Z. Zhi-dan, H. Hai-bo, Z. Xin-jian, C. Guang-yi, and R. Yuan, Adaptive maximum power point tracking control of fuel cell power plants, Journal of Power Sources, vol.176, pp.259-269, 2008.

L. Barelli, G. Bidini, A. O. , J. Hwang, Y. Chen et al., Optimization of a PEMFC/battery pack power system for a bus application The study on the power management system in a fuel cell hybrid vehicle « A bond graph model-based evaluation of a control scheme to improve the dynamic performance of a solid oxide fuel cell, Applied Energy International Journal of Hydrogen Energy Mechatronics, vol.37, issue.2012, pp.4476-4489, 2009.

R. Saisset, G. Fontes, and C. Turpin, Bond Graph model of a PEM fuel cell, Journal of Power Sources, vol.156, issue.1, pp.100-107, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.08.040

F. Gonzalez-longatt, Modeling and Simulation of PEM Fuel Cell with Bond Graph and 20sim Real-time dynamic modeling of hydrogen PEMFCs, American Control Conference Westin Seattle Hotel Journal of the Franklin Institute, vol.345, issue.2, pp.182-203, 2008.

X. Roboam and S. Astier, Les Bond Graphs Causaux pour les systèmes à énergie renouvelable

D. Chrenko, S. Lecoq, E. Herail, D. Hissel, and M. C. Péra, Static and dynamic modeling of a diesel fed fuel cell power supply, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.35, issue.3, pp.1377-1389, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.11.059

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00504636

A. Bouscayrol, Formalismes de representation et de commande appliqués aux systèmes électromécaniques multimachines multiconvertisseurs, Habilitation à diriger des recherche soutenue le 22 décembre 2003 à l'université des sciences et technologies de Lille

C. Gay, D. Hissel, F. Lanzetta, M. Feidt, and M. Péra, Représentation Energétique Macroscopique d'une pile à combustible SOFC pour de la cogeneration, Acte congrès français de thermique 2010, Energie et transport durable

K. S. Agbli, M. C. Péra, D. Hissel, O. Rallièresb, C. Turpin et al., Multiphysics simulation of a PEM electrolyser: Energetic Macroscopic Representation approach, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.36, issue.2, pp.1382-1398, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.10.069

J. P. Hautier and J. Faucher, Le graphe informationnel causal, Bulletin de l'Union des Physiciens, vol.90, pp.167-189, 1996.

J. Faucher and M. Granpierre, Quelques aspects de l'étude de la commande des machines électriques et des convertisseurs statiques à partir des schémas informationnel, 1991.

B. Francois, D. Hissel, and M. T. , « Dynamic Modelling of a Fuel Cell and Wind Turbine DC-Linked Power System, 1920.

W. Lhomme, Gestion d'énergie de véhicules électriques hybrides basée sur la representation énergétique macroscopique, Thèse de Doctorat, 2007.

S. Yuvarajan and D. Yu, Characteristics andmodeling of PEMfuel cells, Proc. Int

D. Yu and S. Yuvarajan, A novel circuit model for PEM fuel cells, Proc. 19th

. Annu, Power Electron, Conf. Expo, vol.1, pp.362-366, 2004.

C. S. Wang, M. H. Nehrir, and S. R. Shaw, Dynamic Models and Model Validation for PEM Fuel Cells Using Electrical Circuits, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol.20, issue.2, pp.442-451, 2005.
DOI : 10.1109/TEC.2004.842357

R. S. Gemmen, Analysis for the Effect of Inverter Ripple Current on Fuel Cell Operating Condition, Journal of Fluids Engineering, vol.43, issue.3, pp.576-585, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-4686(98)00046-2

R. Seyezhai and B. L. Mathur, Modeling and control of a PEM fuel cell based hybrid multilevel inverter, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.36, issue.22, pp.15029-15043, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.04.019

C. Shannon, A. H. Page, S. P. Anbuky, J. Krumdieck, and . Brouwer, Test Method and Equivalent Circuit Modeling of a PEM Fuel Cell in a Passive State, IEEE trans. on energy conv, vol.22, issue.3, pp.764-773, 2007.

U. Reggiani, L. Sandrolini, and G. L. Burbui, Modelling a PEM fuel cell stack with a nonlinear equivalent circuit, Journal of Power Sources, vol.165, issue.1, p.25
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.11.062

J. Hwang, Y. Chen, and J. Kuo, The study on the power management system in a fuel cell hybrid vehicle, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.37, issue.5, pp.4476-4489, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.11.127

R. Seyezhai and B. L. Mathur, Modeling and control of a PEM fuel cell based hybrid multilevel inverter, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.36, issue.22, pp.15029-15043, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.04.019

A. Rowe and X. Li, Mathematical modeling of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, vol.102, issue.1-2, pp.82-96, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00798-4

M. Hu, X. Zhu, M. Wang, and A. Gu, Three dimensional, two phase flow mathematical model for PEM fuel cell: Part II. Analysis and discussion of the internal transport mechanisms, Energy Conversion and Management, vol.45, issue.11-12, pp.1861-1882, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.enconman.2003.09.023

H. Chiu, J. Jang, W. Yan, H. Li, and C. Liao, A three-dimensional modeling of transport phenomena of proton exchange membrane fuel cells with various flow fields, Applied Energy, vol.96, pp.359-370, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.02.060

K. Hsiao-kuo-hsuen and . Yin, Performance equations of proton exchange membrane fuel cells with feeds of varying degrees of humidification, Electrochimica Acta, vol.62, pp.447-460, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.12.079

B. Tavakoli and R. , The effect of fuel cell operational conditions on the water content distribution in the polymer electrolyte membrane, Renewable Energy, pp.3319-3331, 2011.

M. M. Nasef and A. A. Aly, Water and charge transport models in proton exchange membranes: An overview, Desalination, vol.287, pp.238-246, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.desal.2011.06.054

T. Springer, T. Zawodzinski, and S. Gottesfeld, Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Model, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.138, issue.8, pp.2334-2376, 1991.
DOI : 10.1149/1.2085971

M. Najjari, F. Khemili, and S. B. Nasrallah, The effects of the cathode flooding on the transient responses of a PEM fuel cell Renewable Energy, pp.1824-1831, 2008.

A. Jamekhorshid, G. Karimi, and I. Noshadi, Current distribution and cathode flooding prediction in a PEM fuel cell, Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, vol.42, issue.4, pp.622-631, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jtice.2010.10.006

Y. Chen and H. Peng, Predicting current density distribution of proton exchange membrane fuel cells with different flow field designs, Journal of Power Sources, vol.196, issue.4, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.09.094

J. M. Sierra, J. Moreira, and P. J. Sebastian, Numerical analysis of the effect of different gas feeding modes in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell with serpentine flow-field, Journal of Power Sources, vol.196, issue.11, pp.5070-5076, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.01.079

Y. M. Ferng and A. Su, A three-dimensional full-cell CFD model used to investigate the effects of different flow channel designs on PEMFC performance, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.32, issue.17, pp.4466-4476, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2007.05.012

C. Wang, M. H. Nehrir, and S. R. Shaw, Dynamic Models and Model Validation for PEM Fuel Cells Using Electrical Circuits, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol.20, issue.2, 2005.
DOI : 10.1109/TEC.2004.842357

D. S. Falcão, P. J. Gomes, V. B. Oliveira, C. Pinho, and A. M. Pinto, 1D and 3D numerical simulations in PEM fuel cells, 1D and 3D numerical simulations in PEM fuel cells, pp.12486-12498, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.06.133

P. Thounthong, Conception d'une source hybride utilisant une pile à combustible et des super-condensateurs, thèse de doctorat de l'Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine, 2005.

W. Friede, Modélisation et caractérisation d'une pile à combustible du type PEM, thèse de doctorat de l'Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine, 2003.

C. F. Curtiss and R. B. Bird, Multicomponent Diffusion, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol.38, issue.7, pp.2515-2522, 1999.
DOI : 10.1021/ie9901123

N. R. Amundson, T. Pan, and V. I. Paulsen, Diffusing with Stefan and Maxwell, Diffusing with Stefan and Maxwell, pp.813-830, 2004.
DOI : 10.1002/aic.690490403

W. Friede, S. Raël, and B. Davat, Mathematical Model and Characterization of the Transient Behavior of a PEM Fuel Cell, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol.19, issue.5, pp.1234-1241, 2004.
DOI : 10.1109/TPEL.2004.833449

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00093073

M. Hinaje, D. A. Nguyen, S. Raël, and B. Davat, Modeling of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell in steady state, IEEE-PESC, pp.3550-3556, 2008.

P. Thounthong, S. Raël, and B. Davat, Control Strategy of Fuel Cell and Supercapacitors Association for a Distributed Generation System, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.54, issue.6, pp.3225-3233, 2007.
DOI : 10.1109/TIE.2007.896477

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00190995

C. Hsu, F. Weng, A. Su, C. Wang, I. S. Hussaini et al., Transient phenomenon of step switching for current or voltage in PEMFC, Renewable Energy, vol.34, issue.8, pp.1979-1985, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.renene.2008.12.024

M. Wöhr, Instationäres, thermodynamisches Verhalten der

. Brennstoffzelle, Fortschritt-Berichte VDI, Reihe 3, Nr, 2000.

M. F. Serican and S. Yesilyurt, Transient Analysis of Proton Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) at Start-Up and Failure, Fuel Cells, vol.44, issue.2, pp.118-127, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.05.035

R. B. Bird, W. E. Stewaert, and E. N. Lightfoot, Transport phenomena, 2002.

C. W. Monroe and J. Newman, Onsager Reciprocal Relations for Stefan???Maxwell Diffusion, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol.45, issue.15, pp.5361-5367, 2006.
DOI : 10.1021/ie051061e

T. V. Nguyen and R. E. White, A Water and Heat Management Model for Proton-Exchange-Membrane Fuel Cells, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.140, issue.8, pp.2178-2186, 1993.
DOI : 10.1149/1.2220792

P. Berg, K. Promislow, J. St, J. Pierre, B. Stumper et al., Water Management in PEM Fuel Cells, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.41, issue.3, pp.341-353, 2004.
DOI : 10.1149/1.1641033

X. Ye and C. Wang, Measurement of Water Transport Properties Through Membrane-Electrode Assemblies, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.148, issue.7, pp.676-682, 2007.
DOI : 10.1149/1.1752933

W. Neubrand, Modellbildung und Simulation von Elektromembranverfahren, pp.3-89722, 1999.

J. T. Hinatsu, M. Mizuhata, and H. Takenaka, Water Uptake of Perfluorosulfonic Acid Membranes from Liquid Water and Water Vapor, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.141, issue.6, pp.1493-1498, 1994.
DOI : 10.1149/1.2054951

D. A. Nguyen, Modélisation dynamique du coeur de pile à combustible de type PEM, thèse de doctorat de l'Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine, 2010.

Y. Wang and C. Wang, Dynamics of polymer electrolyte fuel cells undergoing load changes, Electrochimica Acta, vol.51, issue.19, pp.3924-3933, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.electacta.2005.11.005

N. Mahinpey, A. Jagannathan, and R. Idem, The effects of mass transfer parameters on the modelling of a PEM fuel cell, EIC Climate Change Technology Conference, 2006.

J. Ramousse, J. Deseure, O. Lottin, S. Didierjean, and D. Maillet, Modelling of heat, mass and charge transfer in a PEMFC single cell, Journal of Power Sources, vol.145, issue.2, pp.416-427, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.01.067

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00415099

F. Liu, G. Lu, and C. Wang, Water transport coefficient distribution through the membrane in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, Journal of Membrane Science, vol.287, issue.1, pp.126-131, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.memsci.2006.10.030

. Hebling, Experimental and numerical studies of portable PEMFC stack, Electrochimica Acta, vol.54, issue.10, pp.2899-2911, 2009.

M. Hinaje, Modélisation et caractérisation en génie électrique : de l'électromagnétisme à l'électrochimie", Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches de l, 2012.

M. Hinaje, P. Noiying, P. Thounthong, S. Raël, and B. Davat, A proton exchange membrane fuel cell running as a regulated current source, 2011.

M. Hinaje, S. Raël, J. Caron, and B. Davat, An innovating application of PEM fuel cell: Current source controlled by hydrogen supply, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.37, issue.17, pp.12481-12488, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.05.153

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01761099

M. Garcia-arregui, C. Turpin, and S. Astier, Direct connection between a fuel cell and ultracapacitors, 2007 International Conference on Clean Electrical Power, 2007.
DOI : 10.1109/ICCEP.2007.384257