, vol.407, pp.633-639, 2000.

*. Lidén, M. Tryggvason, K. Eriksson, and U. , Structure and function of retinol dehydrogenases of the short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family, Molecular Aspects of Medicine, vol.24, issue.6, pp.403-412, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0098-2997(03)00036-0

*. Linke, T. Dawson, H. Harrison, and E. , Isolation and Characterization of a Microsomal Acid Retinyl Ester Hydrolase, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.1439, issue.24
DOI : 10.1016/S1050-1738(00)00033-5

*. Lotan, R. Xu, X. Lippman, and S. , Suppression of Retinoic Acid Receptor????? in Premalignant Oral Lesions and Its Up-Regulation by Isotretinoin, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.332, issue.21, pp.1405-1415, 1995.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM199505253322103

*. Lotan, Y. Xu, X. Shalev, and M. , Differential Expression of Nuclear Retinoid Receptors in Normal and Malignant Prostates, Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol.18, issue.1, pp.116-137, 2000.
DOI : 10.1200/JCO.2000.18.1.116

*. Macdonald, I. Groom, A. Chambers, and A. , Cancer spread and micrometastasis development: Quantitative approaches for in vivo models, BioEssays, vol.217, issue.10, pp.885-93, 2002.
DOI : 10.1126/science.6953592

*. Maden and M. , The role of retinoic acid in embryonic and post-embryonic development, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, vol.26, issue.01, pp.65-73, 2000.
DOI : 10.1002/jez.1402300320

*. Mangelsdorf, D. Ong, E. Dyck, J. Evans, and R. , Nuclear receptor that identifies a novel retinoic acid response pathway, Nature, vol.345, issue.6272, pp.224-229, 1990.
DOI : 10.1038/345224a0

*. Mangelsdorf, D. Umesono, K. Kliewer, S. Borgmeyer, U. Ong et al., A direct repeat in the cellular retinol-binding protein type II gene confers differential regulation by RXR and RAR, Cell, vol.66, issue.3, pp.555-561, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90018-0

*. Mangelsdorf, D. Borgmeyer, U. Heyman, R. Zhou, J. Ong et al., Characterization of three RXR genes that mediate the action of 9-cis retinoic acid., Genes & Development, vol.6, issue.3, pp.329-344, 1992.
DOI : 10.1101/gad.6.3.329

*. Mangelsdorf, D. Evans, and R. , The RXR heterodimers and orphan receptors, Cell, vol.83, issue.6, pp.841-850, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90200-7

*. Mangelsdorf, D. Thummel, C. Beato, M. Herrlich, P. Schutz et al., The nuclear receptor superfamily: The second decade, Cell, vol.83, issue.6, pp.835-839, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90199-X

*. Martinet, N. , A. F. Farré, and G. , Retinoic acid receptor and retinoid X receptor alterations in lung cancer precursor lesions, Cancer Res, vol.60, pp.2869-75, 2000.

*. Matakidou, A. Eisen, T. Fleischmann, and C. , Evaluation of xeroderma pigmentosum XPA and DDB2 genes in familial early-onset lung cancer predisposition, Int J Cancer, 2006.

*. Mattei, M. G. De-thé, H. Mattei, J. F. Marchio, A. Tiollais et al., Assignment of the humanhap retinoic acid receptor RAR?? gene to the p24 band of chromosome 3, Human Genetics, vol.330, issue.2, pp.189-190, 1988.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00702867

*. Mattei, M. Petkovich, M. Mattei, J. Chambon, and P. , Mapping of the human retinoic acid receptor to the q21 band of chromosome 17, Human Genetics, vol.84, issue.2, pp.186-189, 1988.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00702866

*. Mattei, M. Riviere, M. Krust, A. Ingvarsson, S. Vennström et al., Chromosomal assignment of retinoic acid receptor (RAR) genes in the human, mouse, and rat genomes, Genomics, vol.10, issue.4, pp.1061-1069, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0888-7543(91)90199-O

*. Mcloud and T. , Imaging techniques for diagnosis and staging of lung cancer, Clinics in Chest Medicine, vol.23, issue.1, pp.123-159, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0272-5231(03)00064-9

*. Mendelsohn, C. Lohnes, D. Décimo, and D. , Function of the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) during development (II) Multiple abnormalities at various stages of organogenesis in RAR double mutants, Development, vol.120, pp.2749-71, 1994.

*. Merrill, R. Lyon, and J. , Cancer incidence among Mormons and non-Mormons in Utah

*. Milleron and B. , Cancer bronchique. Paris : Laboratoire Sandoz, p.258, 1995.

*. Minna and J. , Nicotine exposure and bronchial epithelial cell nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression in the pathogenesis of lung cancer, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.111, issue.1, pp.31-34, 2003.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI200317492

*. Misset, J. Mathé, G. Santelli, and G. , Regression of bronchial epidermoid metaplasia in heavy smokers with etretinate treatment, Cancer Detect Prev, vol.9, pp.167-70, 1986.

*. Moise, A. , V. Lintig, J. Palczewski, and K. , Related enzymes solve evolutionarily recurrent problems in the metabolism of carotenoids, Trends in Plant Science, vol.10, issue.4, pp.178-86, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tplants.2005.02.006

*. Mollard, R. Ghyselinck, N. Wendling, and O. , Stage-dependent responses of the developing lung to retinoic acid signaling, Int J Dev Biol, vol.44, pp.457-62, 2000.

*. Mollard, R. Viville, S. Ward, and S. , Tissue-specific expression of retinoic acid receptor isoform transcripts in the mouse embryo, Mechanisms of Development, vol.94, issue.1-2, pp.223-255, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0925-4773(00)00303-8

*. Mountain and C. , Staging classification of lung cancer: A Critical Evaluation, Clinics in Chest Medicine, vol.23, issue.1, pp.103-124, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0272-5231(03)00063-7

*. Nagpal, S. Zelent, A. Chambon, and P. , RAR-beta 4, a retinoic acid receptor isoform is generated from RAR

*. Nakamura, A. Saji, H. Ogata, and A. , Correlation between encoded protein overexpression and copy number of theHER2 gene with survival in non-small cell lung cancer, International Journal of Cancer, vol.50, issue.1, pp.61-67, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-5002(01)00183-0

*. Netter and F. , Respiratory system, The Ciba Collection of Medical Illustrations, vol.7

*. Nguyen, D. Massague, and J. , Genetic determinants of cancer metastasis, Nature Reviews Genetics, vol.439, issue.5, pp.341-52, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65628-3

*. Niederreither, K. Subbarayan, V. Dollé, and P. , Embryonic retinoic acid synthesis is essential for early mouse post-implantation development, Nature Genetics, vol.21, issue.4, pp.444-452, 1999.
DOI : 10.1038/7788

*. Nolan, T. Hands, R. Bustin, and S. , Quantification of mRNA using real-time RT-PCR, Nature Protocols, vol.113, issue.3, pp.1559-82, 2006.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI200420945

*. Omenn, G. Goodman, G. Thornquist, and M. , Risk Factors for Lung Cancer and for Intervention Effects in CARET, the Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial, JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol.88, issue.21, pp.1550-1559, 1996.
DOI : 10.1093/jnci/88.21.1550

*. Osada, H. Takahashi, and T. , Genetic alterations of multiple tumor suppressors and oncogenes in the carcinogenesis and progression of lung cancer, Oncogene, vol.21, issue.48, pp.7421-7455, 2002.
DOI : 10.1101/gad.12.15.2424

*. Pandolfi and P. , Oncogenes and tumor suppressors in the molecular pathogenesis of acute promyelocytic leukemia, Human Molecular Genetics, vol.10, issue.7, pp.769-75, 2001.
DOI : 10.1093/hmg/10.7.769

*. Panigrahy, D. Singer, S. Shen, and L. , PPAR?? ligands inhibit primary tumor growth and metastasis by inhibiting angiogenesis, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.110, issue.7, pp.923-955, 2002.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI0215634

*. Pauk, N. Kubik, A. Zatloukal, P. Krepela, and E. , Lung cancer in women, Lung Cancer, vol.48, issue.1, pp.1-9, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.lungcan.2004.10.009

*. Peng, X. Maruo, T. Cao, and Y. , A Novel RAR?? Isoform Directed by a Distinct Promoter P3 and Mediated by Retinoic Acid in Breast Cancer Cells, Cancer Research, vol.64, issue.24, pp.8911-8919, 2004.
DOI : 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-1810

*. Penning and T. , AKR1B10: A New Diagnostic Marker of Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma in Smokers, Clinical Cancer Research, vol.11, issue.5, pp.1687-90, 2005.
DOI : 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-0071

*. Peters, U. Leitzmann, M. Chatterjee, and N. , Serum Lycopene, Other Carotenoids, and Prostate Cancer Risk: a Nested Case-Control Study in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial, Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, vol.16, issue.5, pp.962-970, 2007.
DOI : 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0861

*. Petkovich, M. Brand, N. J. Krust, and A. , A human retinoic acid receptor which belongs to the family of nuclear receptors, Nature, vol.330, issue.6147, pp.444-50, 1987.
DOI : 10.1038/330444a0

*. Peto, R. Lopez, A. Boreham, and J. , Mortality from tobacco in developed countries: indirect estimation from national vital statistics, The Lancet, vol.339, issue.8804, pp.1268-78, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0140-6736(92)91600-D

*. Petty, W. Li, N. Biddle, and A. , A Novel Retinoic Acid Receptor ?? Isoform and Retinoid Resistance in Lung Carcinogenesis, JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol.97, issue.22, pp.1645-51, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-5002(01)00397-X

*. Pfaffl and M. , A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR, Nucleic Acids Research, vol.29, issue.9, p.45, 2001.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/29.9.e45

*. Pfaffl, M. Horgan, G. Dempfle, and L. , Relative expression software tool (REST(C)) for group-wise comparison and statistical analysis of relative expression results in real-time PCR, Nucleic Acids Research, vol.30, issue.9, p.36, 2002.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/30.9.e36

*. Pfaffl, M. Tichopad, A. Prgomet, and C. , Determination of stable housekeeping genes, differentially regulated target genes and sample integrity: BestKeeper ??? Excel-based tool using pair-wise correlations, Biotechnology Letters, vol.26, issue.6, pp.509-524, 2004.
DOI : 10.1023/B:BILE.0000019559.84305.47

*. Picard and E. , Caractérisation de l'expression des récepteurs des acides rétinoïques dans les carcinomes bronchiques non à petites cellules, Th. de Doctorat Nancy I, p.57, 1999.

*. Picard, E. Seguin, C. Monhoven, and N. , Expression of Retinoid Receptor Genes and Proteins in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer, JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol.14, issue.1, pp.1059-66, 1999.
DOI : 10.1038/ng0996-33

*. Poitras, E. Houde, and A. , La PCR en temps réel : principes et application, Reviews in Biology and Biotechnology By the Moroccan Society of Biology in Canada, vol.2, issue.2, pp.2-11, 2002.

*. Ponnamperuma, R. Shimizu, Y. Kirchlof, and S. , ??-Carotene Fails to Act as a Tumor Promoter, Induces RAR Expression, and Prevents Carcinoma Formation in a Two-Stage Model of Skin Carcinogenesis in Male Sencar Mice, Nutrition and Cancer, vol.37, issue.1, pp.82-90, 2000.
DOI : 10.1207/S15327914NC3701_11

*. Poulain, S. Evenou, F. Carre, and M. , Vitamin A/retinoids signalling in the human lung, Lung Cancer, vol.66, issue.1, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.lungcan.2009.03.008

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00437898

*. Pnns, Programme National Nutrition Santé, 2001.

*. Qiu, H. Zhang, W. El-naggar, and A. , Loss of Retinoic Acid Receptor-?? Expression Is an Early Event during Esophageal Carcinogenesis, The American Journal of Pathology, vol.155, issue.5, pp.1519-1542, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65467-3

*. Rasmussen, R. Meuer, S. Wittwer, C. Nakagawara, and K. , Quantification on the LightCycler, Rapid Cycle Real-Time PCR, Methods and Applications, pp.21-34, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-59524-0_3

*. Reddel, R. Ke, Y. Gerwin, and B. , Transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells by infection with SV40 or adenovirus-12 SV40 hybrid virus, or transfection via strontium phosphate coprecipitation with a plasmid containing SV40 early region genes, Cancer Res, vol.48, pp.1904-1913, 1988.

*. Rinker-schaeffer, C. , O. Keefe, J. Welch, D. Theodorescu et al., Metastasis Suppressor Proteins: Discovery, Molecular Mechanisms, and Clinical Application, Clinical Cancer Research, vol.12, issue.13, pp.3882-3891, 2006.
DOI : 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-1014

*. Rioux and N. , Etudes précliniques de prévention de la carcinogénèse pulmonaire par les anti-inflammatoires non-stéroïdiens et les inhibiteurs de lipooxygénases, Th. Pharmacie Nancy I, p.242, 2000.

*. Rossan, L. Rossan-lumbroso, J. Roth, A. Abele, R. et al., Dossier cancer du poumon 13-cis-retinoic acid plus interferon-alpha: a phase II clinical study in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung and the head and neck, Oncology, vol.51, pp.84-90, 1994.

*. Ruano-ravina, A. Figueiras, A. Barreiro-carracedo, M. Barros-dios, and J. , Occupation and smoking as risk factors for lung cancer: A population-based case-control study, American Journal of Industrial Medicine, vol.15, issue.2, pp.149-55, 2003.
DOI : 10.1002/ajim.4700150509

*. Saffiotti, U. Montesano, R. Sellakumar, and A. , Experimental cancer of the lung.Inhibition by vitamin A of the induction of tracheobronchial squamous metaplasia and squamous cell tumors, Cancer, vol.15, issue.5, pp.857-64, 1967.
DOI : 10.1080/00022470.1965.10468328

*. Saurin, J. Nemoz-gaillard, E. Ratineau, and C. , Le neuropeptide bomb??sine module la prolif??ration et l'invasion tumorale., m??decine/sciences, vol.16, issue.8-9, pp.8-9929, 2000.
DOI : 10.4267/10608/1760

*. Schneider, R. Schmitt, F. Frochot, and C. , Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of folic acid targeted tetraphenylporphyrin as novel photosensitizers for selective photodynamic therapy, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, vol.13, issue.8, pp.2799-808, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.02.025

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00200165

*. Schwartz, R. Bataller, R. Brenner, and D. , Familial Lung Cancer, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.173, issue.1, pp.16-22, 2006.
DOI : 10.1034/j.1399-3003.2000.15e13.x

*. Seldin and M. , Mouse Chromosome 1, Mammalian Genome, vol.48, issue.S1, pp.1-19, 1992.
DOI : 10.1093/infdis/133.1.72

*. Sommer, K. Chen, L. Treuting, and P. , Elevated retinoic acid receptor ??4 protein in human breast tumor cells with nuclear and cytoplasmic localization, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.127, issue.4, pp.8651-8657, 1999.
DOI : 10.1083/jcb.127.4.1111

*. Sporn, M. Dunlop, N. Newton, and D. , Prevention of chemical carcinogenesis by vitamin A and its synthetic analogs (retinoids), Fed Proc, vol.35, pp.1332-1340, 1976.

*. Stabile, L. Davis, A. Gubish, and C. , Human non-small cell lung tumors and cells derived from normal lung express both oestrogen receptor alpha and beta and show biological responses to estrogen, Cancer Res, vol.62, issue.7, pp.2141-50, 2002.

*. Sun, S. Yue, P. Malo, and L. , Identification of receptor-selective retinoids that are potent inhibitors of the growth of human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells, Clin Cancer Res, vol.6, pp.1563-73, 2000.

*. Swift, M. Wallden, B. Wayner, and E. , Truncated RAR beta isoform enhances proliferation and retinoid resistance, Journal of Cellular Physiology, vol.3, issue.3, pp.718-743, 2006.
DOI : 10.1128/MCB.16.3.1138

*. Tanoue and L. , CIGARETTE SMOKING AND WOMEN'S RESPIRATORY HEALTH, Clinics in Chest Medicine, vol.21, issue.1, pp.47-65, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0272-5231(05)70007-1

*. Tarrade, A. Rochette-egly, C. Guibourdenche, and J. , The Expression of Nuclear Retinoid Receptors in Human Implantation, Placenta, vol.21, issue.7, pp.703-713, 2000.
DOI : 10.1053/plac.2000.0568

*. De-thé, H. Vivanco-ruiz, M. Tiollais, and P. , Identification of a retinoic acid responsive element in the retinoic acid receptor & beta;gene, Nature, vol.343, issue.6254, pp.177-80, 1990.
DOI : 10.1038/343177a0

*. Toma, S. Raffo, P. Isnardi, and L. , Retinoids in lung cancer chemoprevention and treatment, Annals of Oncology, vol.10, issue.suppl 5, pp.95-97, 1999.
DOI : 10.1093/annonc/10.suppl_5.S95

*. Travis and W. , Pathology of lung cancer, Clinics in Chest Medicine, vol.23, issue.1, pp.65-81, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0272-5231(03)00061-3

*. Vandesompele, J. , D. Preter, K. Pattyn, and F. , Accurate normalization of real-time quantitative RT-PCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes, Genome Biol Jun, vol.183, issue.7, p.34, 2002.

*. Van-zandwijk, N. Dalesio, O. Pastorino, and U. , EUROSCAN, a Randomized Trial of Vitamin A and N-Acetylcysteine in Patients With Head and Neck Cancer or Lung Cancer, Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol.92, issue.12, pp.977-86, 2000.
DOI : 10.1093/jnci/92.12.977

*. Vignaud, J. , M. B. Picard, and E. , Clinical and biological basis of lung cancer prevention

*. Virmani, A. Rathi, A. Zöchbauer-müller, and S. , Promoter Methylation and Silencing of the Retinoic Acid Receptor-?? Gene in Lung Carcinomas, JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol.92, issue.10, pp.1303-1310, 2000.
DOI : 10.1093/jnci/92.10.780

*. Vlastos, F. Lacomme, S. Wild, and P. , Do evolving managing practices improve survival in operated lung cancer patients? The " Nancy Centre of Biological Resources " lung cancer cohort survey, J Thorac Oncol, 2009.

*. Wang, D. Marko, M. Dahl, and A. , Topical delivery of 13-cis-retinoic acid by inhalation up-regulates expression of rodent lung but not liver retinoic acid receptors, Clin Cancer Res, vol.6, pp.3636-3681, 2000.

*. Warrel, R. Jr, S. Frankel, W. Miller, and . Jr, Differentiation Therapy of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia with Tretinoin (All-trans-Retinoic Acid), New England Journal of Medicine, vol.324, issue.20, pp.1385-93, 1991.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM199105163242002

*. Wei, S. Episkopou, V. Piantedosi, and R. , Studies on the Metabolism of Retinol and Retinol-binding Protein in Transthyretin-deficient Mice Produced by Homologous Recombination, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.750, issue.2, pp.866-70, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0005-2760(83)90022-X

*. Wendling, O. Chambon, P. Mark, and M. , Retinoid X receptors are essential for early mouse development and placentogenesis, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.83, issue.6, pp.547-51, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90202-3

*. Wheater, P. Burkitt, G. Daniels, and V. , Histologie fonctionelle, 2 nd Edition, 1987.

*. Williams, M. Sandler, and A. , The Epidemiology of Lung Cancer, Cancer Treat Res, vol.105, pp.31-52, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4615-1589-0_2

*. Xu and X. , Tumor-suppressive activity of retinoic acid receptor-?? in cancer, Cancer Letters, vol.253, issue.1, pp.14-24, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.11.019

*. Xu, X. Ro, J. Lee, and J. , Differential expression of nuclear retinoid receptors in normal, premalignant, and malignant head and neck tissues, Cancer Res, vol.54, pp.3580-3587, 1994.

*. Xu, X. Sozzi, G. Lee, and J. , Suppression of Retinoic Acid Receptor ?? in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer In Vivo: Implications for Lung Cancer Development, JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol.12, issue.9, pp.624-633, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-291X(05)81241-0

*. Xu, X. Wong, W. Goldberg, and L. , Progressive decreases in nuclear retinoid receptors during skin squamous carcinogenesis, Cancer Res, vol.61, pp.4306-4316, 2001.

*. Yokota, J. Kohno, and T. , Molecular footprints of human lung cancer progression, Cancer Science, vol.461, issue.3, pp.197-204, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0921-8777(00)00059-8

*. Yoshino, I. Fukuyama, S. Kameyama, and T. , Detection of Loss of Heterozygosity by High-Resolution Fluorescent System in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer*, Chest, vol.123, issue.2
DOI : 10.1378/chest.123.2.545

*. Zelent, A. Krust, A. Petkovich, M. Kastner, P. Chambon et al., Cloning of murine ?? and ?? retinoic acid receptors and a novel receptor ?? predominantly expressed in skin, Nature, vol.339, issue.6227, pp.714-717, 1989.
DOI : 10.1038/339714a0

*. Zelent, A. Mendelsohn, C. Kastner, and P. , Differentially expressed isoforms of the mouse retinoic acid receptor beta generated by usage of two promoters and alternative splicing, EMBO J, vol.10, pp.71-81, 1991.

*. Zolfaghari, R. Ross, A. Peto, R. Lopez, A. Boreham et al., Cloning, gene organization and identification of an alternative splicing process in lecithin:retinol acyltransferase cDNA from human liver Mortality from tobacco in developed countries: indirect estimation from national vital statistics, Gene Lancet, vol.341339, pp.181-81268, 1992.

D. Cooper, A. Eldridge, and J. Peters, Dietary Carotenoids and Certain Cancers, Heart Disease, and Age-related Macular Degeneration: A Review of Recent Research, Nutrition Reviews, vol.62, issue.suppl, pp.201-215, 1999.
DOI : 10.1161/01.CIR.94.7.1795

U. Saffiotti, R. Montesano, A. Sellakumar, and S. Borg, Experimental cancer of the lung.Inhibition by vitamin A of the induction of tracheobronchial squamous metaplasia and squamous cell tumors, Cancer, vol.15, issue.5, pp.857-64, 1967.
DOI : 10.1080/00022470.1965.10468328

J. Misset, G. Mathé, G. Santelli, J. Gouveia, J. Homasson et al., Regression of bronchial epidermoid metaplasia in heavy smokers with etretinate treatment, Cancer Detect Prev, vol.9, pp.167-70, 1986.

S. Hecht, Cigarette smoking and lung cancer: chemical mechanisms and approaches to prevention, The Lancet Oncology, vol.3, issue.8, pp.461-470, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1470-2045(02)00815-X

W. Hong, S. Lippman, L. Itri, D. Karp, J. Lee et al., Prevention of Second Primary Tumors with Isotretinoin in Squamous-Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.323, issue.12, pp.795-801, 1990.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM199009203231205

S. Toma, P. Raffo, L. Isnardi, and R. Palumbo, Retinoids in lung cancer chemoprevention and treatment, Annals of Oncology, vol.10, issue.suppl 5, pp.95-102, 1999.
DOI : 10.1093/annonc/10.suppl_5.S95

J. Gouveia, G. Mathé, T. Hercend, F. Gros, G. Lemaigre et al., DEGREE OF BRONCHIAL METAPLASIA IN HEAVY SMOKERS AND ITS REGRESSION AFTER TREATMENT WITH A RETINOID, The Lancet, vol.319, issue.8274, pp.710-712, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(82)92623-X

J. Lee, S. Lippman, S. Benner, J. Lee, J. Ro et al., Randomized placebo-controlled trial of isotretinoin in chemoprevention of bronchial squamous metaplasia., Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol.12, issue.5, pp.937-982, 1994.
DOI : 10.1200/JCO.1994.12.5.937

G. Omenn, G. Goodman, M. Thornquist, J. Balmes, M. Cullen et al., Risk Factors for Lung Cancer and for Intervention Effects in CARET, the Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial, JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol.88, issue.21, pp.1550-1559, 1996.
DOI : 10.1093/jnci/88.21.1550

C. Hennekens, J. Buring, J. Manson, M. Stampfer, B. Rosner et al., Lack of Effect of Long-Term Supplementation with Beta Carotene on the Incidence of Malignant Neoplasms and Cardiovascular Disease, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.334, issue.18, pp.1145-1154, 1996.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM199605023341801

N. Van-zandwijk, O. Dalesio, U. Pastorino, N. De-vries, and H. Van-tinteren, EUROSCAN, a randomized trial of vitamin A and N-acetylcysteine in patients with head and Please cite this article in press as: Poulain S, et al. Vitamin A/retinoids signalling in the human lung, ARTICLE IN PRESS G Model LUNG-3305; No. of Pages 7, 2009.

M. Sporn, N. Dunlop, D. Newton, and J. Smith, Prevention of chemical carcinogenesis by vitamin A and its synthetic analogs (retinoids), Fed Proc, vol.35, pp.1332-1340, 1976.

W. Jr, R. Frankel, S. , M. Jr, and W. , Differentiation therapy of acute promyelocytic leukemia with tretinoin (all-trans-retinoic acid), N Engl J Med, vol.324, pp.1385-93, 1991.

A. Roth, R. Abele, and A. P. , 13-<i>cis</i>-Retinoic Acid Plus Interferon-??: A Phase II Clinical Study in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung and the Head and Neck, Oncology, vol.51, issue.1, pp.84-90, 1994.
DOI : 10.1159/000227316

P. Chambon, A decade of molecular biology of retinoic acid receptors., The FASEB Journal, vol.10, issue.9, pp.940-54, 1996.
DOI : 10.1096/fasebj.10.9.8801176

H. Gronemeyer, J. Gustafsson, and V. Laudet, Principles for modulation of the nuclear receptor superfamily, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, vol.97, issue.11, pp.950-64, 2004.
DOI : 10.1242/jcs.00247

S. Sun, P. Yue, L. Malo, M. Dawson, B. Shroot et al., Identification of receptor-selective retinoids that are potent inhibitors of the growth of human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells, Clin Cancer Res, vol.6, pp.1563-73, 2000.

E. Boisvieux-ulrich, L. Pechon-vallée, C. Million, K. Baeza-squiban, A. Houcine et al., Differential effects of several retinoid receptor-selective ligands on squamous differentiation and apoptosis in airway epithelial cells, Cell and Tissue Research, vol.300, issue.1, pp.67-81, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/s004410050048

S. Kim, H. Adachi, J. Koo, and A. Jetten, Induction of the Cytochrome P450 Gene CYP26 during Mucous Cell Differentiation of Normal Human Tracheobronchial Epithelial Cells, Molecular Pharmacology, vol.58, issue.3, pp.483-90, 2000.
DOI : 10.1124/mol.58.3.483

M. Dawson, The Importance of Vitamin A in Nutrition, Current Pharmaceutical Design, vol.6, issue.3, pp.311-336, 2000.
DOI : 10.2174/1381612003401190

U. Peters, M. Leitzmann, N. Chatterjee, Y. Wang, D. Albanes et al., Serum Lycopene, Other Carotenoids, and Prostate Cancer Risk: a Nested Case-Control Study in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial, Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, vol.16, issue.5, pp.962-970, 2007.
DOI : 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0861

R. Zolfaghari and A. Ross, Cloning, gene organization and identification of an alternative splicing process in lecithin:retinol acyltransferase cDNA from human liver, Gene, vol.341, pp.181-189, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gene.2004.06.043

T. Linke, H. Dawson, and E. Harrison, Isolation and Characterization of a Microsomal Acid Retinyl Ester Hydrolase, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.1439, issue.24, pp.23287-94, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S1050-1738(00)00033-5

F. Formelli, A. Barua, and J. Olson, Bioactivities of N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide and retinoyl beta-glucuronide., The FASEB Journal, vol.10, issue.9, pp.1014-1038, 1996.
DOI : 10.1096/fasebj.10.9.8801162

R. Bowman, C. B. Duhig, E. Larsen, J. Fong, and K. , Re: Effects of N-(4-Hydroxy-phenyl)retinamide on hTERT Expression in the Bronchial Epithelium of Cigarette Smokers, CancerSpectrum Knowledge Environment, vol.94, issue.12, pp.949-50, 2002.
DOI : 10.1093/jnci/94.12.949-a

S. Wei, V. Episkopou, R. Piantedosi, S. Maeda, K. Shimada et al., Studies on the Metabolism of Retinol and Retinol-binding Protein in Transthyretin-deficient Mice Produced by Homologous Recombination, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.750, issue.2, pp.866-70, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0005-2760(83)90022-X

N. Ghyselinck, C. Bavik, V. Sapin, M. Mark, D. Bonnier et al., Cellular retinol-binding protein I is essential for vitamin A homeostasis, The EMBO Journal, vol.18, issue.18, pp.4903-4917, 1999.
DOI : 10.1093/emboj/18.18.4903

M. Lidén, K. Tryggvason, and U. Eriksson, Structure and function of retinol dehydrogenases of the short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family, Molecular Aspects of Medicine, vol.24, issue.6, pp.403-412, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0098-2997(03)00036-0

G. Duester, Families of retinoid dehydrogenases regulating vitamin A function, European Journal of Biochemistry, vol.21, issue.14, pp.4315-4339, 2000.
DOI : 10.1038/7788

A. Moise, V. Lintig, J. Palczewski, and K. , Related enzymes solve evolutionarily recurrent problems in the metabolism of carotenoids, Trends in Plant Science, vol.10, issue.4, pp.178-86, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tplants.2005.02.006

T. Penning, AKR1B10: A New Diagnostic Marker of Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma in Smokers, Clinical Cancer Research, vol.11, issue.5, pp.1687-90, 2005.
DOI : 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-0071

K. Niederreither, V. Subbarayan, P. Dollé, and P. Chambon, Embryonic retinoic acid synthesis is essential for early mouse post-implantation development, Nature Genetics, vol.21, issue.4, pp.444-452, 1999.
DOI : 10.1038/7788

C. Lampron, C. Rochette-egly, P. Gorry, P. Dollé, M. Mark et al., Mice deficient in cellular retinoic acid binding protein II (CRABPII) or in both CRABPI and CRABPII are essentially normal, Development, vol.121, pp.539-587, 1995.

S. Abu-abed, P. Dollé, D. Metzger, B. Beckett, P. Chambon et al., The retinoic acid-metabolizing enzyme, CYP26A1, is essential for normal hindbrain patterning, vertebral identity, and development of posterior structures, Genes & Development, vol.15, issue.2, pp.226-266, 2001.
DOI : 10.1101/gad.855001

M. Maden, The role of retinoic acid in embryonic and post-embryonic development, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, vol.26, issue.01, pp.65-73, 2000.
DOI : 10.1002/jez.1402300320

D. Mangelsdorf, C. Thummel, M. Beato, P. Herrlich, G. Schütz et al., The nuclear receptor superfamily: The second decade, Cell, vol.83, issue.6, pp.835-844, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90199-X

M. Swift, B. Wallden, E. Wayner, and K. Swisshelm, Truncated RAR beta isoform enhances proliferation and retinoid resistance, Journal of Cellular Physiology, vol.3, issue.3, pp.718-743, 2006.
DOI : 10.1128/MCB.16.3.1138

E. Picard, C. Seguin, N. Monhoven, C. Rochette-egly, J. Siat et al., Expression of Retinoid Receptor Genes and Proteins in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer, JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol.14, issue.1, pp.1059-66, 1999.
DOI : 10.1038/ng0996-33

J. Bastien, R. , and C. , Nuclear retinoid receptors and the transcription of retinoid-target genes, Gene, vol.328, pp.1-16, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gene.2003.12.005

F. Netter, Respiratory system, The CIBA Collection of Medical Illustrations, vol.7, pp.28-30, 1980.

R. Mollard, N. Ghyselinck, O. Wendling, P. Chambon, and M. Mark, Stage-dependent responses of the developing lung to retinoic acid signaling, Int J Dev Biol, vol.44, pp.457-62, 2000.

M. Hind and M. Maden, Retinoic acid induces alveolar regeneration in the adult mouse lung, European Respiratory Journal, vol.23, issue.1, pp.20-27, 2004.
DOI : 10.1183/09031936.03.00119103

M. Gottesman, L. Quadro, and W. Blaner, Studies of vitamin A metabolism in mouse model systems, BioEssays, vol.70, issue.5, pp.409-428, 2001.
DOI : 10.1006/exer.1999.0780

P. Borel, J. Drai, H. Faure, V. Fayol, C. Galabert et al., Recent knowledge about intestinal absorption and cleavage of carotenoids, Ann Biol Clin (Paris), vol.63, pp.165-77, 2005.

V. Dupé, N. Ghyselinck, O. Wendling, P. Chambon, and M. Mark, Key roles of retinoic acid receptors alpha and beta in the patterning of the caudal hindbrain, pharyngeal arches and otocyst in the mouse, Development, vol.126, pp.5051-5060, 1999.

A. Tarrade, C. Rochette-egly, and J. Guibourdenche, The Expression of Nuclear Retinoid Receptors in Human Implantation, Placenta, vol.21, issue.7, pp.703-713, 2000.
DOI : 10.1053/plac.2000.0568

C. Mendelsohn, D. Lohnes, D. Décimo, T. Lufkin, M. Lemeur et al., Function of the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) during development (II) Multiple abnormalities at various stages of organogenesis in RAR double mutants, Development, vol.120, pp.2749-71, 1994.

O. Wendling, P. Chambon, and M. Mark, Retinoid X receptors are essential for early mouse development and placentogenesis, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.83, issue.6, pp.547-51, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90202-3

P. Kastner, M. Mark, N. Ghyselinck, W. Krezel, V. Dupé et al., Genetic evidence that the retinoid signal is transduced by heterodimeric RXR/RAR functional units during mouse development, Development, vol.124, pp.313-339, 1997.

K. Kok, S. Naylor, and C. Buys, Deletions of the Short Arm of Chromosome 3 in Solid Tumors and the Search for Suppressor Genes, Adv Cancer Res, vol.71, pp.27-92, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0065-230X(08)60096-2

B. Houle, F. Leduc, and W. Bradley, Implication ofRARB in Epidermoid (Squamous) Lung Cancer, Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer, vol.84, issue.5, pp.358-66, 1991.
DOI : 10.1038/bjc.1955.42

J. Bérard, F. Laboune, M. Mukuna, S. Massé, R. Kothary et al., Lung tumors in mice expressing an antisense RARbeta2 transgene., The FASEB Journal, vol.10, issue.9, pp.1091-1098, 1996.
DOI : 10.1096/fasebj.10.9.8801172

X. Xu, G. Sozzi, J. Lee, J. Lee, U. Pastorino et al., Suppression of Retinoic Acid Receptor ?? in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer In Vivo: Implications for Lung Cancer Development, JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol.12, issue.9, pp.624-633, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-291X(05)81241-0

S. Côté, D. Sinnett, and R. Momparler, Demethylation by 5-aza-2 -deoxycytidine of specific 5-methylcytosine sites in the promoter region of the retinoic acid receptor beta gene in human colon carcinoma cells, Anticancer Drugs, vol.9, pp.743-50, 1998.

A. Virmani, A. Rathi, S. Zöchbauer-müller, N. Sacchi, Y. Fukuyama et al., Promoter Methylation and Silencing of the Retinoic Acid Receptor-?? Gene in Lung Carcinomas, JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol.92, issue.10, pp.1303-1310, 2000.
DOI : 10.1093/jnci/92.10.780

N. Klein, J. Vignaud, M. Sadmi, F. Plenat, J. Borelly et al., Squamous metaplasia expression of proto-oncogenes and P 53 in lung cancer patients, Lab Invest, vol.68, pp.26-32, 1993.

N. Martinet, A. F. Farré, G. Labib, T. Drouot, H. Vidili et al., Retinoic acid receptor and retinoid X receptor alterations in lung cancer precursor lesions, Cancer Res, vol.60, pp.2869-75, 2000.

R. Ponnamperuma, Y. Shimizu, S. Kirchlof, D. Luca, and L. , ??-Carotene Fails to Act as a Tumor Promoter, Induces RAR Expression, and Prevents Carcinoma Formation in a Two-Stage Model of Skin Carcinogenesis in Male Sencar Mice, Nutrition and Cancer, vol.37, issue.1, pp.82-90, 2000.
DOI : 10.1207/S15327914NC3701_11

R. Lotan, X. Xu, S. Lippman, J. Ro, J. Lee et al., Suppression of Retinoic Acid Receptor????? in Premalignant Oral Lesions and Its Up-Regulation by Isotretinoin, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.332, issue.21, pp.1405-1415, 1995.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM199505253322103

D. Wang, M. Marko, A. Dahl, K. Engelke, M. Placke et al., Topical delivery of 13-cis-retinoic acid by inhalation up-regulates expression of rodent lung but not liver retinoic acid receptors, Clin Cancer Res, vol.6, pp.3636-3681, 2000.

A. Alberg and J. Samet, Epidemiology of Lung Cancer*, Chest, vol.123, issue.1, pp.21-49, 2003.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.123.1_suppl.21S

J. Tyczynski, F. Bray, and D. Parkin, Lung cancer in Europe in 2000: epidemiology, prevention, and early detection, The Lancet Oncology, vol.4, issue.1, pp.45-55, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1470-2045(03)00960-4

P. Boyle and J. Ferlay, Cancer incidence and mortality in Europe, 2004, Annals of Oncology, vol.16, issue.3, pp.481-488, 2004.
DOI : 10.1093/annonc/mdg305

L. Ministère-de and . Santé, Ministère délégué a ` la Recherche et aux Nouvelles Technologies. Rapport de la Commission d'orientation sur le cancer. Paris: Direction générale de la Santé, 2003.

J. Gawrychowski, A. Gabriel, and B. Lackowskat, Heterogeneity of stage IIIA non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) and evaluation of late results of surgical treatment, European Journal of Surgical Oncology (EJSO), vol.29, issue.2, pp.178-184, 2003.
DOI : 10.1053/ejso.2002.1321

J. Jett and D. Midthun, Screening for Lung Cancer: Current Status and Future Directions, Chest, vol.125, issue.5, pp.158-162, 2004.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.125.5_suppl.158S

C. Mulligan, A. Meram, and C. Proctor, Lung Cancer Staging: A Case for a New T Definition, The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, vol.82, issue.1, pp.220-226, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.02.032

S. Takeda, S. Fukai, and H. Komatsu, Impact of Large Tumor Size on Survival After Resection of Pathologically Node Negative (pN0) Non???Small Cell Lung Cancer, The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, vol.79, issue.4, pp.1142-1146, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2004.09.062

C. Christian, S. Erica, and U. Morandi, The prognostic impact of tumor size in resected stage I non-small cell lung cancer: Evidence for a two thresholds tumor diameters classification, Lung Cancer, vol.54, issue.2, pp.185-191, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.lungcan.2006.08.003

T. Koike, R. Tsuchiya, T. Goya, Y. Sohara, and E. Miyaoka, Prognostic Factors in 3315 Completely Resected Cases of Clinical Stage I Non-small Cell Lung Cancer in Japan, Journal of Thoracic Oncology, vol.2, issue.5, pp.408-413, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/01.JTO.0000268674.02744.f9

S. Ramalingam, K. Pawlish, S. Gadgeel, R. Demers, and G. Kalemkerian, Lung cancer in young patients: analysis of a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database., Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol.16, issue.2, pp.651-657, 1998.
DOI : 10.1200/JCO.1998.16.2.651

L. Thomas, A. Doyle, and M. Edelman, Lung Cancer in Women, Chest, vol.128, issue.1, pp.370-381, 2005.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.128.1.370

C. Foucault, P. Berna, and F. Le-pimpec-barthes, Lung cancer in women: surgical aspects related to gender, Rev Mal Respir, vol.23, pp.234-253, 2006.

E. Radzikowska, K. Roszkowski, and P. G?az, Lung cancer in patients under 50 years old, Lung Cancer, vol.33, issue.2-3, pp.203-211, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-5002(01)00199-4

H. Minami, M. Yoshimura, and H. Matsuoka, Lung Cancer Treated Surgically in Patients <50 Years of Age, Chest, vol.120, issue.1, pp.32-36, 2001.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.120.1.32

P. Wingo, L. Ries, S. Parker, C. Heath, and . Jr, Long-term cancer patient survival in the United States, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, vol.7, pp.271-282, 1998.

M. Licker, I. Widikker, and J. Robert, Operative Mortality and Respiratory Complications After Lung Resection for Cancer: Impact of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Time Trends, The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, vol.81, issue.5, pp.1830-1837, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2005.11.048

S. Shiono, J. Yoshida, and M. Nishimura, Risk Factors of Postoperative Respiratory Infections in Lung Cancer Surgery, Journal of Thoracic Oncology, vol.2, issue.1, pp.34-38, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/JTO.0b013e31802bafb6

A. Neugut and J. Jacobson, Women and Lung Cancer, JAMA, vol.296, issue.2, pp.218-219, 2006.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.296.2.218

A. Jones, P. Morar, D. Phillips, J. Field, D. Husband et al., Second primary tumors in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, Cancer, vol.11, issue.6, pp.1343-1353, 1995.
DOI : 10.1001/archotol.1984.00800350004002

A. Neugut, D. Sherr, E. Robinson, T. Murray, and J. Nieves, Differences in histology between first and second primary lung cancer, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, vol.1, pp.109-112, 1992.

J. Page, 1 SESS: 1 OUTPUT: Tue Feb 3 07:49:52, jto085909z A?Kindly note that the short title has been shortened further per journal style. Kindly check whether it is OK as given, 2009.

. D?kindly-spell-out, E?Kindly check whether the page range for Ref

A. Tyagi and F. Kramer, Molecular Beacons: Probes that Fluoresce upon Hybridization, Nature Biotechnology, vol.13, issue.3, pp.303-309, 1996.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.93.18.9881

S. Marras, S. Tyagi, and F. Kramer, Real-time assays with molecular beacons and other fluorescent nucleic acid hybridization probes, Clinica Chimica Acta, vol.363, issue.1-2, pp.48-60, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cccn.2005.04.037

P. Santangelo, N. Nitin, and G. Bao, Nanostructured Probes for RNA Detection in Living Cells, Annals of Biomedical Engineering, vol.5, issue.1, pp.39-50, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s004180000214

A. Tyagi, S. Marras, and F. Kramer, Wavelength-shifting molecular beacons, Nature Biotechnology, vol.16, issue.11, pp.1191-1197, 2000.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/16.15.7351

C. Muller, P. Even, M. Viriot, and M. Carré, Protection and Labelling of Thymidine by a Fluorescent Photolabile Group, Helvetica Chimica Acta, vol.84, issue.12, pp.3735-3776, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/1522-2675(20011219)84:12<3735::AID-HLCA3735>3.0.CO;2-A

P. Even, F. Chauvet, D. Letourneur, M. Viriot, and M. Carré, Coumarin-like fluorescent molecular rotors for bioactive polymers probing, Biorheology, vol.40, pp.261-264, 2003.

B. Valeur, J. Poujet, J. Bourson, M. Kaschke, and N. Ernsting, Tuning of photoinduced energy transfer in a bichromophoric coumarin supermolecule by cation binding, The Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol.96, issue.16, pp.6545-6554, 1992.
DOI : 10.1021/j100195a008

M. Kaschke, N. Ernsting, B. Valeur, and J. Bourson, Subpicosecond time-resolved intramolecular electronic energy transfer in flexible bichromophoric coumarin molecules, The Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol.94, issue.15, pp.5757-61, 1990.
DOI : 10.1021/j100378a029

T. Berthelot, J. Talbot, G. La?¨nla?¨n, G. Dé-leris, and L. Latxague, -fmoc lysine as tools for protease cleavage detection by fluorescence, Journal of Peptide Science, vol.40, issue.3, pp.153-60, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S0040-4039(03)00108-4

F. Baros, M. Bouchy, F. Brooke, and J. Andre, Kinetics of partly diffusion-controlled reactions. Part 23.???The case of ionic reactions, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., vol.67, issue.12, pp.2145-53, 1990.
DOI : 10.1063/1.434664

O. Connor, D. Phillips, and D. , Time-correlated single photon counting, 1984.

D. Eaton, Recommended methods for fluorescence decay analysis, Pure and Applied Chemistry, vol.26, issue.8, pp.1631-1679, 1990.
DOI : 10.1351/pac199062081631

A. Song, X. Wang, and K. Lam, A convenient synthesis of coumarin-3-carboxylic acids via Knoevenagel condensation of Meldrum's acid with ortho-hydroxyaryl aldehydes or ketones, Tetrahedron Letters, vol.44, issue.9, pp.1755-1763, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0040-4039(03)00108-4

R. Kellogg and R. Bennett, Radiationless Intermolecular Energy Transfer. III. Determination of Phosphorescence Efficiencies, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.14, issue.10, pp.3042-3047, 1964.
DOI : 10.1039/tf9575300646

B. Valeur, Molecular fluorescence: principles and applications, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/9783527650002

J. Lakowicz, Principles of fluorescence spectroscopy, 1999.

G. Jiao, T. Kim, M. Topp, and K. Burgess, A Blue-to-Red Energy-Transfer Thymidine Analogue That Functions in DNA, Organic Letters, vol.6, issue.11, pp.1701-1705, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/ol049684w

W. Skene and S. Dufresne, Easy One-Pot Synthesis of Energy Transfer Cassettes, Organic Letters, vol.6, issue.17, pp.2949-52, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/ol048977m

C. Wang, S. Leffler, D. Thompson, and C. Hrycyna, A general fluorescence-based coupled assay for S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferases, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol.331, issue.1, pp.351-357, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.03.170