]. E. Bibliographieafs10, S. A. Afshari, and . Jazayeri, Effects of the cell thermal behavior and water phase change on a proton exchange membrane fuel cell performance. Energy Conversion and Management, pp.655-662, 2010.

]. S. Aha74, M. H. Aharoni, and . Litt, Synthesis and some properties of poly-(2,5-trimethylene benzimidazole) and poly-(2,5-trimethylene benzimidazole hydrochloride), Journal of Polymer Science : Polymer Chemistry Edition, vol.12, pp.639-650, 1974.

M. Ahn, Y. H. Cho, Y. H. Cho, J. Kim, N. Jung et al., Influence of hydrophilicity in micro-porous layer for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, Electrochimica Acta, vol.56, issue.5, pp.2450-2457, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.11.063

]. G. Alv12, F. Alvarez, P. L. Alcaide, M. J. Cabot, E. Lazaro et al., Electrochemical performance of low temperature PEMFC with surface tailored carbon nanofibers as catalyst support, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.37, pp.393-404, 2012.

]. R. And10, L. Anderson, Y. Zhang, M. Ding, X. Blanco et al., A critical review of two-phase flow in gas flow channels of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, vol.195, pp.4531-4553, 2010.

]. E. Ant09 and . Antolini, Palladium in fuel cell catalysis, Energy & Environmental Science, vol.2, p.915, 2009.

M. Arenz, K. J. Mayrhofer, V. Stamenkovic, B. B. Blizanac, T. Tomoyuki et al., The Effect of the Particle Size on the Kinetics of CO Electrooxidation on High Surface Area Pt Catalysts, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.127, issue.18, pp.6819-6829, 2005.
DOI : 10.1021/ja043602h

]. H. Ati07, K. Atiyeh, B. Karan, A. Peppley, E. Phoenix et al., Experimental investigation of the role of a microporous layer on the water transport and performance of a PEM fuel cell, Journal of Power Sources, vol.170, pp.111-121, 2007.

]. B. Ava10, R. Avasarala, P. Moore, and . Haldar, Surface oxydation of carbon supports due to potential cycling under PEM fuel cell conditions, Electrochimica Acta, vol.55, pp.4765-4771, 2010.

J. J. Baschuk and X. Li, Modelling of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells with variable degrees of water flooding, Journal of Power Sources, vol.86, issue.1-2, pp.181-196, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-7753(99)00426-7

S. Basu, M. W. Renfro, H. Gorgun, and B. M. Cetegen, In situ simultaneous measurements of temperature and water partial pressure in a PEM fuel cell under steady state and dynamic cycling, Journal of Power Sources, vol.159, issue.2, pp.987-994, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.11.091

]. S. Bas09, C. Y. Basu, K. S. Wang, and . Chen, Phase change in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.156, pp.748-756, 2009.

M. Bautista, Y. Bultel, and P. Ozil, Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell modelling -d.c. and a.c. solutions, Chemical Engineering Research and Design, pp.907-917, 2004.

]. A. Baz09 and . Bazylak, Liquid water visualization in PEM fuel cells: A review, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.34, pp.3845-3857, 2009.

J. Benziger, J. Nehlsen, D. Blackwell, T. Brennan, and J. Itescu, Water flow in the gas diffusion layer of PEM fuel cells, Journal of Membrane Science, vol.261, issue.1-2, pp.98-106, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.memsci.2005.03.049

]. D. Ber91, M. W. Bernardi, and . Verbrugge, Mathematical model of a gas diffusion electrode bonded to a polymer electrolyte, American Institute of Chemical Engineers Journal, vol.37, pp.1151-1163, 1991.

D. M. Bernardi and M. W. Verbrugge, A Mathematical Model of the Solid-Polymer-Electrolyte Fuel Cell, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.139, issue.9, pp.2477-2491, 1992.
DOI : 10.1149/1.2221251

]. P. Ber04, K. Berg, J. Promislow, . St, J. Pierre et al., Water management in PEM fuel cells The effect of humidity and oxygen partial pressure on degradation of Pt/C catalyst in PEM fuel cell, Journal of The Electrochemical Society Electrochimica Acta, vol.151, issue.54, pp.341-353, 2004.

R. Borup, J. R. Davey, F. H. Garzon, D. L. Wood, and M. A. Inbody, PEM fuel cell electrocatalyst durability measurements, Journal of Power Sources, vol.163, issue.1, pp.76-81, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.03.009

]. R. Bor07 and . Borup, Scientific aspects of polymer electrolyte fuel cell durability and degradation, Chemical Reviews, vol.107, pp.3904-3951, 2007.

]. R. Bor08, J. Borup, H. Davey, A. Xu, F. Ofstad et al., PEM fuel cell durability, Bou99] R. Bouchet, E. Siebert. Proton conduction in acid doped polybenzimidazole. Solid State Ionics, pp.287-299, 1999.

F. A. De-bruijn, V. A. Dam, and G. J. Janssen, Review: Durability and Degradation Issues of PEM Fuel Cell Components, Fuel Cells, vol.127, issue.446, pp.3-22, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.msea.2006.09.098

]. F. Buc97, S. Buchi, and . Srinivasan, Operating proton exchange membrane fuel cells without external humidification of the reactant gases fundamental aspects, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.144, pp.2767-2772, 1997.

]. N. Bun10, S. Bunmark, M. W. Limtrakul, T. Fowler, J. Vatanatham et al., Assisted water management in a PEMFC with a modified flow field and its effect on performance, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.35, pp.6887-6896, 2010.

]. S. Bur09, V. V. Burlatsky, M. Atrazhev, D. A. Gummalla, F. Condit et al., The impact of thermal conductivity and diffusion rates on water vapor transport through gas diffusion layers, Journal of Power Sources, vol.190, pp.485-492, 2009.

]. O. Bur10, P. J. Burheim, S. Vie, J. G. Moller-holst, S. Pharoah et al., A calorimetric analysis of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell and the production of H2O2 at the cathode, Electrochimica Acta, vol.55, pp.935-942, 2010.

]. O. Bur10a, P. J. Burheim, J. G. Vie, S. Pharoah, and . Kjelstrup, Ex situ measurements of through-plane thermal conductivities in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, Journal of Power Sources, vol.195, pp.249-256, 2010.

]. O. Bur11, S. Burheim, J. G. Kjelstrup, P. J. Pharoah, S. Vie et al., Calculation of reversible electrode heats in the proton exchange membrane fuel cell from calorimetric measurements, Electrochimica Acta, vol.56, pp.3248-3257, 2011.

]. Y. Cai06, J. Cai, H. Hu, B. Ma, H. Yi et al., Effect of water transport properties on a PEM fuel cell operating with dry hydrogen, Electrochimica Acta, vol.51, pp.6361-6366, 2006.

]. M. Car05, V. A. Carmo, J. M. Paganin, E. R. Rosolen, and . Gonzalez, Alternative supports for the preparation of catalysts for low-temperature fuel cells: the use of carbon nanotubes, Journal of Power Sources, vol.142, pp.169-176, 2005.

]. D. Cam09, R. Cameron, D. Holliday, and . Thompson, Gold's future role in fuel cell systems, Journal of Power Sources, vol.118, pp.298-303, 2003.

]. L. Ceb10, M. Ceballos, and . Prat, Invasion percolation with inlet multiple injections and the water management problem in proton exchange membrane fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, vol.195, pp.825-828, 2010.

]. X. Che07, Z. Cheng, N. Shi, L. Glass, J. J. Zhang et al., A review of PEM hydrogen Fuel Cell contamination : Impacts, mechanisms, and mitigation, Journal of Power Sources, vol.165, pp.739-756, 2007.

J. Chen, H. Xu, H. Zhang, and B. Yi, Facilitating mass transport in gas diffusion layer of PEMFC by fabricating micro-porous layer with dry layer preparation, Journal of Power Sources, vol.182, issue.2, pp.531-539, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.04.031

J. Chen, Experimental study on the two phase flow behavior in PEM fuel cell parallel channels with porous media inserts, Journal of Power Sources, vol.195, issue.4, pp.1122-1129, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.09.004

]. S. Che10a, Y. Chen, and . Wu, Gravity effect on water discharged in PEM fuel cell cathode, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.35, pp.2888-2893, 2010.

]. P. Chi10, S. H. Chi, F. B. Chan, A. Weng, P. C. Su et al., On the effects of non-uniform property distribution due to compression in the gas diffusion layer of a PEMFC, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.35, issue.7, pp.2936-2948, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.05.066

]. C. Cho98, B. Chow, J. K. Wozniczka, and . Chan, Integrated reactant and coolant fluid flow field layer for an electrochemical fuel cell, 1998.

C. Y. Chow, B. Wozniczka, and J. K. Chan, Integrated reactant and coolant fluid flow field layer for a fuel cell with a membrane electrode assembly, 1999.

K. T. Cho and M. M. Mench, Effect of material properties on evaporative water removal from polymer electrolyte fuel cell diffusion media, Journal of Power Sources, vol.195, issue.19, pp.6748-6757, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.03.094

J. H. Chun, K. T. Park, D. H. Jo, J. Y. Lee, S. G. Kim et al., Determination of the pore size distribution of micro porous layer in PEMFC using pore forming agents under various drying conditions, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.35, issue.20, pp.11148-11153, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.07.056

]. S. Chu10a, T. Chupin, S. Colinart, Y. Didierjean, K. Dubé et al., Numerical investigation of the impact of gas and cooling flow configurations on current and water distributions in a polymer membrane fuel cell through a pseudo-two-dimensional diphasic model, Journal of Power Sources, vol.195, pp.5213-5227, 2010.

J. H. Chun, K. T. Park, D. H. Jo, S. G. Kim, and S. H. Kim, Numerical modeling and experimental study of the influence of GDL properties on performance in a PEMFC, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.36, issue.2, pp.1837-1845, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.01.036

]. L. Cin09, A. M. Cindrella, J. F. Kannan, K. Lin, Y. Saminathan et al., Gas diffusion layer for proton exchange membrane fuel cells-A review, Journal of Power Sources, vol.194, pp.146-160, 2009.

]. H. Col06, B. N. Colón-mercado, and . Popov, Stability of platinum based alloy cathode catalysts in PEM fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, vol.155, pp.253-263, 2006.

]. A. Col06a, H. J. Collier, X. Z. Wang, J. J. Yuan, D. P. Zhang et al., Degradation of polymer electrolyte membranes, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.31, pp.1838-1854, 2006.

]. T. Col08 and . Colinart, Gestion de l'eau et performances électriques d'une pile à combustible : des pores de la membrane à la cellule, 2008.

]. P. Cos01 and . Costamagna, Transport phenomena in polymeric membrane fuel cells, Chemical Engineering Science, vol.56, pp.323-332, 2001.

D. E. Curtin, R. D. Lousenberg, T. J. Henry, P. C. Tangeman, and M. E. Tisack, Advanced materials for improved PEMFC performance and life, Journal of Power Sources, vol.131, issue.1-2, pp.41-48, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.01.023

]. W. Dai09, H. Dai, X. Z. Wang, J. J. Yuan, D. Martin et al., A review on water balance in the membrane electrode assembly of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.34, pp.9461-9478, 2009.

]. N. Dav09, P. M. David, J. Wild, N. Hu, and . Djilali, In-fibre Bragg grating sensors for distributed temperature measurement in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell, Journal of Power Sources, vol.192, pp.376-380, 2009.

]. N. Dav10, P. M. David, J. Wild, T. Jensen, N. Navessin et al., Simultaneous in situ measurement of temperature and relative humidity in a PEMFC using optical fiber sensors, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.157, pp.1173-1179, 2010.

J. Dematio, Kia's big fuel cell plans, Automotive magazine, 2009.

K. G. Denbigh and G. Raumann, Thermo-osmosis of gases through a membrane, Nature, p.165, 1950.

]. S. Did08, O. Didierjean, G. Lottin, T. Maranzana, and . Geneston, PEM fuel cell voltage transient response to a thermal perturbation, Electrochimica Acta, vol.53, pp.7313-7320, 2008.

]. N. Dji02, D. Djilali, and . Lu, Influence of heat transfer on gas and water transport in fuel cells, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, vol.41, pp.29-40, 2002.

]. S. Dut01, S. Dutta, J. W. Shimpalee, and . Van-zee, Numerical prediction of mass-exchange between cathode and anode channels in a PEM fuel cell, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.44, pp.2029-2042, 2001.

M. Eikerling, Water Management in Cathode Catalyst Layers of PEM Fuel Cells, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.59, issue.188, pp.58-70, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/0013-4686(79)87013-9

]. Z. Fis10, J. Fishman, A. Hinebaugh, and . Bazylak, Microscale Tomography Investigations of Heterogeneous Porosity Distribution of PEMFC GDLs, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.157, pp.1643-1650, 2010.

]. Z. Fis11, A. Fishman, and . Bazylak, Heterogeneous Through-Plane Porosity Distributions for Treated PEMFC GDLs : I. PTFE Effect, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.158, pp.841-845, 2011.

]. Z. Fis11a, A. Fishman, and . Bazylak, Heterogeneous Through-Plane Porosity Distributions for Treated PEMFC GDLs : II. Effect of MPL Cracks, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.158, pp.846-851, 2011.

Z. Fishman and A. Bazylak, Heterogeneous Through-Plane Distributions of Tortuosity, Effective Diffusivity, and Permeability for PEMFC GDLs, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.9, issue.2, pp.247-252, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.compositesa.2009.04.009

]. S. Fre06, M. Freunberger, I. A. Santis, A. Schneider, F. N. Wokaun et al., In-plane effects in large-scale PEMFC's ? Model formulation and validation, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.153, pp.1130-1136, 2006.

]. R. Fu11, J. S. Fu, U. Preston, T. Pasaogullari, S. Shiomi et al., Water transport across a polymer electrolyte membrane under thermal gradients, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.158, pp.303-312, 2011.

]. T. Ful92, J. Fuller, and . Newman, Experimental determination of the transport number of water in Nafion 117 membrane, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.139, pp.1332-1337, 1992.

T. F. Fuller and J. Newman, Water and Thermal Management in Solid-Polymer-Electrolyte Fuel Cells, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.140, issue.5, pp.1218-1225, 1993.
DOI : 10.1149/1.2220960

]. K. Gal09, B. S. Gallagher, T. F. Pivovar, and . Fuller, Electro-osmosis and water uptake in polymer electrolytes in equilibrium with water vapor at low temperatures, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.156, pp.330-338, 2009.

J. Garche and L. Jorissen, PEMFC fuel cell. In Handbook of fuel cell : fundamentals, technology and applications, 2003.

]. S. Ge06, B. Ge, P. Yi, and . Ming, Experimental determination of electro-osmotic drag coefficient in nafion membrane for fuel cells, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.153, pp.1443-1450, 2006.

]. C. Git10, S. Gittleman, J. Jorgensen, S. Waldecker, and M. Hirano, Automotive fuel cell R&D needs, DOE fuel cell pre-solicitation workshop, 2010.

J. T. Gostick, M. W. Fowler, M. D. Pritzker, M. Ioannidis, and L. M. Behra, In-plane and through-plane gas permeability of carbon fiber electrode backing layers, Journal of Power Sources, vol.162, issue.1, pp.228-238, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.06.096

J. T. Gostick, M. A. Ioannidis, M. W. Fowler, and M. D. Pritzker, On the role of the microporous layer in PEMFC operation, Electrochemistry Communications, vol.11, issue.3, pp.576-579, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.elecom.2008.12.053

V. Gurau, H. Liu, and S. Kakac, Two-dimensional model for proton exchange membrane fuel cells, AIChE Journal, vol.137, issue.11, pp.2410-2422, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-75015-1

A. Hakenjos, H. Muenter, U. Wittstadt, and C. Hebling, A PEM fuel cell for combined measurement of current and temperature distribution, and flow field flooding, Journal of Power Sources, vol.131, issue.1-2, pp.213-216, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.11.081

M. E. Hannach, J. Pauchet, and M. Prat, Pore network modeling: Application to multiphase transport inside the cathode catalyst layer of proton exchange membrane fuel cell, Electrochimica Acta, vol.56, issue.28, pp.10796-10808, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.05.060

M. C. Hatzell, A. Turhan, S. Kim, D. S. Hussey, D. L. Jacobson et al., Quantification of Temperature Driven Flow in a Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Using High-Resolution Neutron Radiography, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.158, issue.6, pp.717-726, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.04.080

]. R. He03, Q. He, G. Li, N. J. Xiao, and . Bjerrum, Proton conductivity of phosphoric acid doped polybenzimidazole and its composites with inorganic proton conductors, Journal of Membrane Science, vol.226, pp.169-184, 2003.

]. S. He06, M. M. He, S. Mench, and . Tadigadapa, Thin film temperature sensor for real-time measurement of electrolyte temperature in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, Sensors and Actuators A Physical, vol.125, pp.170-177, 2006.

]. O. Her12, D. P. Herrera, W. Wilkinson, and . Merida, Anode and cathode overpotentials and temperature profiles in a PEMFC, Journal of Power Sources, vol.198, pp.132-142, 2012.

M. A. Hickner, N. P. Siegel, K. S. Chen, D. S. Hussey, D. L. Jacobson et al., Understanding Liquid Water Distribution and Removal Phenomena in an Operating PEMFC via Neutron Radiography, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.9, issue.3, pp.294-302, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/er.1143

]. M. Hic08a, N. P. Hickner, K. S. Siegel, D. S. Chen, D. L. Hussey et al., In situ high-resolution neutron radiography of cross-sectional liquid water profiles in proton exchange membrane fuel cells, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.155, pp.427-434, 2008.

G. Hinds, M. Stevens, J. Wilkinson, M. De-podesta, and S. Bell, Novel in situ measurements of relative humidity in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell, Journal of Power Sources, vol.186, issue.1, pp.52-57, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.09.109

]. F. Hiz10, S. O. Hizir, E. C. Ural, M. M. Kumbur, and . Mench, Characterization of interfacial morphology in polymer electrolyte fuel cells: Micro-porous layer and catalyst layer surfaces, Journal of Power Sources, vol.195, pp.3463-3471, 2010.

T. Hottinen and O. Himanen, PEMFC temperature distribution caused by inhomogeneous compression of GDL, Electrochemistry Communications, vol.9, issue.5, pp.1047-1052, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.elecom.2006.12.018

]. I. Hsi00, P. Hsing, and . Futerko, Two-dimensional simulation of water transport in polymer electrolyte fuel cells, Chemical Engineering Science, vol.55, pp.4209-4218, 2000.

X. Huang, R. Solasi, Y. Zou, M. Feshler, K. Reifsnider et al., Mechanical endurance of polymer electrolyte membrane and PEM fuel cell durability, Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, vol.138, issue.16, pp.2346-2357, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.05.011

]. B. Hua12 and . Huang, Mécanismes de vieillissement de l'Assemblage-Membrane-Electrodes dans une pile à combustible de type PEM par approche expérimentale, 2012.

J. T. Hinatsu, M. Mizuhata, and H. Takenaka, Water Uptake of Perfluorosulfonic Acid Membranes from Liquid Water and Water Vapor, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.141, issue.6, pp.1493-1498, 1994.
DOI : 10.1149/1.2054951

]. I. Hus09, C. Y. Hussaini, and . Wang, Visualization and quantification of cathode channel flooding in PEM fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, vol.187, pp.444-451, 2009.

J. J. Hwang, Thermal-Electrochemical Modeling of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.39, issue.2, pp.216-224, 2006.
DOI : 10.1149/1.1838904

M. Inaba, T. Kinumoto, M. Kiriake, R. Umebayashi, A. Tasaka et al., Gas crossover and membrane degradation in polymer electrolyte fuel cells, Electrochimica Acta, vol.51, issue.26, pp.5746-5753, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.03.008

M. Ise, K. D. Kreuer, and J. Maier, Electroosmotic drag in polymer electrolyte membranes: an electrophoretic NMR study, Solid State Ionics, vol.125, issue.1-4, pp.213-223, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-2738(99)00178-2

]. M. Ism11, D. Ismail, T. Borman, D. B. Damjanovic, M. Ingham et al., On the through-plane permeability of microporous layer-coated gas diffusion layers used in proton exchange membrane fuel cells, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.36, pp.10392-10402, 2011.

G. J. Janssen and M. L. Overvelde, Water transport in the proton-exchange-membrane fuel cell: measurements of the effective drag coefficient, Journal of Power Sources, vol.101, issue.1, pp.117-125, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00708-X

]. K. Jia11, X. Jiao, and . Li, Water transport in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, pp.221-291, 2011.

]. W. Jos60 and . Jost, Diffusion in Solids, 1960.

M. Khandelwal, S. Lee, and M. M. Mench, Model to Predict Temperature and Capillary Pressure Driven Water Transport in PEFCs After Shutdown, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.156, issue.6, pp.703-715, 2009.
DOI : 10.1149/1.2776226

K. Karan, H. Atiyeh, A. Phoenix, E. Halliop, J. Pharoah et al., An Experimental Investigation of Water Transport in PEMFCs, Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, vol.161, issue.2, pp.34-38, 2007.
DOI : 10.1149/1.2039628

]. G. Kar10, X. Karimi, P. Li, and . Teertstra, Measurement of through-plane effective thermal conductivity and contact resistance in PEM fuel cell diffusion media, Electrochemical Acta, vol.55, pp.1619-1625, 2010.

]. A. Kaz99, H. T. Kazim, P. Liu, and . Forges, Modelling of performance of PEM fuel cell with conventional and interdigitated flow fields, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, vol.29, pp.1409-1416, 1999.

J. A. Kerres, Development of ionomer membranes for fuel cells, Journal of Membrane Science, vol.185, issue.1, pp.3-27, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0376-7388(00)00631-1

M. Khandelwal, S. Lee, and M. M. Mench, Model to Predict Temperature and Capillary Pressure Driven Water Transport in PEFCs After Shutdown, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.156, issue.6, pp.703-715, 2009.
DOI : 10.1149/1.2776226

S. Kim, B. K. Ahn, and M. M. Mench, Physical degradation of membrane electrode assemblies undergoing freeze/thaw cycling: Diffusion media effects, Journal of Power Sources, vol.179, issue.1, pp.140-146, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.12.114

]. S. Kim09, M. M. Kim, and . Mench, Investigation of Temperature-Driven Water Transport in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell: Phase-Change-Induced Flow, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.4, issue.3, pp.353-362, 2009.
DOI : 10.1149/1.2737379

]. S. Kim09a, M. M. Kim, and . Mench, Investigation of temperature-driven water transport in polymer electrolyte fuel cell: Thermo-osmosis in membranes, Journal of Membrane Science, vol.328, pp.113-120, 2009.

]. T. Kim10, S. Kim, H. Lee, and . Park, A study of water transport as a function of the micro-porous layer arrangement in PEMFCs, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.35, issue.16, pp.8631-8643, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.05.123

]. K. Kre97 and . Kreuer, On the development of proton conducting materials for technological applications, Solid State Ionics, vol.97, pp.1-15, 1997.

]. A. Kum04, R. G. Kumar, and . Reddy, Materials and design development for bipolar/end plates in fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, vol.129, pp.62-67, 2004.

E. C. Kumbur, K. V. Shrap, and M. M. Mench, On the effectiveness of Leverett approach for describing the water transport in fuel cell diffusion media, Journal of Power Sources, vol.168, issue.2, pp.356-368, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.02.054

]. S. Kut11, M. Kuttanikkad, J. Prat, and . Pauchet, Pore-network simulations of two-phase flow in a thin porous layer of mixed wettability : Application to water transport in gas diffusion layers of protons exchange membrane fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, vol.196, pp.1145-1155

]. A. Lac10, M. Laconti, R. C. Hamdan, and . Mcdonald, Mechanisms of membrane degradation, Handbook of Fuel Cells, 2010.

]. A. Lam12 and . Lamibrac, Degradations Issues during the start-up of 2D PEM fuel cell, 2012.

J. Larminie and A. Dicks, Fuel Cell Systems Explained, 2003.
DOI : 10.1002/9781118878330

]. H. Lee04, J. H. Lee, D. Y. Park, T. H. Kim, and . Lee, A study on the characteristics of the diffusion layer thickness and porosity of the PEMFC, Journal of Power Sources, vol.131, pp.200-206, 2004.

S. Lee, K. Ito, T. Ohshima, S. Noda, and K. Sasaki, In Situ Measurement of Temperature Distribution across a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell, Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, vol.12, issue.9, pp.126-130, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/S0376-7388(03)00195-9

]. C. Lee10, W. Y. Lee, W. J. Fan, and . Hsieh, In-situ Monitoring of Internal Local Temperature and Voltage of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells, Sensors, vol.10, pp.6395-6405, 2010.

]. C. Lee12, R. D. Lee, and . Huang, Real-time determination of temperature and voltage of fuel cells by using flexible micro sensors in a membrane electrode assembly, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.37, pp.3459-3465, 2012.

]. Q. Li01, H. A. Li, N. J. Hjuler, and . Bjerrum, Phosphoric acid doped polybenzimidazole membranes : physiochemical characterization and fuel cell applications, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, vol.31, pp.773-779, 2001.

]. X. Li07, I. Li, J. Sabir, and . Park, A flow channel design procedure for PEM fuel cells with effective water removal, Journal of Power Sources, vol.163, pp.933-942, 2007.

]. H. Li08, Y. Li, Z. Tang, Z. Wang, S. Shi et al., A review of water flooding issues in the proton exchange membrane fuel cell, Journal of Power Sources, vol.178, pp.103-117, 2008.

]. H. Li10, J. Li, K. Gazzarri, S. H. Tsay, H. J. Wu et al., PEM fuel cell cathode contamination in the presence of Cobalt ion (Co 2+ ) Effct of Co 2+ on oxygen reduction reaction catalyzed by Pt catalyst and its implications for Fuel Cell contamination, Electrochimica Acta Electrochimica Acta, vol.55, issue.55, pp.5823-5830, 2010.

]. H. Li10b, K. Li, H. J. Tsay, J. Wang, S. H. Shen et al., Durability of PEM fuel cell cathode in the presence of Fe 3+ and Al 3+, Journal of Power Sources, vol.195, pp.8089-8093, 2010.

G. Lin and T. Van-nguyen, Effect of Thickness and Hydrophobic Polymer Content of the Gas Diffusion Layer on Electrode Flooding Level in a PEMFC, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.49, issue.10, pp.1942-1948, 2005.
DOI : 10.1149/1.1861194

J. H. Lin, W. H. Chen, Y. J. Su, and T. H. Ko, Effect of gas diffusion layer compression on the performance in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, Fuel, vol.87, issue.12, pp.2420-2424, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fuel.2008.03.001

]. H. Lin12, T. F. Lin, L. Cao, Y. L. Chen, W. Q. He et al., In situ measurement of temperature distribution within a single polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.37, issue.16, pp.11871-11886, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.05.028

]. S. Lit04, G. Litster, and . Mclean, PEM fuel cell electrodes, Journal of Power Sources, vol.130, pp.61-76, 2004.

]. Z. Liu06, Z. Liu, C. Mao, and . Wang, A two dimensional partial flooding model for PEMFC, Journal of Power Sources, vol.158, pp.1229-1239, 2006.

]. Z. Lu10, M. M. Lu, C. Daino, S. G. Rath, and . Kandlikar, Water management studies in PEM fuel cells, part III: Dynamic breakthrough and intermittent drainage characteristics from GDLs with and without MPLs, International Journal of Hydrogen energy, vol.35, pp.4233-4233, 2010.

]. A. Lun04 and . Lundblad, Materials characterization of thin film electrodes for PEFC-survey of methods and an example, Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems, vol.7, pp.21-28, 2004.

]. Z. Luo10, Z. Luo, Y. Chang, Z. Zhang, J. Liu et al., Electro-osmotic drag coefficient and proton conductivity in Nafion ® membrane for PEMFC, International Journal of Hydrogen energy, vol.35, pp.3120-3124, 2010.

]. G. Mag96, V. Maggio, C. Recupero, and . Mantegazza, Modelling of temperature distribution in a solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell stack, Journal of Power Sources, vol.62, pp.167-174, 1996.

F. Maillard, E. R. Savinova, and U. Stimming, CO monolayer oxidation on Pt nanoparticles: Further insights into the particle size effects, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, vol.599, issue.2, pp.221-232, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.02.024

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00333785

]. P. Maj07, M. B. Majsztrik, A. B. Satterfield, J. B. Bocarsly, and . Benziger, Water sorption, desorption and transport in Nafion membranes, Journal of Membrane Science, vol.301, pp.93-106, 2007.

]. D. Mal09, E. Malevich, B. A. Halliop, J. G. Peppley, K. Pharoah et al., Investigation of charge-transfer and mass-transport resistances in PEMFCs with microporous layer using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.156, pp.216-224, 2009.

]. L. Mal12, J. C. Maldonado, J. Perrin, O. Dillet, and . Lottin, Characterization of polymer electrolyte Nafion membranes: Influence of temperature, heat treatment and drying protocol on sorption and transport properties, Journal of Membrane Science, vol.389, pp.43-56, 2012.

G. Maranzana, O. Lottin, T. Colinart, S. Chupin, and S. Didierjean, A multi-instrumented polymer exchange membrane fuel cell: Observation of the in-plane non-homogeneities, Journal of Power Sources, vol.180, issue.2, pp.748-754, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.03.002

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00494964

M. J. Martinez-rodriguez, T. Cui, S. Shimpalee, S. Seraphin, B. Duong et al., Effect of microporous layer on MacMullin number of carbon paper gas diffusion layer, Journal of Power Sources, vol.207, pp.91-100, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.01.132

M. M. Mench, D. J. Burford, and T. W. Davis, In situ temperature distribution measurement in an operating polymer electrolyte fuel cell, Proceedings of IMECE'03, p.42393, 2003.

]. O. Mur98, A. Murphy, E. Cisar, and . Clarke, Low cost light weight high power density PEM fuel cell stack, Electrochimica Acta, vol.43, pp.3829-3840, 1998.

J. Moreira, Synthesis, characterization and application of a Pd/Vulcan and Pd/C catalyst in a PEM fuel cell, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.29, issue.9, pp.915-920, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2003.06.003

]. T. Mur06, M. Murahashi, E. Naiki, and . Nishiyama, Water transport in the proton exchangemembrane fuel cell: Comparison of model computation and measurements of effective drag, Journal of Power Sources, vol.162, pp.1130-1136, 2006.

J. H. Nam and M. Kaviany, Effective diffusivity and water-saturation distribution in single- and two-layer PEMFC diffusion medium, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol.46, issue.24, pp.4595-4611, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0017-9310(03)00305-3

J. H. Nam, K. J. Lee, G. S. Hwang, C. J. Kim, and M. Kaviany, Microporous layer for water morphology control in PEMFC, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol.52, issue.11-12, pp.2779-2791, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2009.01.002

]. D. Nat01, T. Natarajan, and . Van-nguyen, A Two-Dimensional, Two-Phase, Multicomponent, Transient Model for the Cathode of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Using Conventional Gas Distributors, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.148, pp.1324-1335, 2001.

]. E. Nis11, T. Nishiyama, and . Murahashi, Water transport characteristics in the gas diffusion media of proton exchange membrane fuel cell -Role of the microporous layer, Journal of Power Sources, vol.196, pp.1847-1854, 2011.

R. E. Nguyen and . White, A Water and Heat Management Model for Proton-Exchange-Membrane Fuel Cells, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.140, issue.8, pp.2178-2186, 1993.
DOI : 10.1149/1.2220792

]. P. Ngu04, T. Nguyen, N. Berning, and . Djilali, Computational model of a PEM fuel cell with serpentine gas flow channels, Journal of Power Sources, vol.130, pp.149-157, 2004.

H. F. Oetjen, Performance Data of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Using H[sub 2]???CO as Fuel Gas, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.143, issue.12, p.3838, 1996.
DOI : 10.1149/1.1837305

J. P. Owejan, J. E. Owejan, W. Gu, T. A. Trabold, T. W. Tighe et al., Water Transport Mechanisms in PEMFC Gas Diffusion Layers, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.157, issue.10, pp.1456-1464, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.12.131

J. Pander, Hamburg speeds up preparation for fuel cell cars, Spiegel. SPIEGELnet GmbH Hamburg, 2009.

D. Papageorgopoulos, DOE fuel cell technology program overview and introduction to the 2010 fuel cell pre-solicitation workshop. Department of energy, 2010.

]. U. Pas04, C. Y. Pasaogullari, and . Wang, Two-phase transport and the role of micro-porous layer in polymer electrolyte fuel cells, Electrochimica Acta, vol.49, pp.4359-4369, 2004.

U. Pasaogullari, C. Y. Wang, and K. S. Chen, Two-Phase Transport in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells with Bilayer Cathode Gas Diffusion Media, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.138, issue.8, pp.1574-1582, 2005.
DOI : 10.1149/1.1789791

G. G. Park, Y. J. Sohn, T. H. Yang, Y. G. Yoon, W. Y. Lee et al., Effect of PTFE contents in the gas diffusion media on the performance of PEMFC, Journal of Power Sources, vol.131, issue.1-2, pp.182-187, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.12.037

]. Z. Pen11, A. Peng, P. Morin, P. Huguet, J. Schott et al., In-situ measurement of electroosmotic drag coefficient in nafion membrane for the PEMFC, Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.115, pp.12835-12844, 2011.

J. G. Pharoah, B. A. Peppley, H. Atiyeh, E. Halliop, K. Karan et al., Investigating the Role of a Microporous Layer on the Water Transport and Performance of a PEMFC, ECS Transactions, 2006.
DOI : 10.1149/1.2356242

J. G. Pharoah and O. S. Burheim, On the temperature distribution in polymer electrolyte fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, vol.195, issue.16, pp.5235-5245, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.03.024

M. Pineri and A. Eisenberg, In Structure and properties of ionomers, NATO ASI Series, vol.189, 1987.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-009-3829-8

]. B. Piv06 and . Pivovar, An overview of electro-osmosis in fuel cell polymer electrolytes, Polymer, vol.47, pp.4194-4202, 2006.

]. A. Pol80, P. M. Pollegri, and . Spaziante, Bipolar separator for electrochemical cells and method of preparation thereof, 1980.

]. Z. Qi02, A. Qi, and . Kaufman, Improvement of water management by microporous sublayer for PEM fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, vol.109, pp.38-46, 2002.

N. Rajalakshmi, H. Ryu, M. M. Shaijumon, and S. Ramaprabhu, Performance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells with carbon nanotubes as oxygen reduction catalyst support material, Journal of Power Sources, vol.140, issue.2, pp.250-257, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.08.042

J. Ramousse, Transfert couples masse-charge-chaleur dans une cellule de pile à combustible à membrane polymère, 2005.

J. Ramousse, J. Deseure, O. Lottin, S. Didierjean, and D. Maillet, Modelling of heat, mass and charge transfer in a PEMFC single cell, Journal of Power Sources, vol.145, issue.2, pp.416-427, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.01.067

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00415099

J. Ramousse, S. Didierjean, O. Lottin, and D. Maillet, Estimation of the effective thermal conductivity of carbon felts used as PEMFC Gas Diffusion Layers, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, vol.47, issue.1, pp.1-6, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2007.01.018

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01742190

J. Ramousse, O. Lottin, S. Didierjean, and D. Maillet, Heat sources in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, vol.192, issue.2, pp.435-441, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.03.038

C. A. Reiser and R. D. Sawyer, Solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell stack water management system, US Patent, issue.4769297, 1988.

]. C. Rei89 and . Reiser, Water and heat management in solid polymer fuel cell stack, 1988.

]. X. Ren97, W. Ren, S. Henderson, and . Gottesfeld, Electro-osmotic Drag of Water in Ionomeric Membranes, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.144, issue.9, 1997.
DOI : 10.1149/1.1837940

]. X. Ren01, S. Ren, and . Gottesfeld, Electro-osmotic Drag of Water in Poly(perfluorosulfonic acid) Membranes, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.125, issue.1, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-2738(99)00178-2

P. J. Reucroft, D. Rivin, and N. Schneider, Thermodynamics of Nafion??????vapor interactions. I. Water vapor, Polymer, vol.43, issue.19, pp.5157-5161, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00342-7

J. A. Rock, Mirrored serpentine flow channels for fuel cell. Us Patent No, 1998.

]. T. Rom09, W. Romero, and . Mérida, Water transport in liquid and vapour equilibrated Nafion TM membranes, Journal of Membrane Science, vol.338, pp.135-144, 2009.

]. A. Row01, X. Rowe, and . Li, Mathematical modeling of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, vol.102, pp.82-96, 2001.

]. W. Sch08, A. Schmittinger, and . Vahidi, A review of the main parameters influencing longterm performance and durability of PEM fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, vol.180, pp.1-14, 2008.

]. T. Sch08a, J. Schmidt, and . Baurmeister, Properties of high-temperature PEFC Celtec-P 1000 MEAs in start/stop operation mode, Journal of Power Sources, vol.176, pp.428-434, 2008.

]. V. Set08, J. W. Sethuraman, A. T. Weidner, L. V. Haug, and . Protsailo, Durability of Perfluorosulfonic Acid and Hydrocarbon Membranes: Effect of Humidity and Temperature, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.155, p.119, 2008.

]. D. Seo11, J. Y. Seo, S. S. Lee, J. K. Park, S. W. Rhee et al., Investigation of MEA degradation in PEM fuel cell by on/off cyclic operation under different humid conditions, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.36, pp.1828-1836, 2011.

Y. Y. Shao, J. Wang, R. Kou, M. Engelhard, J. Liu et al., The corrosion of PEM fuel cell catalyst supports and its implications for developing durable catalysts, Electrochimica Acta, vol.54, issue.11, pp.3109-3114, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.12.001

]. N. Sie04, M. W. Siegel, D. J. Ellis, M. R. Nelson, . Von et al., A two-dimensional model of a PEMFC with liquid water transport, Journal of Power Sources, vol.128, pp.173-184, 2004.

]. C. Sie08 and . Siegel, Review of computational heat and mass transfer modeling in polymerelectrolyte-membrane (PEM) fuel cells. Energy, pp.1331-1352, 2008.

]. M. Sil11, M. C. Silberstein, and . Boyce, Hygro-thermal mechanical behaviour of Nafion during constrained swelling, Journal of Power Sources, vol.196, pp.3452-3460, 2011.

D. Singh, D. M. Lu, and N. Djilali, A two-dimensional analysis of mass transport in proton exchange membrane fuel cells, International Journal of Engineering Science, vol.37, issue.4, pp.431-452, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0020-7225(98)00079-2

]. D. Spe07, A. K. Spernjak, S. G. Prasad, and . Advani, Experimental investigation of liquid water formation and transport in a transparent single-serpentine PEM fuel cell, Journal of Power Sources, vol.170, pp.334-344, 2007.

]. D. Spe10, A. K. Spernjak, S. G. Prasad, and . Advani, In situ comparison of water content and dynamics in parallel, single-serpentine, and interdigitated flow fields of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, vol.195, pp.3553-3568, 2010.

]. T. Spr91, T. A. Springer, S. Zawodzinski, and . Gottesfeld, Polymer electrolyte fuel cell model, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.138, pp.2334-2342, 1991.

F. R. Spurrier, B. E. Pierce, and M. K. Wright, Fuel cell plates with improve arrangement of process channels for enhanced pressure drop across the plates, 1986.

]. F. Sta96, K. Standaert, N. Hemmes, and . Woudstra, Analytical fuel cell modelling, Journal of Power Sources, vol.63, pp.221-234, 1996.

]. F. Sta98, K. Standaert, N. Hemmes, and . Woudstra, Analytical fuel cell modeling; nonisothermal fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, vol.70, pp.181-199, 1998.

M. Sulek, J. Adams, S. Kaberline, M. Ricketts, and J. R. Waldecker, In situ metal ion contamination and the effects on proton exchange membrane fuel cell performance, Journal of Power Sources, vol.196, issue.21, pp.8967-8972, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.01.086

T. Swamy, E. C. Kumbur, and M. M. Mench, Investigation of bipolar plate and diffusion media interfacial structure in PEFCs: A fractal geometry approach, Electrochimica Acta, vol.56, issue.8, pp.3060-3070, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.12.068

]. H. Tan07, P. K. Tang, S. P. Shen, F. Jiang, M. Wang et al., A degradation study of Nafion proton exchange membranes PEM Fuel Cells, Journal of Power Sources, vol.170, pp.85-92, 2007.

M. Tasaka, T. Mizuta, and O. Sekiguchi, Mass transfer through polymer membranes due to a temperature gradient, Journal of Membrane Science, vol.54, issue.1-2, pp.191-204, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/S0376-7388(00)82079-7

M. Tasaka, T. Hirai, R. Kiyono, and Y. Aki, Solvent transoport across cation-exchange membranes under a temperature difference and under an osmotic pressure difference, Journal of Membrane Science, vol.71, issue.1-2, pp.151-159, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0376-7388(92)85014-A

N. Mag-'mat and . Dossier-technique, Quels matériaux dans les piles à Combustible ?http://www.ardi-rhonealpes, 2009.

]. C. Tse12, B. T. Tseng, Z. S. Tsai, T. C. Liu, W. C. Cheng et al., A PEM fuel cell with metal foam as flow distributor. Energy Conversion and Management, pp.14-21, 2012.

M. M. Tomadakis and S. V. Sotirchos, Ordinary and transition regime diffusion in random fiber structures, AIChE Journal, vol.39, issue.3, pp.397-412, 2003.
DOI : 10.1002/aic.690390304

. Toyota, Toyota advanced fuel cell hybrid vehicule completes Government Field Evaluation, PRNewswire, 2009.

M. Uchida, Y. Aoyama, N. Eda, and A. Ohta, Investigation of the Microstructure in the Catalyst Layer and Effects of Both Perfluorosulfonate Ionomer and PTFE-Loaded Carbon on the Catalyst Layer of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.142, issue.12, pp.4143-4148, 1995.
DOI : 10.1149/1.2048477

G. Unsworth, N. Zamel, and X. Li, Through-plane thermal conductivity of the microporous layer in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.37, issue.6, pp.5161-5169, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.12.012

T. Vallée, Cours des métaux : prix du platine, 2012.

P. J. Vie and S. Kjelstrup, Thermal conductivities from temperature profiles in the polymer electrolyte fuel cell, Electrochimica Acta, vol.49, issue.7, pp.1069-1077, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.electacta.2003.10.018

]. H. Vos93, C. Y. Voss, and . Chow, Coolant flow field plate for electrochemical fuel cells, 1993.

J. S. Wainright, J. T. Wang, R. F. Savinell, and M. H. Litt, Acid-Doped Polybenzimidazoles: A New Polymer Electrolyte, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.142, issue.7, pp.121-123, 1995.
DOI : 10.1149/1.2044337

C. Y. Wang and P. Cheng, Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer in Porous Media Advances in Heat Transfer, 1997.

]. Z. Wan01, C. Y. Wang, K. S. Wang, and . Chen, Two-phase flow in the air cathode of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, vol.94, pp.40-50, 2001.

B. Wang, Recent development of non-platinum catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction, Journal of Power Sources, vol.152, pp.1-15, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.05.098

]. Y. Wan06, C. Y. Wang, and . Wang, A nonisothermal, two-phase model for polymer electrolyte fuel cells, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.153, pp.1193-1200, 2006.

M. Wang, H. Guo, and C. Ma, Temperature distribution on the MEA surface of a PEMFC with serpentine channel flow bed, Journal of Power Sources, vol.157, issue.1, pp.181-187, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.08.012

]. Y. Wan11, K. S. Wang, J. Chen, S. C. Mishler, X. C. Cho et al., A review of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells: Technology, applications, and needs on fundamental research, Applied Energy, vol.88, pp.981-1007, 2011.

]. A. Web05, J. Weber, and . Newman, Effects of microporous layers in polymer electrolyte fuel cells, Journal of Electrochemical Society, vol.152, pp.677-688, 2005.

A. Z. Weber and J. Newman, Coupled Thermal and Water Management in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.462, issue.12, pp.2205-2214, 2006.
DOI : 10.1149/1.1639158

A. Z. Weber and M. A. Hickner, Modeling and high-resolution-imaging studies of water-content profiles in a polymer-electrolyte-fuel-cell membrane-electrode assembly, Electrochimica Acta, vol.53, issue.26, pp.7668-7674, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.05.018

]. A. Web10 and . Weber, Improved modeling and understanding of diffusion-media wettability on polymer-electrolyte-fuel-cell performance, Journal of Power Sources, vol.195, pp.5292-5304, 2010.

[. Wen and G. Huang, Application of a thermally conductive pyrolytic graphite sheet to thermal management of a PEM fuel cell, Journal of Power Sources, vol.178, issue.1, pp.132-140, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.12.040

M. S. Wilson, F. H. Garzon, K. E. Sickafus, and S. Gottefeld, Surface Area Loss of Supported Platinum in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.140, issue.10, pp.2872-1877, 1993.
DOI : 10.1149/1.2220925

M. S. Wilson, Fuel cell interdigitated porous flow-field. US Patent No. 5641586, 1997.

J. Wu, X. Z. Yuan, J. J. Martin, H. Wang, J. Zhang et al., A review of PEM fuel cell durability: Degradation mechanisms and mitigation strategies, Journal of Power Sources, vol.184, issue.1, pp.104-119, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.06.006

H. Wu, X. Li, and P. Berg, On the modeling of water transport in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, Electrochimica Acta, vol.54, issue.27, pp.6913-6927, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.06.070

R. Wu, X. Zhu, Q. Liao, H. Wang, Y. D. Ding et al., A pore network study on the role of micro-porous layer in control of liquid water distribution in gas diffusion layer, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.35, issue.14, pp.7588-7593, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.04.126

J. Yablecki and A. Bazylak, Determining the effective thermal conductivity of compressed PEMFC GDLs through thermal resistance modelling, Journal of Power Sources, vol.217, pp.470-478, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.06.011

M. Yala-aithammouda, Étude et realisation de microcapteurs de flux thermique en technologie silicium, 2007.

]. W. Yan10, D. K. Yan, X. D. Wu, A. L. Wang, D. J. Ong et al., Optimal microporous layer for proton exchange membrane fuel cell, Journal of Power Sources, vol.195, issue.17, pp.5731-5734, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.03.041

]. L. You02, H. You, and . Liu, A two-phase flow and transport model for the cathode of PEM fuel cells, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol.45, pp.2277-2287, 2002.

X. Z. Yuan, H. Wang, J. Zhang, and D. P. Wilkinson, Bipolar Plates for PEM Fuel Cells -From Materials to Processing, Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems, vol.8, pp.257-267, 2005.

]. T. Zad94, J. Zawodzinski, J. Davey, S. Valerio, and . Gottesfeld, The water content dependence of electro-osmotic drag in proton-conducting polymer electrolytes, Electrochimica Acta, vol.40, pp.297-302, 1994.

]. R. Zaf06, J. S. Zaffou, H. R. Yi, J. M. Kunz, and . Fenton, Temperature-driven water transport through membrane electrode assembly of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, Electrochemical and Solid State Letters, vol.9, pp.418-422, 2006.

J. Zhang, High temperature PEM fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, vol.160, issue.2, pp.872-891, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.05.034

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00715359

G. Zhang, L. Guo, L. Ma, and H. Liu, Simultaneous measurement of current and temperature distributions in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, Journal of Power Sources, vol.195, issue.11, pp.3597-3604, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.12.016

]. G. Zha11, S. Zhang, L. Shen, H. Guo, and . Liu, Dynamic characteristics of local current densities and temperatures in proton exchange membrane fuel cells during reactant starvations, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.37, pp.1884-1892, 2011.