. .. Fractions-de-phase,

, Température de début de fusion

. .. Observations,

I. V. Chapitre, 107 PARTIE 1 : Premiers stades de la fusion, Fusion et solidification du métal d'apport

E. P. Patrick, Successful Brazing of Aluminum, Weld. J, pp.159-163, 1975.

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I. Okamoto and T. Takemoto, Brazability of aluminium using Al Si filler alloys with different compositions and microstructures, Trans. JWRI, vol.10, issue.2, pp.35-43, 1981.

J. C. Ambrose and M. G. Nicholas, Alloys for Vacuum Brazing Aluminum, pp.34-38, 1986.

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D. T. Alexander and A. L. Greer, Formation of eutectic intermetallic rosettes by entrapment of liquid droplets during cellular columnar growth, Acta Mater, issue.52, pp.5853-5861, 2004.

Y. J. Li and L. Arnberg, Evolution of eutectic intermetallic particles in DC-cast AA3003 alloy during heating and homogenization, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, issue.347, pp.130-135, 2003.

M. Dehmas, P. Weisbecker, G. Geandier, P. Archambault, and E. Aeby-gautier, Experimental study of phase transformations in 3003 aluminum alloys during heating by in situ high energy X-ray synchrotron radiation, J. Alloys Compd, issue.400, pp.116-124, 2005.

Y. J. Li and L. Arnberg, Quantitative study of the precipitation behavior of dispersoids in DC-cast AA3003 alloy during heating and homogenization, Acta Mater, issue.51, pp.3415-3428, 2003.

D. T. Alexander and A. L. Greer, Solid-state intermetallic phase transformations in 3XXX aluminium alloys, Acta Mater, issue.50, pp.2571-2583, 2002.

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. Phillips, Equilibirum diagrams of aluminium alloy systems, 1961.

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F. N. Afshar, R. Ambat, C. Kwakernaak, J. H. De-wit, J. M. Mol et al., Electrochemical depth profiling of multilayer metallic structures : An aluminum brazing sheet, Electrochim. Acta, issue.77, pp.285-293, 2012.

Y. Tu, Z. Tong, and J. Jiang, Effect of microstructure on diffusional solidification of 4343/3005/4343 multi-layer aluminum brazing sheet, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, vol.44, pp.1760-1766, 2013.

J. S. Yoon, S. H. Lee, and M. S. Kim, Fabrication and brazeability of a threelayer 4343/3003/4343 aluminum clad sheet by rolling, J. Mater. Process. Technol, vol.111, pp.85-89, 2001.

J. Lacaze, S. Tierce, M. Lafont, Y. Thebault, N. Pébère et al., Study of the microstructure resulting from brazed aluminum materials used in heat exchangers, Mater. Sci. Eng, vol.A, pp.317-321, 2005.

G. J. Marshall, R. K. Bolingbroke, and A. Gray, Microstructural Control in an Aluminum Core Alloy for Brazing Sheet Applications, Metall. Trans. A, vol.24, pp.1935-1942, 1993.

W. A. Anderson, Metallurgical studies of the vacuum brazing of aluminum, Weld. Res, pp.314-318, 1977.

W. L. Winterbottom and G. A. Gilmour, Vacuum brazing of aluminum : Auger studies of wetting and flow characteristics, J. Vac. Sci. Technol, vol.13, issue.2, pp.634-643, 1976.

M. Nylén, U. Gustavsson, B. Hutchinson, and A. Örtnäs, Mechanistic studies of brazing in clad aluminium alloys, Mater. Sci. Forum, pp.1703-1708, 1996.

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A. Schnell, A study of the diffusion brazing process applied to the single crystal superalloy CMSX-4, 2004.

J. C. Kucza, A. Uhry, and J. C. Goussain, Le brasage fort de l'aluminium et ses alliages, Soudage Tech. connexes, pp.18-19, 1991.

B. Mcgurran and M. G. Nicholas, A study of aluminum brazing filler metals using hot stage scanning electron microscopy, Weld. Res. Suppl, pp.295-299, 1984.

W. L. Winterbottom, Process control criteria for brazing aluminum under vacuum, Weld. J, pp.33-39, 1984.

O. W. Swaney, D. E. Trace, and W. L. Winterbottom, Brazing aluminium automotive heat exchangers in vacuum : process and material, Weld. J, pp.49-57, 1986.

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J. R. Terrill, Diffusion of Silicon in aluminum brazing sheet, Weld. Res. Suppl, pp.202-208, 1966.

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T. Takemoto and I. Okamoto, Effect of magnesium content in brazing sheet claddings in vacuum brazeability of aluminium in relatively enclosed volumes, Brazing Solder, issue.15, pp.32-36, 1988.

D. Hawksworth and A. Gray, The influence of silicon particle morphology on the melting mechanisme of aluminium brazing sheet, 2005.

P. Sharples, Aluminium brazing problems due to grain size, Weld. J, pp.164-169, 1975.

R. A. Woods and R. I. , Flow of Aluminium Dip Brazing Filler Metals, Weld. Res, pp.440-445, 1974.

Y. Du, Y. A. Chang, B. Huang, W. Gong, Z. Jin et al., Diffusion coefficients of some solutes in fcc and liquid Al : critical evaluation and correlation, Mater. Sci. Eng, vol.A, issue.363, pp.140-151, 2003.

E. Nes, The Effect of a fine particle dispersion on heterogeneous recrystallization, Acta Metall, vol.24, pp.391-398, 1976.

F. J. Humphreys, The nucleation of recrystallization at second phase particles in deformed aluminium, Acta Metall, vol.25, pp.1323-1344, 1977.

Y. Kwag and J. G. Morris, The effect of structure on the mechnaical behavior and stretch formability of constitutionally dynamic 3000 series aluminum alloys, Mater. Sci. Eng, vol.77, pp.59-74, 1986.

I. Okamoto, T. Takemoto, and K. Uchikawa, Brazability ans erosion by molten filler alloy of aluminum base plates with intermetallic compounds, Trans. JWRI, vol.12, issue.1, pp.57-64, 1983.

D. J. Schmatz, Grain boundary penetration during brazing of aluminum, Weld. Res, pp.267-271, 1983.

J. C. Kucza, A. Uhry, and J. C. Goussain, L'optimisation du procédé de brasage par la méthodologie des plans d'expériences, Soudage Tech. connexes, pp.35-40, 1992.

H. Kudoh, S. Takeuchi, and K. Tohma, Vacuum Brazeability of Aluminum Alloys Containing Mg

A. J. Wittebrood, S. Desikan, R. Boom, and L. Katgerman, Liquid Film Migration in Aluminium Brazing Sheet, Mater. Sci. Forum, pp.1151-1156, 2006.

A. Wittebrood, Microstructural changes in brazing sheet due to solid-liquid interaction, 2009.

G. Benoit, Optimisation des paramètres de brasage sous vide d'échangeurs thermiques en aluminium, Mémoire de DRT, 2002.

, Cycle de brasage : étude à différentes échelles

, Application aux alliages étudiés

, Analyse Thermique Différentielle)

. .. Fractions-de-phases,

. .. Fractions-de-phase,

D. T. Alexander, Solid-state intermetallic phase transformations in 3XXX aluminium alloys, pp.2571-2583, 2002.

Y. J. Li and L. Arnberg, Evolution of eutectic intermetallic particles in DC-cast AA3003 alloy during heating and homogenization, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, issue.347, pp.130-135, 2003.

M. Dehmas, P. Weisbecker, G. Geandier, P. Archambault, and E. Aeby-gautier, Experimental study of phase transformations in 3003 aluminum alloys during heating by in situ high energy X-ray synchrotron radiation, J. Alloys Compd, issue.400, pp.116-124, 2005.

Y. J. Li and L. Arnberg, Quantitative study of the precipitation behavior of dispersoids in DC-cast AA3003 alloy during heating and homogenization, Acta Mater, issue.51, pp.3415-3428, 2003.

D. T. Alexander and A. L. Greer, Formation of eutectic intermetallic rosettes by entrapment of liquid droplets during cellular columnar growth, Acta Mater, issue.52, pp.5853-5861, 2004.

G. J. Marshall, R. K. Bolingbroke, and A. Gray, Microstructural Control in an Aluminum Core Alloy for Brazing Sheet Applications, Metall. Trans. A, vol.24, pp.1935-1942, 1993.

F. N. Afshar, E. Szala, A. Wittebrood, R. Mulder, J. M. Mol et al., Influence od material related parameters in Sea Water Acidified Accelerated Test, reliability analysis and electrochemical evaluation of the test for aluminum brazing sheet, Corros. Sci, issue.53, pp.3923-3933, 2011.

L. F. Mondolfo, Aluminum alloys : structure and properties, 1976.

G. Aramovic-cingara, S. Thorpe, B. Cheadle, and M. Kozdras, The microstructure evolution during brazing of an aluminium alloy for automotive applications, Prakt. Metallogr, vol.34, issue.2, pp.56-70, 1997.

S. Tierce, N. Pébère, C. Blans, G. Mankowski, H. Robisou et al., Solidification and phase transformations in brazed aluminium alloys used in automotive heat exchangers, Int. J. Cast Met. Res, vol.18, issue.6, pp.370-376, 2005.

J. Lacaze, S. Tierce, M. Lafont, Y. Thebault, N. Pébère et al., Study of the microstructure resulting from brazed aluminum materials used in heat exchangers, Mater. Sci. Eng, vol.A, pp.317-321, 2005.

R. T. Dehoff and F. N. Rhines, Microscopie quantitative, Masson et, 1972.

J. Lacaze, L. Eleno, and B. Sundman, Thermodynamic assessment of the aluminum corner of the Al-Fe-Mn-Si system, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, vol.41, pp.2208-2214, 2010.

J. C. Ambrose and M. G. Nicholas, Alloys for Vacuum Brazing Aluminum, pp.34-38, 1986.

W. A. Anderson, Metallurgical studies of the vacuum brazing of aluminum, Weld. Res, pp.314-318, 1977.

W. L. Winterbottom and G. A. Gilmour, Vacuum brazing of aluminum : Auger studies of wetting and flow characteristics, J. Vac. Sci. Technol, vol.13, issue.2, pp.634-643, 1976.

M. Nylén, U. Gustavsson, B. Hutchinson, and A. Örtnäs, Mechanistic studies of brazing in clad aluminium alloys, Mater. Sci. Forum, pp.1703-1708, 1996.

F. N. Afshar, R. Ambat, C. Kwakernaak, J. H. De-wit, J. M. Mol et al., Electrochemical depth profiling of multilayer metallic structures : An aluminum brazing sheet, Electrochim. Acta, issue.77, pp.285-293, 2012.

J. S. Yoon, S. H. Lee, and M. S. Kim, Fabrication and brazeability of a threelayer 4343/3003/4343 aluminum clad sheet by rolling, J. Mater. Process. Technol, vol.111, pp.85-89, 2001.

P. Vernia, Mechanism for critical magnesium diffusion in vacuum brazing of aluminum sheet, Weld. Res. Suppl, pp.194-198, 1981.

Y. Du, Y. A. Chang, B. Huang, W. Gong, Z. Jin et al., Diffusion coefficients of some solutes in fcc and liquid Al : critical evaluation and correlation, Mater. Sci. Eng, vol.A, issue.363, pp.140-151, 2003.

J. R. Terrill, C. N. Cochran, J. J. Stokes, and W. E. Haupin, Understanding the mechanisms of aluminum brazing can improve results in production operations, Weld. J, pp.833-839, 1971.

J. R. Terrill, Diffusion of Silicon in aluminum brazing sheet, Weld. Res. Suppl, pp.202-208, 1966.

D. J. Schmatz, Grain boundary penetration during brazing of aluminum, Weld. Res, pp.267-271, 1983.

E. Nes, The Effect of a fine particle dispersion on heterogeneous recrystallization, Acta Metall, vol.24, pp.391-398, 1976.

F. J. Humphreys, The nucleation of recrystallization at second phase particles in deformed aluminium, Acta Metall, vol.25, pp.1323-1344, 1977.

Y. Kwag and J. G. Morris, The effect of structure on the mechnaical behavior and stretch formability of constitutionally dynamic 3000 series aluminum alloys, Mater. Sci. Eng, vol.77, pp.59-74, 1986.

D. Ferdian, Cooling rate effects on grain size, eutectic modification and Febearing intermetallic precipitation in hypoeutectic Al-Si alloys, 2014.

L. Backerud, G. Chai, and J. Tamminen, Solidification characteristics of aluminum alloys, vol.2, 1990.

I. V. Chapitre, Fusion et solidification du métal d'apport PARTIE 1 : Premiers stades de la fusion

. Iv, Phénomènes physico-chimiques mis

. .. Observations,

. .. Profils-de-diffusion,

. .. Discussion,

, Microstructure résultante de l'âme

B. Mcgurran and M. G. Nicholas, A study of aluminum brazing filler metals using hot stage scanning electron microscopy, Weld. Res. Suppl, pp.295-299, 1984.

W. A. Anderson, Metallurgical studies of the vacuum brazing of aluminum, Weld. Res, pp.314-318, 1977.

A. Kontio and P. Coppens, New study of the structure of MnAl6, Acta Crystallogr, vol.37, pp.433-435, 1981.

M. Dehmas, P. Weisbecker, G. Geandier, P. Archambault, and E. Aeby-gautier, Experimental study of phase transformations in 3003 aluminum alloys during heating by in situ high energy X-ray synchrotron radiation, J. Alloys Compd, issue.400, pp.116-124, 2005.

M. Cooper and K. Robinson, The crystal structure of the ternary alloy a(AlMnSi), Acta Crystallogr, vol.20, pp.614-617, 1966.

C. Romming, V. Hansen, and J. Gjonnes, Crystal structure of b-Al4.5FeSi, Acta Crystallogr, vol.50, pp.307-312, 1994.

D. M. Turriff, S. F. Corbin, and M. Kozdras, Diffusional solidification phenomena in clad aluminum automotive braze sheet, Acta Mater, issue.58, pp.1332-1341, 2010.

M. Nylén, U. Gustavsson, B. Hutchinson, and A. Örtnäs, Mechanistic studies of brazing in clad aluminium alloys, Mater. Sci. Forum, pp.1703-1708, 1996.

S. Tierce, N. Pébère, C. Blans, G. Mankowski, H. Robisou et al., Solidification and phase transformations in brazed aluminium alloys used in automotive heat exchangers, Int. J. Cast Met. Res, vol.18, issue.6, pp.370-376, 2005.

J. Lacaze, S. Tierce, M. Lafont, Y. Thebault, N. Pébère et al., Study of the microstructure resulting from brazed aluminum materials used in heat exchangers, Mater. Sci. Eng, vol.A, pp.317-321, 2005.

J. Lacaze, L. Eleno, and B. Sundman, Thermodynamic assessment of the aluminum corner of the Al-Fe-Mn-Si system, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, vol.41, pp.2208-2214, 2010.

J. Lacaze, G. Lesoult, and I. Ansara, Rosettes in Al-Cu-Mg-Si aluminium alloys, Mater. Sci. Forum, pp.171-176, 1996.

C. J. Miller, US Patents 3, 321, vol.828, p.373, 1967.

Y. Sugiyama, Brazing of aluminium alloys, Weld. Int, issue.8, pp.700-710, 1989.

J. R. Terrill, C. N. Cochran, J. J. Stokes, and W. E. Haupin, Understanding the mechanisms of aluminum brazing can improve results in production operations, Weld. J, pp.833-839, 1971.

A. Karlsson, B. Kohansson, R. Kiusalaas, and K. Schölin, Braze clad aluminium : studies of materials with different behaviour in vacuum brazing, 1991.

K. Ishikawa and H. Kawase, Study on mechanism of aluminum vacuum brazing, Aluminum alloys -Their physical and emchanical properties, pp.141-153, 1986.

J. R. Terrill, Diffusion of Silicon in aluminum brazing sheet, Weld. Res. Suppl, pp.202-208, 1966.

D. T. Alexander and A. L. Greer, Solid-state intermetallic phase transformations in 3XXX aluminium alloys, Acta Mater, issue.50, pp.2571-2583, 2002.

D. Munson, A clarification of the phases occurring in Aluminium-rich Aluminium-Iron-Silicon alloys, with particular reference to the ternary phase alpha-AlFeSi, J. Inst. Met, vol.95, pp.217-219, 1967.

Y. J. Li and L. Arnberg, Evolution of eutectic intermetallic particles in DC-cast AA3003 alloy during heating and homogenization, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, issue.347, pp.130-135, 2003.

Y. J. Li and L. Arnberg, Quantitative study of the precipitation behavior of dispersoids in DC-cast AA3003 alloy during heating and homogenization, Acta Mater, issue.51, pp.3415-3428, 2003.

F. Afshar, J. H. De-wit, H. Terryn, and J. M. Mol, The effect of brazing process on microstructure evolution and corrosion performance of a modified AA4XXX/AA3XXX brazing sheet, Corros. Sci, vol.58, pp.242-250, 2012.

G. Lesoult and J. Lacaze, State of the art of computer simulation of casting processes, MRS, vol.34, pp.119-127, 1986.

T. Takemoto and I. Okamoto, Effect of magnesium content in brazing sheet claddings in vacuum brazeability of aluminium in relatively enclosed volumes, Brazing Solder, issue.15, pp.32-36, 1988.

M. Nylén, U. Gustavsson, B. Hutchinson, and A. Örtnäs, Mechanistic studies of brazing in clad aluminium alloys, Mater. Sci. Forum, pp.1703-1708, 1996.

A. J. Wittebrood, S. Desikan, R. Boom, and L. Katgerman, Liquid Film Migration in Aluminium Brazing Sheet, Mater. Sci. Forum, pp.1151-1156, 2006.

H. Kudoh, S. Takeuchi, and K. Tohma, Vacuum Brazeability of Aluminum Alloys Containing Mg

J. Philibert, A. Vignes, Y. Bréchet, and P. Combrade, Métallurgie du minerai au matériau, p.417, 1998.

Y. Tu, Z. Tong, and J. Jiang, Effect of microstructure on diffusional solidification of 4343/3005/4343 multi-layer aluminum brazing sheet, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, vol.44, pp.1760-1766, 2013.

G. Lesoult and J. Lacaze, State of the art of computer simulation of casting processes, MRS, vol.34, pp.119-127, 1986.

A. Wittebrood, Microstructural changes in brazing sheet due to solid-liquid interaction, 2009.

D. J. Schmatz, Grain boundary penetration during brazing of aluminum, Weld. Res, pp.267-271, 1983.

F. J. Humphreys, The nucleation of recrystallization at second phase particles in deformed aluminium, Acta Metall, vol.25, pp.1323-1344, 1977.

. Eds, Ceux-ci ont montré que des interactions à l'état solide ont lieu avant d'atteindre la température de brasage. En effet, on observe une diffusion du Si et du Mg depuis le placage vers l'âme. Les profondeurs de diffusion sont correctement prédites par le logiciel DICTRA, utilisé pour générer des profils de concentration théoriques. Enfin, nous avons suivi l'évolution de la structure granulaire de l'âme en alliage 3003 au chauffage par analyse EBSD, Nous avons conclu que pour les tôles analysées

, le début de fusion correspond à l'apparition observée expérimentalement, environ 10 µm, concorde avec les calculs théoriques) et la diffusion. En revanche, on montre que la fusion se poursuit par la remontée d'un liquide ségrégé en Si à la surface du placage ; cela n'est pas prédit par Thermo-Calc et, à notre connaissance, n'est pas expliqué dans la littérature. L'observation d'échantillons issus de maintiens isothermes à la température de brasage nous a appris que la microstructure de l'âme est fortement modifiée. Après quelques heures à 590°C, la totalité des précipités de phase Al 6 (Mn,Fe) ont réagi avec le Si en provenance du placage, et on ne recense plus que des précipités appartenant à la phase a-Al(Mn,Fe)Si, nous avons suivi le déroulement de la fusion du métal d'apport. D'après nos observations

. Dans-le-cadre-d'une-approche-plus-industrielle, Nous avons réalisé des échantillons pour lesquels une tôle plaquée est brasée à un feuillard à plat et une onde. Nous avons identifié deux cas de figure suivant l'état métallurgique du feuillard utilisé (O ou H12). l'état O, à cause de la diffusion préférentielle aux joints de grains. Lorsque la température de fusion est atteinte, le liquide formé dans le placage mouille les joints de grains enrichis en Mg et Si du feuillard adjacent. Ces éléments chimiques abaissent le point de fusion du métal d'apport, une maquette a été brasée dans les mêmes conditions qu'un échangeur

, Tableau des valeurs T1 et de surface de pic relevées au chauffage pour Au pur Métal pur : Argent (Ag) Données théoriques : Température de fusion (°C), p.18

, Enthalpie de fusion

. Résultats,

, Courbes DSC relevées au chauffage pour Ag pur