122 IV.1.3 Calcul des pertes de charge à vitesse constante 125 IV.1.4 Mesures de pertes de charge dans un canal étanche 131 IV.1.8 Conclusion sur le calcul des pertes de charge dans un mono-canal serpentin134 IV.2 Influence de la GDL sur l, Sommaire IV.1 Pertes de charge de l'air 135 IV.2.2 Quantification des flux croisés . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 IV.2.3 Influence de l'épaisseur et de la compression de la GDL . . . . 137 IV.2.4 Conclusion sur l'influence, p.139 ,
140 IV.3.1 Mesure des pertes de charge dans une pile en fonctionnement . 140 IV.3.2 Résolution de Navier-Stokes dans un canal de section circulaire 148 IV.3.3 Calcul pour un écoulement stratifié d'air humide saturé, IV.3 Pertes de charge dans une pile, p.151 ,
Experimental investigation of the role of a microporous layer on the water transport and performance of a PEM fuel cell, Journal of Power Sources, vol.170, pp.111-121, 2007. ,
A critical review of two-phase flow in gas flow channels of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, vol.195, issue.15, pp.4531-4553, 2010. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.12.123
Design of an 80kWe PEM fuel cell system : Scale up effect investigation, Journal of Power Sources, vol.182, pp.441-448, 2008. ,
Evidence of a non-dimensional parameter controlling the flooding of PEMFC stack, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.33, issue.11, pp.2765-2773, 2008. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.03.029
Magnetic resonance imaging of water distribution and production in a 6 cm 2 PEMFC under operation, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.33, pp.3146-3149, 2008. ,
Mécanique des Fluides. Tome II : Exemples pratiques d'écoulements isovolumes, 1968. ,
Validation expérimentale d'outils de modélisation d'une pile à combustible de type PEM, 2005. ,
Analysis of Water Management in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells, Tsinghua Science and Technology, vol.154, pp.54-64, 2006. ,
Modeling and control of air stream and hydrogen flow with recirculation in a PEM fuel cell system -I Controloriented modeling, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.31, pp.1879-1896, 2006. ,
Water condensation in gas distribution plates of PEMFCs : flow and removal from the grooved patterns of the plates, European Congress of Chemical Engineering (ECCE-6), 1920. ,
A quantitative study of the effect of flow-distributor geometry in the cathode of a PEM fuel cell, Journal of Power Sources, vol.153, issue.1, pp.76-88, 2006. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.03.211
Design of electrode pairs for the detection of liquid water in gas distribution channels of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells ,
Detection of Liquid Water in PEM Fuel Cells' Channels : Design and Validation of a Microsensor, Fuel Cells, vol.10, pp.520-529, 2010. ,
Liquid water droplets in the gas channels of PEM Fuel Cells : in-situ detection and observation of clogging/unclogging sequence, The 20th International Symposium on Transport Phenomena, 2009. ,
Two-phase flow pressure drop in the cathode gas channel of a PEMFC, 61st Annual Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry, 2010. ,
Study of liquid water presence in the cathode channel of a PEMFC unsing origina microsensors and pressure drop measurements, Fundamentals and Developments of Fuel Cells Conference, 2011. ,
PEMFC electrode preparation by electrospray : Optimization of catalyst load and ionomer content, Catalysis Today, vol.143, pp.237-241, 2009. ,
Dominant frequency of pressure drop signal as a novel diagnostic tool for the water removal in proton exchange membrane fuel cell flow channel, Journal of Power Sources, vol.195, pp.1177-1181, 2010. ,
Effect of water transport properties on a PEM fuel cell operating with dry hydrogen, Electrochimica Acta, vol.51, issue.28, pp.6361-6366, 2006. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.04.043
gestion de l'eau et performances électriques d'une pile à combustible : des pores de la membrane à la cellule, 2008. ,
Quel avenir pour les piles, 2008. ,
Numerical modeling and experimental study of the influence of GDL properties on performance in a PEMFC, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.36, issue.2, pp.1837-1845, 2011. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.01.036
Effects of porosity change of gas diffuser on performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell, Journal of Power Sources, vol.123, issue.1, pp.1-9, 2003. ,
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00605-5
Analytical Chemistry Handbook, 1995. ,
Three-dimensional CFD modelling of PEM fuel cells: An investigation into the effects of water flooding, Chemical Engineering Science, vol.64, issue.12, pp.2781-2794, 2009. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.ces.2009.01.060
Direct observation of the two-phase flow in the air channel of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell and of the effects of a clogging/unclogging sequence on the current density distribution, Journal of Power Sources, vol.195, pp.2795-2799, 2010. ,
Effect of membrane characteristics and humidification conditions on the impedance response of polymer electrolyte fuel cells, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, vol.503, issue.1-2, pp.57-68, 2001. ,
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-0728(01)00364-3
Effects of Ozone on the Performance of a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell, Fuel Cells, vol.154, issue.5, pp.562-569, 2009. ,
DOI : 10.1002/fuce.200800182
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00508342
Enhancing liquid water transport by laser perforation of a GDL in a PEM fuel cell, Journal of Power Sources, vol.177, issue.2, pp.348-354, 2008. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.11.080
Evaluation of fuel cell system efficiency and degradation at development and during commercialization, Journal of Power Sources, vol.159, issue.1, pp.646-655, 2006. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.10.109
Transient computation fluid dynamics modeling of a single proton exchange membrane fuel cell with serpentine channel, Journal of Power Sources, vol.165, pp.171-184, 2007. ,
The Influence of the Gas Diffusion Layer on Water Management in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells, Fuel Cells, vol.7, issue.4, pp.306-313, 2007. ,
DOI : 10.1002/fuce.200700003
Combined neutron radiography and locally resolved current density measurements of operating PEM fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, vol.176, issue.2, pp.452-459, 2008. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.08.058
Sensing electrodes for failure diagnostics in fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, vol.190, issue.1, pp.103-109, 2009. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.08.034
A PEM fuel cell for combined measurement of current and temperature distribution, and flow field flooding, Journal of Power Sources, vol.131, issue.1-2, pp.213-216, 2004. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.11.081
Cross-linked sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) (SPEEK)/reactive organoclay nanocomposite proton exchange membranes (PEM), Journal of Membrane Science, vol.372, issue.1-2, pp.40-48, 2011. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.01.042
Novel in situ measurement of relative humidity in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell, Journal of Power Sources, vol.186, pp.52-57, 2009. ,
Visualization and quantification of cathode channel flooding in PEM fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, vol.187, issue.2, pp.444-451, 2009. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.11.030
Sulfonation of PEEK-WC polymer via chloro-sulfonic acid for potential PEM fuel cell applications, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.35, pp.12688-12695, 2010. ,
Super-cooled water behavior inside polymer electrolyte fuel cell cross-section below freezing temperature, Journal of Power Sources, vol.179, issue.2, pp.547-552, 2008. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.01.031
Design of an optical thermal sensor for proton exchange membrane fuel cell temperature measurement using phosphor thermometry, Journal of Power Sources, vol.195, issue.15, pp.4753-4757, 2010. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.02.071
Optimal design of baffle locations with interdigitated flow channels of a centimeter-scale proton exchange memrane fuel cell, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.53, pp.732-743, 2010. ,
The effect of serpentine flow-field designs on PEM fuel cell performance, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.33, issue.3, pp.1052-1066, 2008. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2007.11.015
Water transport in the proton-exchange-membrane fuel cell: measurements of the effective drag coefficient, Journal of Power Sources, vol.101, issue.1, pp.117-125, 2001. ,
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00708-X
The Handbook of Fluid Dynamics, 1998. ,
Experimental investigations on liquid water removal from the gas diffusion layer by reactant flow in a PEM fuel cell, Applied Energy, vol.87, issue.9, pp.2770-2777, 2010. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.04.041
An approach to modeling two-phase transport in the gas diffusion layer of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, Journal of Power Sources, vol.175, issue.1, pp.127-136, 2008. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.09.029
Transport et stockage des fluides dans l'industrie. Dunod, 2002. ,
Measuring device for synchrotron X-ray imaging and first results of high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, vol.196, pp.5231-5239, 2011. ,
The viscosity of dry and humid air, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol.7, issue.11, pp.1245-1255, 1964. ,
DOI : 10.1016/0017-9310(64)90066-3
Experimental techniques for fuel cell monitoring, à paraître dans "Polymer electrolyte membrane and direct methanol fuel cell technology (PEMFCs and DMFCs, 2011. ,
Water flooding and two-phase flow in cathode channels of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, vol.156, issue.2, pp.267-280, 2006. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.06.027
Water flooding and pressure drop characteristics in flow channels of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, Electrochimica Acta, vol.52, issue.11, pp.3607-3614, 2007. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.10.030
Flow dynamic characteristics in flow field of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.33, pp.1040-1051, 2008. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2007.11.018
Water management studies in PEM fuel cells, Part II: Ex situ investigation of flow maldistribution, pressure drop and two-phase flow pattern in gas channels, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.34, issue.8, pp.3445-3456, 2009. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.12.025
PEM fuel cell electrodes, Journal of Power Sources, vol.130, issue.1-2, pp.61-76, 2004. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.12.055
Investigation of a Novel Catalyst Coated Membrane Method to Prepare Low-Platinum-Loading Membrane Electrode Assemblies for PEMFCs, Fuel Cells, vol.4, issue.2, pp.101-105, 2009. ,
DOI : 10.1002/fuce.200800114
A flow channel design procedure for PEM fuel cells with effective water removal, Journal of Power Sources, vol.163, issue.2, pp.933-942, 2007. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.10.015
A review of water flooding issues in the proton exchange membrane fuel cell, Journal of Power Sources, vol.178, issue.1, pp.103-117, 2008. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.12.068
In situ diagnosis of micrometallic proton exchange membrane fuel cells using microsensors, Journal of Power Sources, vol.172, issue.1, pp.363-367, 2007. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.07.032
Effects of baffle-blocked flow channel on reactant transport and cell performance of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, Journal of Power Sources, vol.142, issue.1-2, pp.125-133, 2005. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.09.037
Fundamental understanding of liquid water effects on the performance of a PEMFC with serpentine-parallel channels, Electrochimica Acta, vol.54, issue.8, pp.2137-2154, 2009. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.10.029
An analog electronic interface to measure electrical conductivity in liquids, Measurement, vol.38, issue.3, pp.181-187, 2005. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.measurement.2005.07.013
Characterization of Water Management in PEM Fuel Cells with Microporous Layer Using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, International Symposium on Diagnostic Tools for Fuel Cells Technologies, 2009. ,
Comparison between numerical simulation and visualization experiment on water behavior in single straight flow channel polymer electrolyte fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, vol.177, issue.2, pp.303-313, 2008. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.11.069
A multi-instrumented polymer exchange membrane fuel cell : Observation of the in-plane non-homogeneities, Journal of Power Sources, vol.180, pp.748-754, 2008. ,
Modeling polymer electrolyte fuel cells: an innovative approach, Journal of Power Sources, vol.101, issue.2, pp.275-286, 2001. ,
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00758-3
Diagnostic tool to detect liquid water removal in the cathode channels of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, vol.162, issue.1, pp.469-473, 2006. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.06.055
Effective diffusivity and water-saturation distribution in single-and two-layer PEMFC diffusion medium, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol.46, pp.4595-4611, 2003. ,
A liquid water management strategy for PEM fuel cell stacks, Journal of Power Sources, vol.114, pp.70-79, 2003. ,
Three-dimensional effects of liquid water flooding in the cathode of a PEM fuel cell, Journal of Power Sources, vol.115, issue.1, pp.66-80, 2003. ,
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00624-9
Visualisation of water droplets during the operation of PEM fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, vol.173, issue.1, pp.137-148, 2007. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.04.075
The formation of water droplets in an airbreathing PEMFC, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.34, pp.3476-3487, 2009. ,
Visualisation of water accumulation in the flow channels of PEMFC under various operating conditions, Journal of Power Sources, vol.187, pp.182-189, 2009. ,
Electrochemical Evaluation of Porous Non-Platinum Oxygen Reduction Catalysts for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells, Fuel Cells, vol.09, pp.547-553, 2009. ,
Experimental analysis of pulsing techniques in a proton exchange fuel cell On the permeability of gas diffusion media used in PEM fuel cells Influence of cathode gas diffusion media on the performance of the PEMFCs, Journal of Power Sources Journal of Power Sources Journal of Power Sources, vol.196, issue.131, pp.1030-103577, 2004. ,
Enhanced water removal in a fuel cell stack by droplet atomization using structural and acoustic excitation, Journal of Power Sources, vol.159, issue.2, pp.1061-1070, 2006. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.12.020
An experimental and numerical investigation on the cross flow through gas diffusion layer in a PEM fuel cell with a serpentine flow channel, Journal of Power Sources, vol.163, issue.2, pp.853-8633373, 2007. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.09.083
Effect of PTFE contents in the gas diffusion media on the performance of PEMFC, Journal of Power Sources, vol.131, pp.182-187, 1963. ,
Transferts couplés Masse-Charge-Chaleur dans une cellule de pile à combustible à membrane polymère Catalyst layer in PEMFC electrodes . Fabrication, characterisation and analysis, Chemical Engineering Journal, vol.129, pp.31-40, 2005. ,
Sir William Grove (1811-1896), 2008. ,
Dynamique des fluides [SASF10] K. Suarez-Alcantara and O. Solorza-Ferial. Evaluation of Ru x W y Se z Catalyst as a Cathode Electrode in a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell, Fuel Cells, vol.10, pp.84-92, 1991. ,
Electrode permeability and flow-field configuration: influence on the performance of a PEMFC, Journal of Power Sources, vol.118, issue.1-2, pp.172-178, 2003. ,
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-7753(03)00081-8
Quantification of Liquid Water Saturation in a PEM Fuel Cell Diffusion Medium Using X-ray Microtomography, situ neutron imaging technique for evaluation of water management systems in operating PEM fuel cells, pp.344-348238, 2004. ,
DOI : 10.1016/S0098-3004(00)00116-3
Impact of channel geometry on two-phase flow in fuel cell microchannels Numerical analysis of the effect of different gas feeding modes in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell with serpentine flow-field Experimental investigation of liquid water formation and transport in a transparent single-serpentine PEM fuel cell In situ comparison of water content and dynamics in parallel, single-serpentine, and interdigitated flow fields of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells Experimental analysis of the effects of the operating variables on the performance of a single PEMFC. Energy Conversion and Management In-situ visualization of liquid water in an operating PEMFC by soft X-ray radiography A numerical study of flow crossover between adjacent flow channels in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell with serpentine flow field Studies on flooding in PEM fuel cell cathode channels Self-humidification of a PEM fuel cell using a novel Pt Analysis of reactant gas transport in a PEM fuel cell with partially blocked fuel flow channels Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Model, Journal of Power SourcesSZGL06] H. Sun, G. Zhang, L-J. Guo, and H. Liu. A novel technique for measuring current distributions in PEM fuel cellsTec09] Mag'Mat N?30 Dossier Technique. Quels matériaux dans les piles à combustible, pp.1948-19545012, 1991. ,
Gas???liquid two-phase flow in microchannels Part I: two-phase flow patterns, International Journal of Multiphase Flow, vol.25, issue.3, pp.377-394, 1999. ,
DOI : 10.1016/S0301-9322(98)00054-8
Visualization of water buildup in the cathode of a transparent PEM fuel cell, Journal of Power Sources, vol.124, issue.2, pp.403-414, 2003. ,
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-7753(03)00797-3
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Water Distribution within a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane in Fuel Cells, Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, vol.413, issue.9, pp.269-272, 2004. ,
DOI : 10.1149/1.1774971
Self-Humidifying Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel Cells Preparation of Highly Dispersed ,
Cours des métaux : prix du platine. http ://www.decolletage-usinage.fr/cours-des-metaux-prix-du-platine.php, VVY96] N.B. Vargaftik, Y.K. Vinogradov, and V.S. Yargin. Handbook of Physical Properties of Liquids and Gases, 1996. ,
Characterization of Gas Diffusion Layers for PEMFC, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.132, issue.8, pp.1173-1180, 2004. ,
DOI : 10.1149/1.2055066
Novel serpentine-baffle flow field design for proton exchange membrane fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, vol.173, issue.1, pp.210-221, 2007. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.08.037
Temperature distribution on the MEA surface of a PEMFC with serpentine channel flow bed, Journal of Power Sources, vol.157, issue.1, pp.181-187, 2006. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.08.012
Study of water-flooding behaviour in cathode channel of a transparent proton-exchange membrane fuel cell, Journal of Power Sources, vol.157, issue.2, pp.674-680, 2006. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.01.002
Self-Humidifying Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel Cells, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.143, issue.12, pp.3847-3852, 1996. ,
DOI : 10.1149/1.1837307
Diagnostic tools in PEM fuel cell research : PartII Electrochemical techniques, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.33, pp.1747-1757, 2008. ,
Diagnostic tools in PEM fuel cell research : PartII Physical/chemical methods, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.33, pp.1735-1746, 2008. ,
Bipolar Plates for PEM Fuel Cells -From Materials to Processing, Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems, vol.8, pp.257-267, 2005. ,
Gas-liquid two-phase flow patterns in parallel channels for fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, vol.183, pp.643-650, 2008. ,
Effect of contaminants on polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, pp.292-329, 2011. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.pecs.2010.06.003
Visualization of water transport in a transparent PEMFC, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.37, issue.1, 2011. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.02.081
Liquid Water Removal from a Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.16, issue.2, pp.225-232, 2006. ,
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9797(88)90442-0