Nocturnal urban heat island in Lisbon (Portugal): main features and modelling attempts, Theoretical and Applied Climatology, vol.22, issue.16, pp.151-159, 2006. ,
DOI : 10.1007/s00704-005-0152-1
Two decades of urban climate research: a review of turbulence, exchanges of energy and water, and the urban heat island, International Journal of Climatology, vol.100, issue.16, pp.1-26, 2003. ,
DOI : 10.1002/joc.859
Correlation of Land Use and Cover with Meteorological Anomalies, Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol.17, issue.5, pp.636-643, 1978. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(1978)017<0636:COLUAC>2.0.CO;2
Mesure et analyse des flux thermo-hydriques en zone urbaine hétérogène, 2012. ,
Probabilités et statistique avec applications en technologie et ingénierie, 2002. ,
Meteorological and air quality models for urban areas, 2009. ,
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-00298-4
Simulation of the mean urban heat island using 2D surface parameters: empirical modelling, verification and extension, Meteorological Applications, vol.8, issue.3, pp.275-287, 2009. ,
DOI : 10.1002/met.116
Classification of Local Climate Zones Based on Multiple Earth Observation Data, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, vol.5, issue.4, pp.1191-1202, 2012. ,
DOI : 10.1109/JSTARS.2012.2189873
SAGA -Analysis and Modeling Applications, 2006. ,
A multiple linear statistical model for estimating the mean maximum urban heat island, Theoretical and Applied Climatology, pp.233-243, 2003. ,
Modélisation et simulation des microclimats urbains Etude de l'impact de l'aménagement urbain sur les consommations énergétiques des bâtiments, 2009. ,
Measurement and Statistical Modeling of the Urban Heat Island of the City of Utrecht (the Netherlands), Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, vol.51, issue.6, pp.1046-1060, 2012. ,
DOI : 10.1175/JAMC-D-11-0206.1
Envi-met 3.0 ; updated model overview, 2004. ,
Simulating surface???plant???air interactions inside urban environments with a three dimensional numerical model, Environmental Modelling & Software, vol.13, issue.3-4, pp.373-384, 1998. ,
DOI : 10.1016/S1364-8152(98)00042-5
Urban temperature distribution and detection of influencing factors in urban structure, Proceedings of the 17th conference international seminar on urban form, 2010. ,
The climate of London, 1965. ,
Utilizing the coupled WRF-LSM-urban modeling system with detailled urban classification to simulate the urban heat island phenomena over the greater Houston area, Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Urban Environment, 2004. ,
Sky view factor analysis of street canyons and its implication for urban heat island intensity, Proceedings of PLEA 2009 26th Conference on passive and low energy architecture, 2009. ,
Caractérisation des ? [ilots de chaleur urbains par mesure dynamique embarquée : premiers résultats sur la ville de Nancy, Proccedings of the Colloque scientifique international 2R2CV -Renforcer la Résilience au Changement Climatique des Villes : du diagnostic spatialisé aux mesures d'adaptation, 2011. ,
Analysis of multiple dependent variables, 2013. ,
DOI : 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199773596.001.0001
Estimating the roughness of cities and sheltered country, Proceedings of the 12th Conference of Applied Climatology, 2000. ,
Modélisation dynamique et thermodynamique de la canopée urbaine : réalisation du modèle de sol pour SUBMESO, Thèse de doctorat, 2001. ,
Parameterization of the Urban Energy Budget with the Submesoscale Soil Model, Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, vol.45, issue.12, pp.1744-1765, 2006. ,
DOI : 10.1175/JAM2417.1
Simulation of meteorological fields within and above urban and rural canopies with a mesoscale model (MM5). Boundary-Layer Meteorology, pp.111-158, 2004. ,
Urban nocturnal temperatures, street geometry and land use, Atmospheric Environment, vol.30, issue.3, pp.379-392, 1996. ,
DOI : 10.1016/1352-2310(95)00033-X
Spatial air temperature variations and urban land use ??? a statistical approach, Meteorological Applications, vol.17, issue.2, pp.135-149, 2003. ,
DOI : 10.1017/S1350482703002056
Mapping and measuring buildings in the urban canopy boundary layer in ten US cities, Energy and Buildings, pp.15-161025, 1990. ,
Urban heat island and its impact on climate change resilience in a shrinking city: The case of Glasgow, UK, Building and Environment, vol.53, pp.137-149, 2012. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.01.020
Urban microclimate : designing the spaces between buildings, 2011. ,
Étude de l'effet radiatif dans la couche limite : atmosphère urbaine et couche nocturne, Thèse de doctorat, 1982. ,
Spatial and temporal air temperature variability in Berlin, Germany, during the years 2001???2010, Urban Climate, vol.10, 2014. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.uclim.2014.02.004
Meteorology applied to urban air pollution problems -final report cost action 715, 2005. ,
A slab surface energy balance model (SUEB) and its application to the study on the role of roughness length in forming an urban heat island, pp.368-377, 2003. ,
Urban climate zone detection and discrimination using object-based analysis of VHR scenes, Proceedings of the 4th GEOBIA, 2012. ,
Heat Island : Understanding and Mitigating Heat in Urban Areas, 2008. ,
Urban design factors influencing heat island intensity in high-rise high-density environments of Hong Kong, Building and Environment, vol.42, issue.10, pp.3669-3684, 2007. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.09.011
The relationship between height to width ratios and the heat island intensity at 22:00 h for Singapore, International Journal of Climatology, vol.20, issue.9, pp.1011-1023, 1999. ,
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(199907)19:9<1011::AID-JOC411>3.0.CO;2-U
Urban Surface Energy Balance Models: Model Characteristics and Methodology for a Comparison Study, pp.97-123, 2009. ,
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-00298-4_11
The International Urban Energy Balance Models Comparison Project: First Results from Phase 1, Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, vol.49, issue.6, pp.1268-1292, 2010. ,
DOI : 10.1175/2010JAMC2354.1
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01145094
An objective urban heat storage model and its comparison with other schemes, Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere, vol.25, issue.3, pp.311-326, 1991. ,
DOI : 10.1016/0957-1272(91)90003-W
Aerodynamic Properties of Urban Areas Derived from Analysis of Surface Form, Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol.38, issue.9, pp.1262-1292, 1999. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(1999)038<1262:APOUAD>2.0.CO;2
Turbulent Heat Fluxes in Urban Areas: Observations and a Local-Scale Urban Meteorological Parameterization Scheme (LUMPS), Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol.41, issue.7, pp.792-810, 2002. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(2002)041<0792:THFIUA>2.0.CO;2
Rapid methods to estimate sky-view factors applied to urban areas, International Journal of Climatology, vol.83, issue.7, pp.903-913, 2001. ,
DOI : 10.1002/joc.659
Climate and More Sustainable Cities: Climate Information for Improved Planning and Management of Cities (Producers/Capabilities Perspective), Procedia Environmental Sciences, vol.1, pp.247-274, 2010. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.proenv.2010.09.016
Scalar fluxes from urban street canyons. part II : model. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, pp.387-409, 2004. ,
Radiative exchange in an urban street canyon. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, pp.301-316, 2004. ,
Advances in urban climate modeling. Trends and Directions in Climate Research, pp.354-374, 2008. ,
Sky view factors in forest canopies calculated with IDRISI, Theoretical and Applied Climatology, pp.33-40, 2001. ,
DOI : 10.1007/s007040170051
Colling rates, sky view factors and the development of intra-urban air temperature differences. Geografiska Annaler Series A - Physical Geography, pp.237-248, 2007. ,
Mapping urban climate zones and quantifying climate behaviors ??? An application on Toulouse urban area (France), Environmental Pollution, vol.159, issue.8-9, pp.2180-2192, 2011. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.12.027
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00561959
A simple energy balance model for regular building arrays. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, pp.423-443, 2005. ,
A simple theoretical radiation scheme for regular building arrays. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, pp.71-90, 2005. ,
A Simple Parameterisation for Flux Footprint Predictions, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, vol.112, issue.3, pp.503-523, 2004. ,
DOI : 10.1023/B:BOUN.0000030653.71031.96
A three-dimensional backward lagrangian footprint model for a wide range of boundary-layer stratifications. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, pp.205-226, 2002. ,
Temporal and spatial characteristics of the urban heat island of ????d??, Poland, Atmospheric Environment, vol.33, issue.24-25, pp.3885-3895, 1999. ,
DOI : 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00131-4
Development of a Multi-Layer Urban Canopy Model for the Analysis of Energy Consumption in a Big City: Structure of the Urban Canopy Model and its Basic Performance, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, vol.68, issue.3, pp.395-421, 2005. ,
DOI : 10.1007/s10546-005-0905-5
Information criteria and statistical modeling, 2008. ,
DOI : 10.1007/978-0-387-71887-3
A microscale three dimensional urban energy balance model for studying surface temperatures. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, pp.433-461, 2007. ,
A simple single-layer urban canopy model for atmospheric models : comparison with multi-layer and slab models. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, pp.329-358, 2001. ,
Modelling daytime thermal infrared directional anisotropy over Toulouse city centre, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.114, issue.1, pp.87-105, 2010. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2009.08.012
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01145097
Using Local, 2015. ,
A vegetated urban canopy model for meteorological and environmental modelling. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, pp.73-102, 2008. ,
Modeling the Surface Energy Balance of the Core of an Old Mediterranean City: Marseille, Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol.43, issue.2, pp.312-327, 2004. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0312:MTSEBO>2.0.CO;2
Characterization of Energy Flux Partitioning in Urban Environments: Links with Surface Seasonal Properties, Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, vol.51, issue.2, pp.219-241, 2012. ,
DOI : 10.1175/JAMC-D-11-038.1
Empirical Estimation of Urban Effects on Climate: A Problem Analysis, Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol.16, issue.2, pp.129-135, 1977. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(1977)016<0129:EEOUEO>2.0.CO;2
Évaluation des impacts directs et indirectes des façades et des toitures végétales sur le comportement thermique des bâtiments, Thèse de doctorat, École Nationale Supérieure d'Architecture de Nantes, 2012. ,
An urban surface exchange parameterization for mesoscale models, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, vol.104, issue.2, pp.261-304, 2002. ,
DOI : 10.1023/A:1016099921195
A physically-based scheme for the urban energy budget in atmospheric models. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, pp.357-397, 2000. ,
Urban surface modeling and the meso-scale impact of cities, Theoretical and Applied Climatology, pp.35-45, 2006. ,
DOI : 10.1007/s00704-005-0142-3
Evaluation of the town energy balance (TEB) scheme with direct measurements from dry districts in two cities, Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol.41, pp.1011-1026, 2002. ,
GIS-based identification of spatial variables enhancing heat and poor air quality in urban areas, Applied Geography, vol.33, pp.94-106, 2012. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.06.008
A simple model for estimating the maximum intensity of nocturnal urban heat Island, International Journal of Climatology, vol.23, issue.6, pp.235-242, 2008. ,
DOI : 10.1002/joc.1526
Heat storage and anthropogenic heat flux in relation to the energy balance of a central European city centre, International Journal of Climatology, vol.113, issue.16, pp.1405-1419, 2005. ,
DOI : 10.1002/joc.1198
Parameterization of Net All-Wave Radiation for Urban Areas, Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol.42, issue.8, pp.1157-1173, 2003. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<1157:PONARF>2.0.CO;2
The distinction between canopy and boundary-layer urban heat islands, 1976. ,
Boundary Layer Climate. Routledge, seconde édition, 1987. ,
Initial guidance to obtain representative meteorological observations at urban sites, 2004. ,
Towards better scientific communication in urban climate, Theoretical and Applied Climatology, pp.179-190, 2006. ,
DOI : 10.1007/s00704-005-0153-0
An Urban Parameterization for a Global Climate Model. Part II: Sensitivity to Input Parameters and the Simulated Urban Heat Island in Offline Simulations, Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, vol.47, issue.4, pp.1061-1076, 2008. ,
DOI : 10.1175/2007JAMC1598.1
An Urban Parameterization for a Global Climate Model. Part I: Formulation and Evaluation for Two Cities, Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, vol.47, issue.4, pp.1038-1060, 2008. ,
DOI : 10.1175/2007JAMC1597.1
The cooling effect of green spaces as a contribution to the mitigation of urban heat: A case study in Lisbon, Building and Environment, vol.46, issue.11, pp.2186-2194, 2011. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.04.034
Updated world map of the K??ppen-Geiger climate classification, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, vol.11, issue.5, pp.1633-1644, 2007. ,
DOI : 10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007-supplement
Les échanges surface-atmosphère en zone urbaine : Projets CLU- ESCOMPTE et CAPITOUL, Thèse de doctorat, 2007. ,
Anthropogenic heat release in an old European agglomeration (Toulouse, France), International Journal of Climatology, vol.113, issue.14, pp.1969-1981, 2007. ,
DOI : 10.1002/joc.1530
Investigating the Surface Energy Balance in Urban Areas ??? Recent Advances and Future Needs, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol.2, pp.1-16, 2002. ,
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-010-0312-4_1
Wind loads in urban areas, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol.89, issue.14-15, pp.1233-1256, 2001. ,
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-6105(01)00159-3
Implementation of a new urban energy budget scheme into MetUM. Part II: Validation against observations and model intercomparison, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.132, issue.651, pp.1530-1542, 2010. ,
DOI : 10.1002/qj.572
Implementation of a new urban energy budget scheme in the MetUM. Part I: Description and idealized simulations, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.129, issue.651, pp.1514-1529, 2010. ,
DOI : 10.1002/qj.668
Urban climatic map studies: a review, International Journal of Climatology, vol.101, issue.2, pp.2213-2233, 2011. ,
DOI : 10.1002/joc.2237
Bilan radiatif et flux de chaleur en climatologie urbaine : mesures, modélisation et validation sur Strasbourg, Thèse de doctorat, 2004. ,
DOI : 10.4000/books.pufr.537
URL : http://books.openedition.org/pufr/537
Étude de l'intéraction entre le bâtiment et son environnement urbain : influence sur les conditions de confort en espaces extérieurs, Thèse de doctorat, 2005. ,
Modeling the influence of vegetation and water pond on urban microclimate, Solar Energy, vol.80, issue.4, pp.435-447, 2006. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.solener.2005.06.015
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00312290
BUBBLE ??? an Urban Boundary Layer Meteorology Project, Theoretical and Applied Climatology, pp.231-261, 2005. ,
DOI : 10.1007/s00704-004-0117-9
Spatial distribution and microscale characteristics of the urban heat island in Tel-Aviv, Israel, Landscape and Urban Planning, vol.48, issue.1-2, pp.1-18, 2000. ,
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-2046(99)00075-4
A review of methods for estimating anthropogenic heat and moisture emissions in the urban environment, International Journal of Climatology, vol.14, issue.2, pp.189-199, 2011. ,
DOI : 10.1002/joc.2106
Modeling and simulation of the Tokyo urban heat island, Atmospheric Environment, vol.30, issue.20, pp.3431-3442, 1996. ,
DOI : 10.1016/1352-2310(95)00489-0
A numerical study of the Urban Heat Island over Madrid during the DESIREX (2008) campaign with WRF and an evaluation of simple mitigation strategies, International Journal of Climatology, vol.25, issue.D14, 2011. ,
DOI : 10.1002/joc.3398
Footprint modeling for vegetation atmosphere exchange studies: a review and perspective, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.113, issue.1-4, pp.159-183, 2002. ,
DOI : 10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00107-7
Relationship of land surface and air temperatures and its implications for quantifying urban heat island indicators???An application for the city of Leipzig (Germany), Ecological Indicators, vol.18, pp.693-704, 2012. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.01.001
The Green CTTC model for predicting the air temperature in small urban wooded sites, Building and Environment, vol.37, issue.12, pp.1279-1288, 2002. ,
DOI : 10.1016/S0360-1323(01)00120-2
Quantitative evaluation of passive cooling of the UCL microclimate in hot regions in summer, case study: urban streets and courtyards with trees, Building and Environment, vol.39, issue.9, pp.1087-1099, 2004. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.buildenv.2003.11.007
Advection and the surface energy balance across an irrigated urban park, International Journal of Climatology, vol.98, issue.9, pp.1033-1047, 2000. ,
DOI : 10.1002/1097-0088(200007)20:9<1033::AID-JOC508>3.0.CO;2-U
Quantifying urban heat island effects and human comfort for cities of variable size and urban morphology in the Nederlands, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.116, 2011. ,
Influence of meteorological conditions on the intensity and form of the urban heat island effect in Regina. The Canadian Geographer, pp.271-285, 2000. ,
Redefining the urban heat island, Thèse de doctorat, 2011. ,
Local Climate Zones for Urban Temperature Studies, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol.93, issue.12, pp.1879-1900, 2012. ,
DOI : 10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00019.1
Evaluation of the ???local climate zone??? scheme using temperature observations and model simulations, International Journal of Climatology, vol.49, issue.4, 2013. ,
DOI : 10.1002/joc.3746
Climatological studies in Uppsala with special regard to the temperature conditions in the urban area, Geographica, 1951. ,
Sky view factor analysis ??? implications for urban air temperature differences, Meteorological Applications, vol.20, issue.3, pp.201-211, 2004. ,
DOI : 10.1017/S1350482704001288
A GIS based empirical model to simulate air temperature variations in the Göteborg urban area during the night, 2002. ,
Air temperature field modelling in Wroclaw, Poland using GIS GRASS system, Proceedings from the conference on spatial interpolation in climatology and meteorology. COST 719, 2004. ,
Connection between urban heat island and sky view factor approximated by a software tool on a 3D urban database, International Journal of Environment and Pollution, vol.36, issue.1/2/3, pp.59-80, 2009. ,
DOI : 10.1504/IJEP.2009.021817
Modeling of the annual mean urban heat island pattern for planning of representative urban climate station network, Advances in Meteorology, pp.1-9, 2011. ,
Temperature cross-section features in an urban area, Atmospheric Research, vol.58, issue.2, pp.117-127, 2001. ,
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-8095(01)00087-4
Comparison and generalisation of spatial patterns of the urban heat island based on normalized values, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, vol.35, issue.1-2, pp.107-144, 2010. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.pce.2010.03.001
Flux and concentration footprint modelling: State of the art, Environmental Pollution, vol.152, issue.3, pp.653-666, 2008. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.070
Contribution à la modélisation thermo-aéraulique du microclimat urbain, 2000. ,
Thermal remote sensing of urban climates, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.86, issue.3, pp.370-384, 2003. ,
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(03)00079-8
Thermal infrared remote sensing for urban climate and environmental studies: Methods, applications, and trends, ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, vol.64, issue.4, pp.335-344, 2009. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2009.03.007
Thermal benefits of city parks, Energy and Buildings, vol.38, issue.2, pp.105-120, 2006. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.enbuild.2005.04.003