D. Le-dispositif, occultation avec les cellulesémettricescellulesémettrices 1 et 2 et les capteurs 1' et 2', représentés par des rectangles noirs et servantàservantà mesurer le temps d'ouverture, voir chapitre 3.2.1, p.45

E. Le-dispositif, les traits en pointillés représentant les rayons lumineux se concentrantàconcentrantà la surface de l'´ echantillon de biomasse, p.46

L. Kraft and .. Zone-entre-charbon-et-bord, a) et 4.6(b, p.63

L. Kraft-borregaard and .. , laissée plus que trois jours dans l'´ etuve, fines plaquettesà plaquettesà la place des pastilles, p.83

.. Agrandissement-de-la-figure-56, 13 sur les résultats de la modélisation pour BB en utilisant des constantes cinétiques calculéescalculéesà l'aide de lois prévisionnelles et les paramètres physico?chimiques selon tableau 5, p.140

.. Agrandissement-de-la-figure-54, 16 sur les résultats de la modélisation pour BB en utilisant des constantes cinétiques calculéescalculéesà l'aide de lois prévisionnelles et les paramètres physico?chimiques selon tableau 5, p.142

. S. Signaí-emis-par-le-thermocouple-lors-d-'une-mesure-du-fluxàfluxà-l-'aide-du-komef..-af89-]-s, J. L. Alves, and . Figueirido, Kinetics of cellulose pyrolysis modelled by three consecutive first-order reactions, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol.223, issue.17, pp.37-46, 1989.

J. Khalfi and . Léde, Experimental and theoretical study of wood fast pyrolysis, Proceedings of the 16th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, pp.1077-1084, 2008.

M. J. Jr, G. Et, and . Várhegyi, Review, cellulose pyrolysis kinetics : the current state of knowledge, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol.34, pp.703-717, 1995.

M. J. Jr, G. Varhegyi, and E. E. Jakab, Cellulose pyrolysis kinetics : Revisited, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol.37, pp.1267-1275, 1998.

R. Alen, E. Kuoppala, and E. P. Oesch, Formation of the main degradation compound groups from wood and its components during pyrolysis, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol.36, issue.2, pp.137-148, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0165-2370(96)00932-1

F. Ates, A. Pütün, and . Et-ersan-pütün, Pyrolysis of two different biomass samples in a fixed-bed reactor combined with two different catalysts, Fuel, vol.85, issue.12-13, pp.1851-1859, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fuel.2006.01.015

S. Baumlin, Craquage thermique des vapeurs de pyrolyse?gazéification de la biomasse en réacteur parfaitement auto?agité par jets gazeux, Thèse de Doctorat, 2006.

F. Bazer-bachi, Pyrolyse flash de la lignine

F. Bbbb-+-06-]-sébastien-baumlin, F. Broust, T. Bazer-bachi, O. Bourdeaux, . Herbinet et al., Production of hydrogen by lignins fast pyrolysis, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.31, issue.15, pp.2179-2192, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.02.016

F. Bbf-+-05-]-sébastien-baumlin, M. Broust, N. Ferrer, E. Meunier, J. Marty et al., The continuous self stirred tank reactor: measurement of the cracking kinetics of biomass pyrolysis vapours, Chemical Engineering Science, vol.60, issue.1, pp.41-55, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ces.2004.07.057

I. Ph, S. Bookis, P. Berzegianni, A. V. Grammelis, and . Bridgwater, CFB air-blown flash pyrolysis. Part II : Operation and experimental results, Fuel, vol.86, pp.1387-1395, 2007.

F. Phillip, A. C. Britt, . Buchanan, M. J. Iii, D. R. Cooney et al., Flash vacuum pyrolysis of methoxy-substituted lignin model compounds, Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol.65, pp.1376-1389, 2000.

E. Biagini, F. Barontini, and L. Tognotti, Devolatilization of Biomass Fuels and Biomass Components Studied by TG/FTIR Technique, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol.45, issue.13, pp.4486-4493, 2006.
DOI : 10.1021/ie0514049

B. V. Babu and A. S. Chaurasia, Pyrolysis of biomass : improved models for simultaneous kinetics and transport of heat, mass and momentum. Energy Conversion & Management, pp.1297-1327, 2004.

R. Bassilakis, R. M. Carangelo, and M. A. Wojtowicz, TG-FTIR analysis of biomass pyrolysis, Fuel, vol.80, issue.12, pp.1765-1786, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0016-2361(01)00061-8

J. H. Banoub and M. Delmas, Structural elucidation of the wheat straw lignin polymer by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, Journal of Mass Spectrometry, vol.42, issue.8, pp.900-903, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0032-3861(01)00216-6

. G. Bdj-+-07-]-t, L. I. Bridgeman, J. M. Darvell, P. T. Jones, R. Williams et al., Influence of particle size on the analytical and chemical properties of two energy crops, Fuel, vol.86, pp.60-72, 2007.

. Bdm-+-99-]-s, A. V. Bridgwater, J. Czernik, D. Diebold, A. Meier et al., Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass : A Handbook, pp.51-65, 1999.

O. Boutin, M. Ferrer, and J. Lédé, Flash pyrolysis of cellulose pellets submitted to a concentrated radiation: experiments and modelling, Chemical Engineering Science, vol.57, issue.1, pp.15-25, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0009-2509(01)00360-8

I. Ph, P. Bookis, S. Grammelis, A. V. Berzegianni, and . Bridgwater, CFB air-blown flash pyrolysis. Part I : Engineering design and cold model performance, Fuel, vol.86, pp.1372-1386, 2007.

A. L. Brown, B. R. Hames, J. W. Daily, and D. C. Dayton, Chemical Analysis of Solids and Pyrolytic Vapors from Wildland Trees, Energy & Fuels, vol.17, issue.4, pp.1022-1027, 2003.
DOI : 10.1021/ef020229v

M. Bardet, S. Hedigerb, G. Gerbauda, S. Gambarellia, J. F. Jacquota et al., Investigation with 13C NMR, EPR and magnetic susceptibility measurements of char residues obtained by pyrolysis of biomass, Fuel, vol.86, issue.12-13, pp.1966-1976, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fuel.2006.12.025

A. A. Boateng, K. B. Hicks, and K. P. Vogel, Pyrolysis of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) harvested at several stages of maturity, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol.75, issue.2, pp.55-64, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jaap.2005.03.005

A. A. Boateng, H. G. Jung, and P. R. Adler, Pyrolysis of energy crops including alfalfa stems, reed canarygrass, and eastern gamagrass???, Fuel, vol.85, issue.17-18, pp.2450-2457, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fuel.2006.04.025

O. Boutin, F. Monique, and J. Lédé, Radiant flash pyrolysis of cellulose???Evidence for the formation of short life time intermediate liquid species, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol.47, issue.1, pp.13-31, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0165-2370(98)00088-6

A. Bonne, Mise en place d'un modèle de pyrolyse de biomasse

O. Boutin, Analyse des processus primaires de dégradation thermochimique de la biomasse, Thèse de Doctorat, LSGC, INPL Nancy, 1999.

T. Bourdeaux, La pyrolyse flash de la lignine dans un fouràfourà image

F. Broust, Le cyclone : un réacteur multifonctionnel, applicationàapplicationà la pyrogazéification etàetà la pyroliquéfaction de la biomasse, Thèse de Doctorat, 2003.

. Bsm-+-03-]-v, R. Baliga, D. Sharma, T. Miser, E. M. Mcgrath et al., Physical characterisation of pyrolyzed tobacco and tobacco components, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol.66, pp.191-215, 2003.

A. G. Bradburry, Y. Sakai, and E. F. Shafizadeh, A kinetic model for pyrolysis of cellulose, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol.23, issue.11, pp.3271-3280, 1979.
DOI : 10.1002/app.1979.070231112

J. A. Caballero, J. A. Conesa, R. Font, and E. A. Marcilla, Pyrolysis kinetics of almond shells and olive stones considering their organic fractions, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol.42, issue.2, pp.159-175, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0165-2370(97)00015-6

J. A. Caballero, R. Font, and E. A. Marcilla, Comparative study of the pyrolysis of almond shells and their fractions, holocellulose and lignin. Product yields and kinetics, Thermochimica Acta, vol.276, pp.57-77, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0040-6031(95)02794-7

E. Cetin, R. Gupta, and E. B. Moghtaderi, Effect of pyrolysis pressure and heating rate on radiata pine char structure and apparent gasification reactivity, Fuel, vol.84, issue.10, pp.1328-1334, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fuel.2004.07.016

W. R. Chan, M. Kelbon, and B. B. Krieger, Modelling and experimental verification of physical and chemical processes during pyrolysis of a large biomass particle, Fuel, vol.64, issue.11, pp.1505-1513, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-2361(85)90364-3

C. Couhert, Pyrolyse flashàflashà haute température de la biomasse ligno? cellulosique et de ses composés ? production de gaz de synthèse, Thèse de Doctorat , Centre RAPSODEE, 2007.

D. Colomba and . Blasi, Linear pyrolysis of cellulosic and plastic waste, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, pp.40-41463, 1997.

D. Colomba and . Blasi, Comparison of semi-global mechanisms for primary pyrolysis of lignocellulosic fuels, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol.47, pp.43-64, 1998.

[. Blasi, C. Branca, A. Santoro, . Et-elier-gonzalez, and . Hernandez, Pyrolytic behavior and products of some wood varieties, Combustion and Flame, vol.124, issue.1-2, pp.165-177, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0010-2180(00)00191-7

C. Di-blasi and M. Lanzetta, Intrinsic kinetics of isothermal xylan degradation in inert atmosphere, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol.40, issue.41, pp.40-41287, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0165-2370(97)00028-4

A. Demirbas, Mechanisms of liquefaction and pyrolysis reactions of biomass. Energy Conversion & Management, pp.633-646, 2000.

R. Dumon and M. Gélus, Valorisation Chimique du Bois, 1982.

K. O. Davidsson, B. J. Stojkova, and J. B. Pettersson, Alkali Emission from Birchwood Particles during Rapid Pyrolysis, Energy & Fuels, vol.16, issue.5, pp.1033-1039, 2002.
DOI : 10.1021/ef010257y

[. Ricart, Génie des procédés thermochimiques solaires ApplicationàApplicationà la dissociation thermique, suivi de trempe, de l'oxyde de zinc, Thèse de Doctorat, 2002.

C. Fushimi, K. Araki, Y. Yamaguchi, and A. Tsutsumi, Effect of Heating Rate on Steam Gasification of Biomass. 2. Thermogravimetric-Mass Spectrometric (TG-MS) Analysis of Gas Evolution, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol.42, issue.17, pp.3929-3936, 2002.
DOI : 10.1021/ie0300575

. Fbd-+-07-]-r, A. V. Fahmi, L. I. Bridgwater, J. M. Darvell, N. Jones et al., The effect of alkali metals on combustion and pyrolysis of Lolium and Festuca grasses, switchgrass and willow, Fuel, vol.86, pp.1560-1569, 2007.

]. D. Fdb-+-01, A. K. Ferdous, S. K. Dalai, R. Bej, N. N. Thring et al., Production of H 2 and medium Btu gas via pyrolysis of lignins in a fixed-bed reactor, Fuel Processing Technology, vol.70, pp.9-26, 2001.

D. Ferdous, A. K. Dalai, S. K. Bej, and R. W. Thring, Pyrolysis of Lignins:??? Experimental and Kinetics Studies, Energy & Fuels, vol.16, issue.6, pp.1405-1412, 2002.
DOI : 10.1021/ef0200323

T. Fisher, M. Hajaligol, B. Waymack, and D. Kellog, Pyrolysis behavior and kinetics of biomass derived materials, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol.62, issue.2, pp.331-349, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0165-2370(01)00129-2

M. X. Fang, D. K. Shen, Y. X. Li, C. J. Yu, Z. Y. Luo et al., Kinetic study on pyrolysis and combustion of wood under different oxygen concentrations by using TG-FTIR analysis, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol.77, issue.1, pp.22-27, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jaap.2005.12.010

P. Guéhenneux, M. Baussand, C. Brothier, G. Poletiko, and . Boissonnet, Energy production from biomass pyrolysis: a new coefficient of pyrolytic valorisation, Fuel, vol.84, issue.6, pp.733-739, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fuel.2004.11.005

R. G. Graham, M. A. Bergougnou, and B. A. , The kinetics of vapour-phase cellulose fast pyrolysis reactions, Biomass and Bioenergy, vol.7, issue.1-6, pp.33-47, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0961-9534(94)00045-U

M. Gunnar-grønli-et-morten and C. Melaaen, Mathematical model for wood pyrolysis ? comparison of experimental measurements with model predictions, Energy & Fuels, vol.14, pp.791-800, 2000.

C. J. Gomez, J. J. Manya, E. Velo, and L. Puigjaner, Further Applications of a Revisited Summative Model for Kinetics of Biomass Pyrolysis, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol.43, issue.4, pp.901-906, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/ie030621b

A. Gani and I. Naruse, Effect of cellulose and lignin content on pyrolysis and combustion characteristics for several types of biomass, Renewable Energy, vol.32, issue.4, pp.649-661, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.renene.2006.02.017

M. Garc-`-garc-`-ia-perèz, A. Chaala, and C. Roy, Co-pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse with petroleum residue. Part I: thermogravimetric analysis, Fuel, vol.80, issue.9, pp.1245-1258, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0016-2361(00)00215-5

P. Ghetti, L. Ricca, and L. Angelini, Thermal analysis of biomass and corresponding pyrolysis products, Fuel, vol.75, issue.5, pp.565-573, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-2361(95)00296-0

F. Juan, A. Gonzales, C. M. Ramiro, J. Gonzales-garcia, J. M. Ganan et al., Pyrolysis of almond shells. Energy applications of fractions, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol.44, pp.3003-3012, 2005.

M. Gunnar-grønli, G. Várhegyi, D. Et-colomba, and . Blasi, Thermogravimetric Analysis and Devolatilization Kinetics of Wood, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol.41, issue.17, pp.4201-4208, 2002.
DOI : 10.1021/ie0201157

C. J. Gomez, G. Varhegyi, and L. Puigjaner, Slow Pyrolysis of Woody Residues and an Herbaceous Biomass Crop:?? A Kinetic Study, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol.44, issue.17, pp.6650-6660, 2005.
DOI : 10.1021/ie050474c

A. E. Green, M. A. Zanardi, and J. P. Mullin, Phenomenological models of cellulose pyrolysis, Biomass and Bioenergy, vol.13, issue.1-2, pp.15-24, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0961-9534(97)00019-6

]. E. Hag51 and . Hagglund, Chemistry of Wood, 1951.

H. Haykiri-acma and S. Yaman, Synergy in devolatilization characteristics of lignite and hazelnut shell during co-pyrolysis, Fuel, vol.86, issue.3, pp.373-380, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fuel.2006.07.005

H. Haykiri-acma, S. Yaman, and E. S. Kucukbayrak, Effect of heating rate on the pyrolysis yields of rapeseed, Renewable Energy, vol.31, issue.6, pp.803-810, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.renene.2005.03.013

P. H. Hermans, Physics and Chemistry of Cellulose Fibres, 1949.

O. Herbinet, Pyrolyse flash de la lignine kraft au fouràfourà image

A. M. Herring, J. Thomas-mckinnon, K. W. Gneshin, R. Pavelka, D. E. Petrick et al., Detection of reactive intermediates from and characterization of biomass char by laser pyrolysis molecular beam mass spectroscopy, Fuel, vol.83, issue.11-12, pp.1483-1494, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fuel.2003.12.014

L. F. Hawley and A. G. Norman, The Differentiation of Hemicellusloses, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, vol.24, issue.10, p.1190, 1932.
DOI : 10.1021/ie50274a027

K. Hansson, J. Samuelsson, C. Tullin, and L. Amand, Formation of HNCO, HCN, and N H 3 from the pyrolysis of bark and nitrogencontaining model compounds, Combustion and Flame, vol.3, pp.265-277, 2004.

L. Helsen, E. Van-den, and . Bulck, Kinetics of the low-temperature pyrolysis of chromated copper arsenate-treated wood, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol.53, issue.1, pp.51-79, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0165-2370(99)00050-9

J. Jauhiainen, J. A. Conesa, R. Font, and I. Martín-gullón, Kinetics of the pyrolysis and combustion of olive oil solid waste, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol.72, issue.1, pp.9-15, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jaap.2004.01.003

N. Jand and P. U. Foscolo, Decomposition of Wood Particles in Fluidized Beds, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol.44, issue.14, pp.5079-5089, 2005.
DOI : 10.1021/ie040170a

E. Harold, . Jegers, T. Lichael, and . Klein, Primary and secondary lignin pyrolysis reaction pathways, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design & Development, vol.24, pp.173-183, 1985.

V. [. Jalan and . Srivastava, Studies on pyrolysis of a cingle biomass cylindrical pellet -kinetic and heat tranfer effects. Energy Conversion and Management, pp.467-494, 1999.

L. Khezami, A. Chetouani, B. Taouk, and E. R. Capart, Production and characterisation of activated carbon from wood components in powder: Cellulose, lignin, xylan, Powder Technology, vol.157, issue.1-3, pp.48-57, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.powtec.2005.05.009

J. Kaloustian, T. F. El-moselhy, and E. H. Portugal, Chemical and thermal analysis of the biopolymers in thyme (Thymus vulgaris), Thermochimica Acta, vol.401, issue.2, pp.77-86, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0040-6031(02)00569-5

A. Khelfa, G. Finqueneisel, J. Weber, C. Courson, A. Kiennemann et al., Influence of different minerals on the primary mechanisms of cellulose thermal degradation, Proceedings of the 15th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, pp.1357-1358, 2007.

C. A. Koufopanos, G. Maschio, and E. A. Lucchesi, Kinetic modelling of the pyrolysis of biomass and biomass components, The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, vol.61, issue.1, pp.75-84, 1989.
DOI : 10.1002/polc.5070060109

L. Koppolu, R. Prasad, and E. L. Clements, Pyrolysis as a technique for separating heavy metals from hyperaccumulators. Part III: pilot-scale pyrolysis of synthetic hyperaccumulator biomass, Biomass and Bioenergy, vol.26, issue.5, pp.463-472, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biombioe.2003.08.010

C. A. Koufopanos, N. Papayannakos, G. Maschio, and E. A. Lucchesi, Modelling of the pyrolysis of biomass particles. Studies on kinetics, thermal and heat transfer effects, The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, vol.6, issue.4, pp.907-915, 1991.
DOI : 10.1002/polc.5070060109

K. Sir-maurice and A. Stuart, The advanced theory of statistics, Charles Griffin and Company limited, vol.2, 1979.

]. F. Ksbz96a, L. Kifani-sahban, A. Belkbir, . Zoulalianksbz96b-]-f, L. Kifani-sahban et al., Détermination des paramètres cinétiques de la pyrolyse lente de l'eucalyptus marocain Etude de la pyrolyse lente de l'eucalyptus marocain par analyse thermique, Thermochimica Acta, vol.284, pp.341-349, 1996.

E. S. Lipinsky, J. R. Arcate, and T. B. Reed, Torrefied wood, an enhanced wood fuel, Fuel Chemistry Division Preprints, vol.42, pp.408-410, 2002.

L. Lasselsberger and . Verbrennungstechnik, Présentation lors du séminaire LWK?N ¨ O ` a Biedermannsdorf le 20 Janvier, 2004.

J. Lédé, F. Blanchard, and O. Boutin, Radiant flash pyrolysis of cellulose pellets: products and mechanisms involved in transient and steady state conditions, Fuel, vol.81, issue.10, pp.1269-1279, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0016-2361(02)00039-X

A. Linder, R. Bergman, A. Bodin, and E. P. Gatenholm, Mechanism of Assembly of Xylan onto Cellulose Surfaces, Langmuir, vol.19, issue.12, pp.5072-5077, 2003.
DOI : 10.1021/la0341355

J. Léde, F. Broust, M. Fatou-toutie-ndiaye, and . Ferrer, Properties of bio-oils produced by biomass fast pyrolysis in a cyclone reactor, Fuel, vol.86, issue.12-13, pp.1800-1810, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fuel.2006.12.024

P. Lv, J. Chang, C. Wang-tiejun, N. Wu, and . Tsubaki, A Kinetic Study on Biomass Fast Catalytic Pyrolysis, Energy & Fuels, vol.18, issue.6, pp.1865-1869, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/ef0400262

J. Lédé, Reaction temperature of solid particles undergoing an endothermal volatilization. Application to the fast pyrolysis of biomass, Biomass and Bioenergy, vol.7, issue.1-6, pp.49-60, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0961-9534(94)00046-V

J. Lédé, Comparison of contact and radiant ablative pyrolysis of biomass, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol.70, issue.2, pp.601-618, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0165-2370(03)00043-3

X. H. Liang and J. A. Kozinski, Numerical modeling of combustion and pyrolysis of cellulosic biomass in thermogravimetric systems, Fuel, vol.79, issue.12, pp.1477-1486, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0016-2361(99)00286-0

G. [. Liodakis, E. G. Katsgiannis, and . Kakali, Ash properties of some dominant Greek forest species, Thermochimica Acta, vol.437, issue.1-2, pp.158-167, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tca.2005.06.041

K. Lee, B. Kang, Y. Park, and J. Kim, Influence of Reaction Temperature, Pretreatment, and a Char Removal System on the Production of Bio-oil from Rice Straw by Fast Pyrolysis, Using a Fluidized Bed, Energy & Fuels, vol.19, issue.5, pp.2179-2184, 2005.
DOI : 10.1021/ef050015o

Y. [. Lam, M. Bigot, E. G. Delmas, and . Avignon, A new procedure for the destructuring of vegetable matter at atmospheric pressure by a catalyst/solvent system of formic acid/acetic acid. Applied to the pulping of triticale straw, Industrial Crops and Products, vol.14, pp.139-144, 2001.

J. Lédé, H. J. Li, J. Villermaux, and E. H. Martin, Fusion-like behaviour of wood pyrolysis, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol.10, issue.4, pp.291-308, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/0165-2370(87)80019-0

J. Léde, J. Panagopoulos, H. J. Li, and E. J. Villermaux, Fast pyrolysis of wood: direct measurement and study of ablation rate, Fuel, vol.64, issue.11, pp.1514-1520, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-2361(85)90365-5

J. Lédé and J. Villermaux, Comportement thermique et chimique de particules solides subissant une réaction de décomposition endothermique sous l'action d'un flux de chaleur externe, The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, p.71, 1993.

[. Luo, S. Wang, and . Et-kefa-cen, Mechanism Study of Cellulose Rapid Pyrolysis, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol.43, issue.18, pp.4605-5610, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/ie030774z

Z. Luo, S. Wang, and E. K. Cen, A model of wood flash pyrolysis in fluidized bed reactor, Renewable Energy, vol.30, issue.3, pp.377-392, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.renene.2004.03.019

Z. Luo, S. Wang, Y. Liao, J. Zhou, Y. Gu et al., Research on biomass fast pyrolysis for liquid fuel, Biomass and Bioenergy, vol.26, issue.5, pp.455-462, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biombioe.2003.04.001

D. Ho-lee, H. Yang, R. Yan, . Et-david-tee, and . Liang, Prediction of gaseous products from biomass pyrolysis through combined kinetic and thermodynamic simulations, Fuel, vol.86, issue.3, pp.410-417, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fuel.2006.07.020

M. Müller-hagedorn, H. Bockhorn, L. Krebs, and E. U. Müller, A comparative kinetic study on the pyrolysis of three different wood species, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol.68, issue.69, pp.68-69231, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0165-2370(03)00065-2

J. H. Martin, H. J. Lédé, J. Li, C. Villermaux, E. A. Moyne et al., Ablative melting of a solid cylinder perpendicularly pressed against a heated wall, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol.29, issue.9, pp.1407-1415, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/0017-9310(86)90172-9

H. Montes, K. Mazeau, and J. Y. Cavaille, Secondary Mechanical Relaxations in Amorphous Cellulose, Macromolecules, vol.30, issue.22, pp.6977-6984, 1997.
DOI : 10.1021/ma9611329

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00309850

B. Moghtaderi, C. Meesri, and T. F. Wall, Pyrolytic characteristics of blended coal and woody biomass, Fuel, vol.83, issue.6, pp.745-750, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fuel.2003.05.003

D. Mohan, C. U. Pittman, and P. H. Steele, Pyrolysis of Wood/Biomass for Bio-oil:??? A Critical Review, Energy & Fuels, vol.20, issue.3, pp.848-889, 2006.
DOI : 10.1021/ef0502397

. Msg-+-06-]-v, E. Mangut, J. Sabio, J. F. Gañán, A. González et al., Thermogravimetric study of the pyrolysis of biomass residues from tomato processing industry, Fuel Processing Technology, vol.87, pp.109-115, 2006.

T. Matsuoka, K. Shinbori, T. Kuramoto, A. Nanba, H. Morita et al., Mechanism of Woody Biomass Pyrolysis and Gasification in a Fluidized Bed of Porous Alumina Particles, Energy & Fuels, vol.20, issue.3, pp.1315-1320, 2006.
DOI : 10.1021/ef0600210

D. Montané, V. Torné-fernández, and V. Fierro, Activated carbons from lignin: kinetic modeling of the pyrolysis of Kraft lignin activated with phosphoric acid, Chemical Engineering Journal, vol.106, issue.1, pp.1-12, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cej.2004.11.001

E. Mészáros, G. Várhegyi, E. Jakab, . Et-béla, and . Marosvölgyi, Thermogravimetric and Reaction Kinetic Analysis of Biomass Samples from an Energy Plantation, Energy & Fuels, vol.18, issue.2, pp.497-507, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/ef034030+

J. J. Manyà, E. Velo, and L. Puigjaner, Kinetics of Biomass Pyrolysis:?? a Reformulated Three-Parallel-Reactions Model, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol.42, issue.3, pp.434-441, 2003.
DOI : 10.1021/ie020218p

]. J. Oaaf99, F. J. Orfão, J. L. Antunes, . J. Figueiredooaf01-]-j, J. L. Orfão et al., Pyrolysis kinetics of lignocellulosic materials-three independent reactions model A simplified method for determination of lignocellulosic materials pyrolysis kinetics from isothermal thermogravimetric experiments, Fuel Thermochimica Acta, vol.78, issue.380, pp.349-35867, 1999.

Z. Otztürk and J. F. Merklin, Fast pyrolysis of cellulose in a single pulse shock tube, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol.52, pp.747-753, 1994.

O. Onay, Fast and catalytic pyrolysis of pistacia khinjuk seed in a well-swept fixed bed reactor, Fuel, vol.86, issue.10-11, pp.1452-1460, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fuel.2006.12.017

P. Francis, . Petrocelli, T. Michael, and . Klein, Model reaction pathways in kraft lignin pyrolysis, Macromolecules, vol.17, pp.161-169, 1984.

J. Mark, K. J. Prins, . Ptasinski, J. J. Frans, and . Janssen, Torrefaction of wood. Part 1. Weight loss kinetics, Journal of Analytic and Applied Pyrolysis, vol.77, pp.28-34, 2006.

D. L. Pyle and C. A. Zaror, Heat transfer and kinetics in the low temperature pyrolysis of solids, Chemical Engineering Science, vol.39, issue.1, pp.147-158, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/0009-2509(84)80140-2

M. Palm and G. Zacchi, Separation of hemicellulosic oligomers from steam-treated spruce wood using gel filtration, Separation and Purification Technology, vol.36, issue.3, pp.191-201, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S1383-5866(03)00215-6

K. Raveendran and A. Ganesh, Adsorption characteristics and pore-development of biomass-pyrolysis char, Fuel, vol.77, issue.7, pp.769-781, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0016-2361(97)00246-9

[. Raveendran, A. Ganesh, C. Et-kartic, and . Khilar, Influence of mineral matter on biomass pyrolysis characteristics, Fuel, vol.74, issue.12, pp.1812-1822, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-2361(95)80013-8

[. Raveendran, A. Ganesh, C. Et-kartic, and . Khilar, Pyrolysis characteristics of biomass and biomass components, Fuel, vol.75, issue.8, pp.981-998, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-2361(96)00030-0

. V. Rgs-+-05-]-g, M. Rocha, R. Granda, C. Santamar-/-'ia, E. I. Blanco et al., Pyrolysis behaviour of pitches modified with different additives, Journal of Analytical and Applied Prolysis, vol.73, pp.276-283, 2005.

C. Rhén, M. Marcus¨ohmann, R. Gref, and . Et-iwan-wästerlund, Effect of raw material composition in woody biomass pellets on combustion characteristics, Biomass and Bioenergy, vol.31, issue.1, pp.66-72, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biombioe.2006.06.016

T. , R. Rao, and A. Sharma, Pyrolysis rates of biomass materials, Energy, vol.23, pp.973-978, 1998.

O. Senneca, Kinetics of pyrolysis, combustion and gasification of three biomass fuels, Fuel Processing Technology, vol.88, issue.1, pp.87-97, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fuproc.2006.09.002

. C. Sft-+-01-]-r, J. M. Sun, J. Fang, Z. C. Tomkinson, J. C. Geng et al., Fractional isolation, physico-chemical characterisation and homogeneous esterification of hemicelluloses from fast-growing poplar wood, Carbohydrate Polymers, vol.44, pp.29-39, 2001.

G. Skodras, P. Grammelis, P. Basinas, E. Kakaras, and G. Sakellaropoulos, Pyrolysis and Combustion Characteristics of Biomass and Waste-Derived Feedstock, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol.45, issue.11, pp.3791-3799, 2006.
DOI : 10.1021/ie060107g

L. Sorum, M. G. Gronli, and J. E. Hustad, Pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of municipal solid wastes, Fuel, vol.80, issue.9, pp.1217-1227, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0016-2361(00)00218-0

H. Shim, M. R. Hajaligol, and V. L. Baliga, Oxidation behavior of biomass chars: pectin and Populus deltoides, Fuel, vol.83, issue.11-12, pp.1495-1503, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fuel.2003.11.017

M. [. Seidelt, E. H. Müller-hagedorn, and . Bockhorn, Description of tire pyrolysis by thermal degradation behaviour of main components, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol.75, issue.1, pp.11-18, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jaap.2005.03.002

K. D. Sultanova, R. M. Mustafeyva, P. F. Rzayev, and F. C. Aliyev, Thermal decomposition of timber products by using solar energy, Proceedings IHEC 2005 (international hydrogen energy congress & exhibition Istanbul, pp.13-15

M. Sagehashia, N. Miyasakaa, H. Shishidob, and A. Sakoda, Superheated steam pyrolysis of biomass elemental components and Sugi (Japanese cedar) for fuels and chemicals, Bioresource Technology, vol.97, issue.11, pp.1272-1283, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biortech.2005.06.002

J. Svenson and J. B. Pettersson, FAST PYROLYSIS OF THE MAIN COMPONENTS OF BIRCH WOOD, Combustion Science and Technology, vol.176, issue.5-6, pp.977-990, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0165-2370(96)00971-0

V. Slovák and P. Susák, Pitch pyrolysis kinetics from single TG curve, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol.72, issue.2, pp.249-252, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jaap.2004.07.005

V. K. Srivastava, R. K. Sushil, and . Jalan, Prediction of concentration in the pyrolysis of biomass material ? II. Energy Conversion Management, pp.473-483, 1996.

R. K. Sharma, J. B. Wooten, V. L. Baliga, X. Lin, W. G. Chan et al., Characterization of chars from pyrolysis of lignin, Fuel, vol.83, issue.11-12, pp.1469-1482, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fuel.2003.11.015

X. Shunangning, Y. Weiming, and L. Baoming, Flash pyrolysis of agricultural residues using a plasma heated laminar entrained flow reactor, Biomass and Bioenergy, vol.29, issue.2, pp.135-141, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.03.002

]. Shiguang, S. Xu, S. Liu, C. Yang, and Q. Lu, Fast pyrolysis of biomass in a free-fall reactor for hydrogen-rich gas, Fuel Processing Technology, vol.85, pp.1201-1211, 2004.

L. Shuangning, L. Zhihe, Y. Baoming, . Weiming, and . Et-bai-xueyuan, Devolatilization characteristics of biomass at flash heating rate, Fuel, vol.85, issue.5-6, pp.664-670, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fuel.2005.08.044

K. S. Triantafyllidis, E. F. Iliopoulou, E. V. Antonakou, A. A. Lappas, H. Wang et al., Hydrothermally stable mesopourous aluminosilicates (MSU-S) essembled from zeolite seeds as catalysts for biomass pyrolysis, Micropourous and Mesopourous Materials, pp.132-139, 2007.

W. Tsai, M. K. Lee, and Y. M. Chang, Fast pyrolysis of rice husk: Product yields and compositions, Bioresource Technology, vol.98, issue.1, pp.22-28, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biortech.2005.12.005

F. Thurner and U. Mann, Kinetic investigation of wood pyrolysis, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development, vol.20, issue.3, pp.482-488, 1981.
DOI : 10.1021/i200014a015

H. Teng and Y. Wei, Thermogravimetric Studies on the Kinetics of Rice Hull Pyrolysis and the Influence of Water Treatment, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol.37, issue.10, pp.3806-3811, 1998.
DOI : 10.1021/ie980207p

G. Varhegyi, J. Michael, and . Jr, Kinetics of the thermal decomposition of cellulose, hemicellulose, and sugarcane bagasse, Energy & Fuels, vol.3, issue.3, pp.329-335, 1989.
DOI : 10.1021/ef00015a012

G. Várhegyi, M. J. Jr, E. Jakab, and E. P. Szabo, Kinetic modeling of biomass pyrolysis, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol.42, issue.1, pp.73-87, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0165-2370(96)00971-0

G. Várhegyi, M. G. Grønli, D. Et-colomba, and . Blasi, Effects of Sample Origin, Extraction, and Hot-Water Washing on the Devolatilization Kinetics of Chestnut Wood, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol.43, issue.10, pp.2356-2367, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/ie034168f

D. Vamvuka, E. Kakaras, E. Kastanaki, and E. P. Grammelis, Pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of biomass residuals mixtures with lignite???, Fuel, vol.82, issue.15-17, pp.1049-1960, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0016-2361(03)00153-4

H. B. Vuthaluru, Thermal behaviour of coal/biomass blends during co-pyrolysis, Fuel Processing Technology, vol.85, issue.2-3, pp.141-155, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-3820(03)00112-7

T. Paul, . Williams, and . Besler, The influence of temperature and heating rate on the slow pyrolysis of biomass, Renewable Energy, vol.7, pp.233-250, 1996.

G. Wang, W. Li, B. Li, and . Et-haokan-chen, TG study on pyrolysis of biomass and its three components under syngas???, Fuel, vol.87, issue.4-5, pp.552-558, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fuel.2007.02.032

S. Wei, L. Xu, H. Zhang, C. Zhang, H. Liu et al., Characteristics of fast pyrolysis of biomass in a free fall reactor, Fuel Processing Technology, vol.87, issue.10, pp.863-871, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fuproc.2006.06.002

T. Yoshida and Y. Matsumura, Gasification of Cellulose, Xylan, and Lignin Mixtures in Supercritical Water, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol.40, issue.23, pp.5469-5474, 2001.
DOI : 10.1021/ie0101590

H. Yang, R. Yan, T. Chin, D. T. Liang, H. Chen et al., Thermogravimetric Analysis???Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis of Palm Oil Waste Pyrolysis, Energy & Fuels, vol.18, issue.6, pp.1814-1821, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/ef030193m

R. Yang, H. Yan, D. Chen, D. T. Ho-lee, C. Liang et al., Pyrolysis of palm oil wastes for enhanced production of hydrogen rich gases, Fuel Processing Technology, vol.87, issue.10, pp.935-942, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fuproc.2006.07.001

R. Yang, H. Yan, C. Chen, D. Zheng, . Ho-lee et al., In-Depth Investigation of Biomass Pyrolysis Based on Three Major Components:??? Hemicellulose, Cellulose and Lignin, Energy & Fuels, vol.20, issue.1, pp.388-393, 2006.
DOI : 10.1021/ef0580117

R. Yang, H. Yan, C. Chen, D. Zheng, . Ho-lee et al., Influence of mineral matter on pyrolysis of palm oil wastes, Combustion and Flame, vol.146, issue.4, pp.605-611, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.combustflame.2006.07.006

R. Yan, H. Chen, D. Ho-lee, and C. Zheng, Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis, Fuel, vol.86, pp.1781-1788, 2007.

A. Zeriouh and L. Belkbir, Etude dilatom??trique de la pyrolyse du xylane en r??gime non isotherme, Thermochimica Acta, vol.351, issue.1-2, pp.171-175, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0040-6031(00)00375-0

[. Zhou, Y. Wang, Q. Huang, and J. Cai, Thermogravimetric characteristics and kinetic of plastic and biomass blends co-pyrolysis, Fuel Processing Technology, vol.87, issue.11, pp.963-969, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fuproc.2006.07.002

S. Zhang, Y. Yan, T. Li, and . Et-zhengwei-ren, Upgrading of liquid fuel from the pyrolysis of biomass, Bioresource Technology, vol.96, issue.5, pp.545-550, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biortech.2004.06.015

A. Annexe and . Informations, 1 Composition des biomasses Les tableaux A.1 et A.2 donnent pour plusieurs types de biomasses leur composition en cellulose , hémicelluloses et lignines, ainsi qu'en CHON : Carbone, Hydrogène, Oxygène, Azote. Pour certaines analyses, la somme des composés ne s'additionne pasàpasà 100%. Ceci est souvent dûdûà une analyse noncompì ete : en se basant sur la masse initialè a analyser, seule quelques unes des composés sont extraits, le reste déterminé par différence