E. Adler, Aperçu des techniques de traitement des eaux pluviales, pp.209-227, 1992.

R. Andreo, B. Liñán, C. Carrasco, F. Jiménez-de-cisneros, C. Caballero et al., Influence of rainfall quantity on the isotopic composition (18O and 2H) of water in mountainous areas. Application for groundwater research in the Yunquera-Nieves karst aquifers (S Spain), Applied Geochemistry, vol.19, issue.4, pp.561-574, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2003.08.002

M. K. Barrett, K. M. Hiscock, S. Pedley, D. N. Lerner, J. H. Tellam et al., Marker species for identifying urban groundwater recharge sources: A review and case study in Nottingham, UK, Water Research, vol.33, issue.14, pp.3083-3097, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00021-4

S. Barth, Application of boron isotopes for tracing sources of anthropogenic contamination in groundwater, Water Research, vol.32, issue.3, pp.685-690, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0043-1354(97)00251-0

Z. A. Berner, D. Stüben, M. A. Leosson, and H. Klinge, S- and O-isotopic character of dissolved sulphate in the cover rock aquifers of a Zechstein salt dome, Applied Geochemistry, vol.17, issue.12, pp.1515-1528, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00046-X

A. Brenot, Origine de l'eau et des éléments dissous par traçage isotopique (H, O, S, Mg, Sr) sur le basin amont de la moselle, 2006.

A. Brenot, J. Carignan, C. France-lanord, and M. Benoît, Geological and land use control on ??34S and ??18O of river dissolved sulfate: The Moselle river basin, France, Chemical Geology, vol.244, issue.1-2, pp.25-41, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.06.003

M. J. Butler and B. T. Verhagen, Enverimental isotopic tracing of water in the urban environment of Pretoria, South Africa, Problems, Processes and Management, 1997.

L. A. Chambers and P. A. Trudinger, Microbial fractionation of stable sulfur isotopes: a review and critique, Geomicrobiology Journal, vol.1, pp.64-71, 1979.

H. Craig and L. I. Gordon, Deuterium and oxygen 18 variations in the ocean and the marine atmosphere, Stable isotope in oceanographic studies and paleotemperatures. Laboratorio di Geologia Nucleare, pp.9-130, 1965.

E. Samrani, A. G. Lartiges, B. S. Ghanbaja, J. Yvon, J. Kohler et al., Trace element carriers in combined sewer during dry and wet weather: an electron microscope investigation, Water Research, vol.38, issue.8, pp.2063-2076, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.watres.2004.01.029

S. Epstein and T. Mayeda, Variation of O18 content of waters from natural sources, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.4, issue.5, pp.213-224, 1953.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7037(53)90051-9

J. W. Fitzgerald, Sulfate ester formation and hydrolysis: a potentially important yet often ignored aspect of the sulfur cycle of aerobic soils, Bacteriological Rev, vol.40, issue.3, pp.698-721, 1976.

J. J. Gibson, S. J. Birks, and T. W. Edwards, Global prediction of d a and d 18 Od 2 H evaporation slopes for lakes and soil water accounting for seasonality, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.22, p.2031, 2008.

M. B. Goldhaber and I. R. Kaplan, Mechanisms of sulfur incorporation and isotope fractionation during early diagenesis in sediments of the gulf of California, Marine Chemistry, vol.9, issue.2, pp.95-143, 1980.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-4203(80)90063-8

L. J. Hoffer, M. J. Hamadeh, L. Robitaille, and K. H. Norwich, Human sulfate kinetics, American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, vol.289, issue.5, pp.1372-1380, 2005.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI102739

J. Houhou, B. S. Lartiges, A. Hofmann, G. Frappier, J. Ghanbaja et al., ) Phosphate dynamics in an urban sewer: a case study, Water Res

J. Houhou, B. S. Lartiges, M. Montarges-pelletier, J. Ghanbaja, and A. Kohler, preparation) Dynamics of heavy metals and trace element carriers in sewer system during dry weather

K. Knöller, C. Vogt, S. Feisthauer, S. Weise, H. Weiss et al., Sulfur Cycling and Biodegradation in Contaminated Aquifers: Insights from Stable Isotope Investigations, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.42, issue.21, 2008.
DOI : 10.1021/es800331p

O. Kracht and W. Gujer, Quantification of infiltration into sewers based on time series of pollutant loads, Wat. Sci. Technol, vol.52, issue.3, pp.209-218, 2005.

O. Kracht, M. Gresch, and W. Gujer, A Stable Isotope Approach for the Quantification of Sewer Infiltration, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.41, issue.16, pp.41-5839, 2007.
DOI : 10.1021/es062960c

P. Kroopnick and H. Craig, Atmospheric Oxygen: Isotopic Composition and Solubility Fractionation, Science, vol.175, issue.4017, pp.54-55, 1972.
DOI : 10.1126/science.175.4017.54

H. R. Krouse and V. A. Grinenko, Stable Isotopes. Natural and anthropogenic sulfur in the environment, SCOPE, vol.43, pp.267-306, 1991.

P. Lundquist, J. Martensson, B. Sörbo, and S. Ohman, Turbidimetry of inorganic sulfate, ester sulfate, and total sulfur in urine, Clin. Chem, vol.26, issue.8, pp.1178-1181, 1980.

C. Madryas and A. Szot, Structural sensitivity of circular sewer liners to geometrical imperfections, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, vol.18, issue.4, pp.412-434, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0886-7798(03)00065-8

J. Morrison, T. Brockwell, T. Merren, F. Fourel, and A. M. Phillips, On-Line High-Precision Stable Hydrogen Isotopic Analyses on Nanoliter Water Samples, Analytical Chemistry, vol.73, issue.15, pp.73-3570, 2001.
DOI : 10.1021/ac001447t

A. Navarro and M. Carbonell, Evaluation of groundwater contamination beneath an urban environment: The Bes??s river basin (Barcelona, Spain), Journal of Environmental Management, vol.85, issue.2, pp.259-269, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.08.021

K. Osenbrück, H. Gläser, K. Knöller, S. M. Weise, M. Möder et al., Sources and transport of selected organic micropollutants in urban groundwater underlying the city of Halle (Saale), Germany, Water Research, vol.41, issue.15, pp.3259-3270, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.watres.2007.05.014

K. Rozanski, L. Araguás-araguás, and R. Gonfiantini, Isotopic patterns in modern global precipitation, Geophysical Monograph 78, Climate change in continental isotopic records, pp.1-36, 1993.

M. D. Rudnicki, H. Elderfield, and B. Spiro, Fractionation of sulfur isotopes during bacterial sulfate reduction in deep ocean sediments at elevated temperatures, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.65, issue.5, pp.777-789, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00579-2

M. Rutsch, J. Rieckermann, J. Cullmann, J. B. Ellis, J. Vollertsen et al., Towards a better understanding of sewer exfiltration, Water Research, vol.42, issue.10-11, pp.2385-2394, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.watres.2008.01.019

M. H. Schroth, J. Kleikemper, C. Bollinger, S. M. Bernasconi, K. H. Spence et al., In situ assessment of microbial sulfate reduction in a petroleum-contaminated aquifer using push???pull tests and stable sulfur isotope analyses, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, vol.51, issue.3-4, pp.179-195, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-7722(01)00128-0

K. M. Udert, T. A. Larsen, and W. Gujer, Estimating the precipitation potential in urine-collecting systems, Water Research, vol.37, issue.11, pp.2667-2677, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00071-X

F. Valiron and J. P. Tabuchi, Maîtrise de la pollution urbaine par temps de pluie ? Etat de l'art. Agence de l'Eau Seine-Normandie / AGHTM, p.564, 1992.

R. O. Van-everdingen and H. R. Krouse, Isotope composition of sulphates generated by bacterial and abiological oxidation, Nature, vol.78, issue.6018, pp.395-396, 1985.
DOI : 10.1038/315395a0

M. A. Verbanck, A new method for the identification of infiltration waters in sanitary flows, Wat. Sci. Technol, vol.27, issue.12, pp.227-230, 1993.

J. Yu, Y. Park, R. E. Mielke, and M. L. Coleman, Sulfur and oxygen isotopic compositions of the dissolved sulphate in the meteoric water in Chuncheon, Korea, Geosciences Journal, vol.19, issue.23, pp.357-367, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4757-4098-1

L. Zhang, P. De-schryver, B. De-gusseme, W. De-muynck, N. Boon et al., Chemical and biological technologies for hydrogen sulfide emission control in sewer systems: A review, Water Research, vol.42, issue.1-2, pp.1-12, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.watres.2007.07.013

R. Alexander, G. C. Stevens, and R. J. , Per capita phosphorus loading from domestic sewage, Water Research, vol.10, issue.9, pp.757-764, 1976.
DOI : 10.1016/0043-1354(76)90093-2

C. N. Bedrock, M. V. Cheshire, and C. A. Shand, The involvement of iron and aluminum in the bonding of phosphorus to soil humic acid, Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, vol.28, issue.11-12, pp.961-971, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01834809

D. Butler, E. Fnedier, and K. Gatt, Characterising the quantity and quality of domestic wastewater inflows, Wat. Sci. Technol, issue.7, pp.31-44, 1995.

M. B. Duggan, M. T. Jones, D. N. Richards, and J. L. Kamprad, Phosphate minerals in altered andesite from Mount Perry, Can. Mineral, vol.28, pp.125-131, 1990.

J. Carignan, P. Hild, G. Mevelle, J. Morel, D. Yeghicheyan et al., Routine Analyses of Trace Elements in Geological Samples using Flow Injection and Low Pressure On-Line Liquid Chromatography Coupled to ICP-MS: A Study of Geochemical Reference Materials BR, DR-N, UB-N, AN-G and GH, Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, vol.21, issue.2-3, pp.187-198, 2001.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1751-908X.2001.tb00595.x

S. G. Chang and M. L. Jackson, FRACTIONATION OF SOIL PHOSPHORUS, Soil Science, vol.84, issue.2, pp.133-144, 1957.
DOI : 10.1097/00010694-195708000-00005

G. H. Chen, D. H. Leung, and J. C. Hung, Removal of Dissolved Organic Carbon in Sanitary Gravity Sewer, Journal of Environmental Engineering, vol.127, issue.4, pp.1-7, 2001.
DOI : 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2001)127:4(295)

R. W. Crabtree, Sediments in Sewers, Water and Environment Journal, vol.112, issue.7, pp.569-578, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0043-1354(82)90124-5

E. Eggers, Full-scale experiences with phosphate crystallisation in a crystalreactor, Wat. Sci. Tech, vol.23, pp.819-824, 1986.

E. Samrani, A. G. Lartiges, B. S. Ghanbaja, J. Yvon, J. Kohler et al., Trace element carriers in combined sewer during dry and wet weather: an electron microscope investigation, Water Research, vol.38, issue.8, pp.2063-2076, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.watres.2004.01.029

E. Samrani, A. G. Lartiges, B. S. Montargès-pelletier, E. Kazpard, V. Barrès et al., Clarification of municipal sewage with ferric chloride: the nature of coagulant species, Water Research, vol.38, issue.3, pp.756-768, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.watres.2003.10.002

P. N. Froelich, Kinetic control of dissolved phosphate in natural rivers and estuaries: A primer on the phosphate buffer mechanism, Limnology and Oceanography, vol.33, issue.4_part_2, pp.649-668, 1988.
DOI : 10.4319/lo.1988.33.4_part_2.0649

E. Frossard, P. Tekely, and J. Y. Grimal, Characterization of phosphate species in urban sewage sludges by high-resolution solid-state 31P NMR, European Journal of Soil Science, vol.35, issue.4, pp.403-408, 1994.
DOI : 10.1039/c39810001051

E. Frossard, J. P. Bauer, and F. Lothe, Evidence of vivianite in FeSO 4 -flocculated sludges, Wat. Res, issue.10, pp.31-2429, 1997.

S. Gaboreau and P. Vieillard, Prediction of Gibbs free energies of formation of minerals of the alunite supergroup, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.68, issue.16, pp.3307-3316, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gca.2003.10.040

I. Gomez-morilla, V. Thoree, J. J. Powell, K. J. Kirkby, and G. W. Grime, Identification and quantitive analysis of calcium phosphate microparticles in intestinal tissue by nuclear microscopy, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, vol.249, issue.1-2, pp.665-669, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.nimb.2006.03.076

A. Guisasola, D. De-haas, J. Keller, and Z. Yuan, Methane formation in sewer systems, Water Research, vol.42, issue.6-7, pp.1421-1430, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.watres.2007.10.014

K. Güngör and K. G. Karthikeyan, PROBABLE PHOSPHORUS SOLID PHASES AND THEIR STABILITY IN ANAEROBICALLY DIGESTED DAIRY MANURE, Transactions of the ASAE, vol.48, issue.4, pp.1509-1520, 2005.
DOI : 10.13031/2013.19188

D. J. Halliwell, I. D. Mckelvie, B. T. Hart, and R. H. Dunhill, Hydrolysis of triphosphate from detergents in a rural waste water system, Water Research, vol.35, issue.2, pp.448-454, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00289-X

G. Hanrahan, T. M. Salmassi, C. S. Khachikian, and K. L. Foster, Reduced inorganic phosphorus in the natural environment: significance, speciation and determination, Talanta, vol.66, issue.2, pp.435-444, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.talanta.2004.10.004

J. Houhou, B. S. Lartiges, C. France-lanord, C. Guilmette, S. Poix et al., (d, in preparation) Isotopic tracing of water sources in an urban sewer: a multiple D, pp.18-20

T. Hvitved-jacobsen, K. Raunkjaer, and P. H. Nielsen, Volatile fatty acids and sulfide in pressure mains, Wat. Sci. Tech, issue.7, pp.31-169, 1995.

J. L. Jambor and D. A. Vanko, New mineral names, Am. Mineral, vol.78, pp.1314-1319, 1993.

D. Jolley, W. Maher, and P. Cullen, Rapid method for separating and quantifying orthophosphate and polyphosphates: application to sewage samples, Water Research, vol.32, issue.3, pp.711-716, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0043-1354(97)00237-6

J. A. Kittrick, The Free Energy of Formation of Gibbsite and Al(OH)4- from Solubility Measurements1, Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol.30, issue.5, pp.595-698, 1966.
DOI : 10.2136/sssaj1966.03615995003000050018x

L. Bonté, S. Pons, M. N. Potier, O. Rocklin, and P. , Relation between conductivity and ion content in urban wastewater

W. L. Lindsay, Chemical equilibria in soils, p.449, 1979.

A. Masion, F. Thomas, D. Tchoubar, J. Bottero, and P. Tekely, Chemistry and Structure of Al(OH)/Organic Precipitates. A Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Study. 3. Depolymerization of the Al13 Polycation by Organic Ligands, Langmuir, vol.10, issue.11, pp.4353-4356, 1994.
DOI : 10.1021/la00023a069

A. Masion, A. Vilgé-ritter, J. Rose, W. E. Stone, B. J. Teppen et al., Coagulation-Flocculation of Natural Organic Matter with Al Salts:?? Speciation and Structure of the Aggregates, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.34, issue.15, pp.3242-3246, 2000.
DOI : 10.1021/es9911418

I. D. Mckelvie, Separation, preconcentration and speciation of organic phosphorus in environmental samples In Organic Phosphorus in the Environment, pp.1-20, 2005.

R. E. Mesmer, C. F. Base, and . Jr, Phosphoric acid dissociation equilibria in aqueous solutions to 300???C, Journal of Solution Chemistry, vol.79, issue.4, pp.307-321, 1974.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00648228

G. Michard, Equilibres chimiques dans les eaux naturelles. 357 p. Publisud Moreau, S (1997) Investigation of Vilaine watershed, 1989.

D. Mulkerrins, A. D. Dobson, and E. Colleran, Parameters affecting biological phosphate removal from wastewaters, Environment International, vol.30, issue.2, pp.249-259, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00177-6

J. Murphy and J. P. Riley, A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters, Analytica Chimica Acta, vol.27, pp.31-36, 1962.
DOI : 10.1016/S0003-2670(00)88444-5

G. H. Nancollas and B. Tomazic, Growth of calcium phosphate on hydroxyapatite crystals. Effect of supersaturation and ionic medium, The Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol.78, issue.22, pp.2218-2224, 1974.
DOI : 10.1021/j100615a007

G. H. Nancollas, B. Tomazic, and M. Tomson, The precipitation of calcium phosphates in presence of magnesium, Croat. Chem. Acta, vol.48, pp.431-438, 1976.

J. O. Nriagu and C. I. Dell, Diagenetic formation of iron phosphates in recent lake sediments, Am. Min, vol.59, pp.934-946, 1974.

J. O. Nriagu, Phosphate ??? clay mineral relations in soils and sediments, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, vol.13, issue.6, p.717, 1976.
DOI : 10.1139/e76-077

B. P. Onac, R. Breban, J. Kearns, and T. Tamas, Unusual minerals related to phosphate deposits in Cioclovina Cave, Sureanu Mts (Romania), Theoretical and Appl. Karst, vol.15, pp.27-34, 2002.

P. N. Owens and D. E. Walling, The phosphorus content of fluvial sediment in rural and industrialized river basins, Water Research, vol.36, issue.3, pp.685-701, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00247-0

H. Palmquist and J. Hanaeus, Hazardous substances in separately collected grey- and blackwater from ordinary Swedish households, Science of The Total Environment, vol.348, issue.1-3, pp.151-163, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.12.052

K. Raunkjaer, T. Hvitved-jacobsen, and P. H. Nielsen, Transformation of organic matter in a gravity sewer, Water Environment Research, vol.67, issue.2, pp.181-188, 1995.
DOI : 10.2175/106143095X131330

P. D. Rao and D. E. Walsh, Influence of environments of coal deposition on phosphorous accumulation in a high latitude, northern Alaska, coal seam, International Journal of Coal Geology, vol.38, issue.3-4, pp.261-284, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00026-3

W. D. Robertson, S. L. Schiff, and C. J. Ptacek, Review of phosphate mobility and persistence in 10 sceptic system plumes, pp.1000-1010, 1998.

R. G. Schwab, H. Herold, M. L. Da-costa, D. Oliveira, and N. P. , The formation of aluminous phosphates through lateritic weathering of rocks, Weathering, vol.2, pp.369-386, 1989.

E. L. Shock and H. C. Helgeson, Calculation of the thermodynamic properties and transport properties of aqueous species and equation of state predictions to 5kb and 1000°C, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, vol.52, 1988.

R. A. Robie, B. S. Hemingway, K. G. Taylor, and S. Boult, Thermodynamic properties of minerals and related substances at 298.15 K and 1bar (10 5 pascals) pressure and higher temperatures The role of grain dissolution and diagenetic mineral precipitation in the cycling of metals and phosphorus: A study of a contaminated urban freshwater sediment, Bulletin 2131 U.S. Geological Survey. Appl. Geochem, vol.22, pp.1344-1358, 1995.

K. G. Taylor, K. A. Hudson-edwards, A. J. Bennett, and V. Vishnyakov, in press) Early diagenetic vivianite [Fe3(PO4)2.8H2O] in a contaminated freshwater sediment and insights into zinc uptake: a µ-EXAFS, µ-XANES and Raman study

F. Thomas, A. Masion, J. Y. Bottero, J. Rouiller, F. Genevrier et al., Aluminum(III) speciation with acetate and oxalate. A potentiometric and aluminum-27 NMR study, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.25, issue.9, pp.1553-1559, 1991.
DOI : 10.1021/es00021a004

K. M. Udert, T. A. Larsen, M. Biebow, and W. Gujer, Urea hydrolysis and precipitation dynamics in a urine-collecting system, Water Research, vol.37, issue.11, pp.2571-2582, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00065-4

K. M. Udert, T. A. Larsen, and W. Gujer, Estimating the precipitation potential in urine-collecting systems, Water Research, vol.37, issue.11, pp.2667-2677, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00071-X

P. Vieillard, Y. Tardy, and D. Nahon, Stability fields of clays and aluminum phosphates: parageneses in lateritic weathering of argillaceaous phosphatic sediments, Am. Mineral, vol.64, pp.626-634, 1979.

C. R. Ward, J. F. Corcoran, J. D. Saxby, and H. W. Read, Occurrence of phosphorus minerals in Australian coal seams, International Journal of Coal Geology, vol.30, issue.3, pp.185-210, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0166-5162(95)00055-0

M. A. Warith, K. Kennedy, and R. Reitsma, Use of sanitary sewers as wastewater pre-treatment systems, Waste Management, vol.18, issue.4, pp.235-247, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0956-053X(98)00023-3

W. Wu and G. H. Nancollas, Determination of interfacial tension from crystallization and dissolution data: a comparison with other methods, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, vol.79, issue.2-3, pp.229-279, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0001-8686(98)00072-4

C. Yongsiri, J. Vollertsen, and T. Hvitved-jacobsen, Hydrogen sulfide emission in sewer networks: a two-phase modeling approach to the sulfide cycle, Wat. Sci. Technol, vol.50, issue.4, pp.161-168, 2004.

R. Acciari, H. A. Guastaldi, A. C. Brett, and C. M. , Corrosion of dental amalgams: electrochemical study of Ag???Hg, Ag???Sn and Sn???Hg phases, Electrochimica Acta, vol.46, issue.24-25, pp.3887-3893, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-4686(01)00676-4

C. N. Aonghusa and N. F. Gray, LAUNDRY DETERGENTS AS A SOURCE OF HEAVY METALS IN IRISH DOMESTIC WASTEWATER, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, vol.9, issue.1, pp.1-6, 2002.
DOI : 10.1080/09593338809384534

M. Boller, Tracking heavy metals reveals sustainability deficits of urban drainage systems, Wat. Sci. Technol, vol.35, issue.9, pp.77-87, 1997.

M. Boller, Towards sustainable urban stormwater management, Wat. Sci, 2004.

J. Carignan, P. Hild, G. Mevelle, J. Morel, D. Yeghicheyan et al., Routine Analyses of Trace Elements in Geological Samples using Flow Injection and Low Pressure On-Line Liquid Chromatography Coupled to ICP-MS: A Study of Geochemical Reference Materials BR, DR-N, UB-N, AN-G and GH, Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, vol.21, issue.2-3, pp.187-198, 2001.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1751-908X.2001.tb00595.x

N. Castela-papin, S. Cai, J. Vatier, F. Keller, C. H. Souleau et al., Drug interactions with diosmectite: a study using the artificial stomach???duodenum model, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, vol.182, issue.1, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-5173(99)00073-3

G. Chebbo, M. C. Gromaire, M. Ahyerre, and S. Garnaud, Production and transport of urban wet weather pollution in combined sewer systems: the ???Marais??? experimental urban catchment in Paris, Urban Water, vol.3, issue.1-2, pp.3-15, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S1462-0758(01)00029-2

S. Chen, A. Zi, P. Chen, H. Wu, Y. Chen et al., Interfacial reactions in the Sn???Sb/Ag and Sn???Sb/Cu couples, Materials Chemistry and Physics, vol.111, issue.1, pp.17-19, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2008.04.018

E. Samrani, A. G. Lartiges, B. S. Ghanbaja, J. Yvon, J. Kohler et al., Trace element carriers in combined sewer during dry and wet weather: an electron microscope investigation, Water Research, vol.38, issue.8, pp.2063-2076, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.watres.2004.01.029

A. J. Francis and C. J. Dodge, Anaerobic bacterial dissolution of lead oxide, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol.253, issue.6, 1986.
DOI : 10.1021/bk-1975-0018.ch021

J. Gasperi, M. Kafi-benyehia, C. Lorgeoux, R. Moilleron, and M. C. Grommaire, Variabilité spaciale des caractéristiques des polluants transitant par temps sec dans le réseau d'assainissement unitaire parisien. Techniques Sciences Méthodes, pp.23-30, 2006.

V. Gauthier, J. M. Portal, J. Yvon, C. Rosin, J. C. Block et al., Characterization of suspended particles and deposits in drinking water reservoirs, Wat. Sci. Technol, vol.1, issue.4, pp.89-94, 2001.

E. Remoudaki, A. Hatzikioseyian, P. Kousi, and M. Tsezos, The mechanism of metals precipitation by biologically generated alkalinity in biofilm reactors, Water Research, vol.37, issue.16, pp.3843-3854, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00306-3

V. Rocher, S. Azimi, R. Moilleron, and G. Chebbo, Biofilm in combined sewers: wet weather pollution source and/or dry weather pollution indicator?, Wat. Sci. Technol, vol.47, issue.4, pp.35-43, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00711799

V. Rocher, S. Azimi, R. Moilleron, and G. Chebbo, Hydrocarbons and heavy metals in the different sewer deposits in the 'Le Marais' catchment, ): stocks, distributions and origins. Sci. Total Environ, pp.107-122, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01087695

L. Sörme and R. Lagerkvist, Sources of heavy metals in urban wastewater in Stockholm, The Science of The Total Environment, vol.298, issue.1-3, pp.131-145, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00197-3

P. Stoodley, I. Dodds, J. D. Boyle, and H. M. Lappin-scott, Influence of hydrodynamics and nutrients on biofilm structure, Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol.28, issue.S1, pp.19-28, 1999.
DOI : 10.1128/jb.173.20.6558-6567.1991

T. F. Sutherland, S. A. Petersen, C. D. Levings, and A. J. Martin, Distinguishing between natural and aquaculture-derived sediment concentrations of heavy metals in the Broughton Archipelago, British Columbia, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.54, issue.9, pp.1451-1460, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.05.010

G. Tamasi and R. Cini, Heavy metals in drinking waters from Mount Amiata (Tuscany, Italy). Possible risks from arsenic for public health in the Province of Siena, Science of The Total Environment, vol.327, issue.1-3, pp.41-51, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.10.011

D. R. Thevenot, R. Moilleron, L. Lestel, M. C. Gromaire, V. Rocher et al., Critical budget of metal sources and pathways in the Seine River basin (1994???2003) for Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn, ) for Cd, pp.180-203, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.12.008

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01086746

K. Tsuji-naito, T. Hatani, T. Okada, and T. Tehara, Modulating effects of a novel skin-lightening agent, ??-lipoic acid derivative, on melanin production by the formation of DOPA conjugate products, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, vol.15, issue.5, pp.1967-1975, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.12.042

M. Tsujikawa, S. Noguchi, N. Yamauchi, N. Ueda, and T. Sone, Effect of molybdenum on hardness of low-temperature plasma carburized austenitic stainless steel, Surface and Coatings Technology, vol.201, issue.9-11, pp.5102-5107, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.07.127

F. Valiron and J. Tabushi, Maîtrise de la pollutuion urbaine par temps de pluie- Etat de l'art, p.564, 1992.

J. Vollertsen and T. Hvitved-jacobsen, Resuspension and oxygen uptake of sediments in combined sewers, Urban Water, vol.2, issue.1, pp.21-27, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S1462-0758(00)00036-4

R. Aesøy, A. Storfjell, M. Mellgren, L. Helness, H. Thorvaldsen et al., A comparison of biofilm growth and water quality changes in sewer with anoxic and anaerobic (septic) conditions, Wat. Sci. Technol, vol.36, issue.1, pp.303-310, 1997.

Y. S. Cao and G. J. Alaerts, Aerobic biodegradation and microbial population of a synthetic wastewater in a channel with suspended and attached biomass, Wat. Sci. Technol, issue.7, pp.31-181, 1995.

V. Chaignon, B. S. Lartiges, A. G. Samrani, and C. Mustin, Evolution of size distribution and transfer of mineral particles between flocs in activated sludges: an insight into floc exchange dynamics, Water Research, vol.36, issue.3, pp.676-684, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00266-4

G. H. Chen, D. H. Leung, and J. C. Huang, Removal of Dissolved Organic Carbon in Sanitary Gravity Sewer, Journal of Environmental Engineering, vol.127, issue.4, pp.295-301, 2001.
DOI : 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2001)127:4(295)

G. H. Chen, D. H. Leung, and J. C. Huang, Biofilm in the sediment phase of a sanitary gravity sewer, Water Research, vol.37, issue.11, pp.2784-2788, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00083-6

D. Beer, D. Stoodley, P. Lewandowski, and Z. , Liquid flow and mass transport in heterogeneous biofilms, Water Research, vol.30, issue.11, pp.2761-2765, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0043-1354(96)00141-8

E. Samrani, A. G. Lartiges, B. S. Ghanbaja, J. Yvon, J. Kohler et al., Trace element carriers in combined sewer during dry and wet weather: an electron microscope investigation, Water Research, vol.38, issue.8, pp.2063-2076, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.watres.2004.01.029

H. C. Flemming and J. Wingender, Relevance of microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) ? Part I: structural and ecology aspects, Wat. Sci. Technol, vol.43, issue.6, pp.1-8, 2001.

D. Fugate and B. Chant, Aggregate settling velocity of combined sewage overflow, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.52, issue.4, pp.427-432, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.09.042

X. Guan, G. Chen, and C. Shang, Re-use of water treatment works sludge to enhance particulate pollutant removal from sewage, Water Research, vol.39, issue.15, pp.3433-3440, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.watres.2004.07.033

C. K. Hope, D. Clements, and M. Wilson, Determining the spatial distribution of viable and nonviable bacteria in hydrated microcosm dental plaques by viability profiling, Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol.79, issue.3, 2002.
DOI : 10.1177/00220345000790010201

J. Houhou, B. S. Lartiges, A. Hofmann, G. Frappier, J. Ghanbaja et al., (b, accepted) Phosphate dynamics in an urban sewer: a case study, Water Res

J. Houhou, C. Mustin, B. S. Lartiges, S. Skali-lami, G. Caumon et al., Investigation of biofilm growth in a Couette-Poiseuille reactor: new tools confocal laser scanning microscopy observation

J. Houhou, B. S. Lartiges, C. France-lanord, C. Guilmette, S. Poix et al., (d, in preparation) Isotopic tracing of water sources in an urban sewer: a multiple D, pp.18-20

T. Hvitved-jacobsen, J. Vollertsen, and J. S. Matos, The sewer as a bioreactor ? A dry weather approach, Wat. Sci. Technol, vol.45, issue.3, pp.11-24, 2002.

J. L. Huisman, T. Gasser, C. Gienal, M. Kühni, P. Krebs et al., Quantification of oxygen fluxes in a long gravity sewer, Water Research, vol.38, issue.5, pp.1237-1247, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.watres.2003.11.012

A. Jahn and P. H. Nielsen, Cell biomass and exopolymer composition in sewer biofilmd, Wat. Sci. Technol, vol.37, issue.1, pp.17-24, 1998.

P. Jana-sur and A. K. Chakraborty, Studies on the interaction of bacterial capsular polysaccharide-Klebsiella K16 with cationic dyes, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, vol.173, issue.1, pp.64-69, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2004.12.029

B. S. Lartiges, S. Deneux-mustin, G. Villemin, C. Mustin, O. Barrès et al., Composition, structure and size distribution of suspended particulates from the Rhine River, Water Research, vol.35, issue.3, pp.808-816, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00293-1

V. Lazarova and J. Manem, Biofilm characterization and activity analysis in water and wastewater treatment, Water Research, vol.29, issue.10, pp.2227-2245, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0043-1354(95)00054-O

I. W. Marjaka, K. Miyanaga, K. Hori, Y. Tanji, and H. Unno, Augmentation of self-purification capacity of sewer pipe by immobilizing microbes on the pipe surface, Biochemical Engineering Journal, vol.15, issue.1, pp.69-75, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1369-703X(02)00182-1

A. A. Massol-deyá, J. Whallon, R. F. Hickey, and J. M. Tiedje, Channels structures in Aerobic biofilms of fixed-film reactors treating contaminated groundwater, Appl. Environ. Microbiol, issue.2, pp.61-769, 1995.

S. Michelbach, Origin, resuspension and settling characteristics of solids transported in combined sewage, Wat. Sci. Technol, vol.31, issue.7, pp.69-76, 1995.

P. H. Nielsen, K. Raunkjaer, N. H. Norsker, N. A. Jensen, and T. Hvitved-jacobsen, Transformation of wastewater in sewer systems ? a review, Wat. Sci. Technol, vol.25, issue.6, pp.17-31, 1992.

L. Ogorzaly and C. Gantzer, Development of real-time RT-PCR methods for specific detection of F-specific RNA bacteriophage genogroups: Application to urban raw wastewater, Journal of Virological Methods, vol.138, issue.1-2, pp.131-139, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.08.004

A. Özer and E. Kasirga, Substrate removal in long sewer lines, Wat. Sci. Technol, vol.31, issue.7, pp.213-218, 1995.

K. Raunkjaer, T. Hvitved-jacobsen, and P. H. Nielsen, Transformation of organic matter in a gravity sewer, Water Environment Research, vol.67, issue.2, pp.181-188, 1995.
DOI : 10.2175/106143095X131330

E. Reynolds, The use of lead acetate at high pH as an electron opaque stain in electron microscopy, J. Cell. Biol, vol.17, pp.176-191, 1963.

V. Rocher, S. Azimi, R. Moilleron, and G. Chebbo, Biofilm in combined sewers: wet weather pollution source and/or dry weather pollution indicator?, Wat. Sci. Technol, vol.47, issue.4, pp.35-43, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00711799

S. Sayed, S. Tarek, I. Dijkstra, and C. Moerman, Optimum operation conditions of direct capillary nanofiltration for wastewater treatment, Desalination, vol.214, issue.1-3, pp.215-226, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.desal.2006.07.014

S. Skraber, J. Schijven, C. Gantzer, and A. M. De-roda-husman, Pathofenic viruses in drinking-water biofilms: a public health risk? Biofilms, pp.1-13, 2005.

A. Solé, N. Gaju, S. Méndez-Álvarez, and I. Esteve, Confocal laser scanning microscopy as a tool to determine cyanobacteria biomass in microbial mats, Journal of Microscopy, vol.204, issue.3, pp.258-262, 2001.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2818.2001.00951.x

S. B. Surman, J. T. Walker, D. T. Goddard, L. H. Morton, C. W. Keevil et al., Comparison of microscope techniques for the examination of biofilms, Journal of Microbiological Methods, vol.25, issue.1, pp.57-70, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-7012(95)00085-2

I. W. Sutherland, K. A. Hughes, L. C. Skillman, and K. Trait, The interaction of phage and biofilms, FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol.336, issue.1, pp.1-6, 2004.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1998.tb05278.x

N. Tanaka and T. Hvitved-jacobsen, Transformations of wastewater organic matter in sewers under changing aerobic/anaerobic conditions, Wat. Sci. Technol, vol.37, issue.1, pp.105-113, 1998.

Y. Tanji, R. Sakai, K. Miyanaga, and H. Unno, Estimation of the self-purification capacity of biofilm formed in domestic sewer pipes, Biochemical Engineering Journal, vol.31, issue.1, pp.96-101, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bej.2006.05.021

T. Ueda and N. J. Horan, Fate of indigenous bacteriophage in a membrane bioreactor, Water Research, vol.34, issue.7, pp.2151-2159, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00382-6

H. Wand, G. Vacca, P. Kuschk, M. Krüger, and M. Kästner, Removal of bacteria by filtration in planted and non-planted sand columns, Water Research, vol.41, issue.1, pp.159-167, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.watres.2006.08.024

O. Wanner and W. Gujer, Competition in biofilms, Wat. Sci. Technol, vol.17, issue.2-3, pp.27-44, 1985.

M. A. Warith, K. Kennedy, and R. Reitsma, Use of sanitary sewers as wastewater pre-treatment systems. Waste Mang, pp.235-247, 1998.

R. Abrahamson, M. Lewandowski, Z. Geesey, G. Skjåk-braek, G. Strand et al., Development of an artificial biofilm to study the effects of a single microcolony on mass transport, Journal of Microbiological Methods, vol.26, issue.1-2, pp.161-169, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-7012(96)00908-6

D. H. Applegate and J. D. Bryers, Effects of carbon and oxygen limitations and calcium concentrations on biofilm removal processes, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, vol.33, issue.1, pp.17-25, 1991.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-70137-5_18

H. Beyenal, A. Tanyolaç, and Z. Lewandowski, Measurement of local effective diffusivity in Heterogeneous biofilms, Water Sci. Technol, vol.38, pp.171-178, 1998.

H. Beynal and Z. Lewandowski, Combined effect of substrate concentration and flow velocity on effective diffusivity in biofilms, Water Research, vol.34, issue.2, pp.528-538, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00147-5

H. Beyenal, C. Donovan, Z. Lewandowski, and G. Harkin, Three-dimensional biofilm structure quantification, Journal of Microbiological Methods, vol.59, issue.3, pp.395-413, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mimet.2004.08.003

A. K. Camper, W. L. Jones, and J. T. Hayes, Effect of growth conditions and substratum composition on the resistence of coliforms in mixed-population biofilms, Appl. Environ. Microbiol, vol.62, pp.4014-4018, 1996.

D. Celmer, J. A. Oleszkiewicz, and N. Cicek, Impact of shear force on the biofilm structure and performance of a membrane biofilm reactor for tertiary hydrogen-driven denitrification of municipal wastewater, Water Research, vol.42, issue.12, pp.3057-3065, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.watres.2008.02.031

S. Chabaud, Y. Andres, A. Lakel, L. Cloirec, and P. , Bacteria removal in septic effluent: Influence of biofilm and protozoa, Water Research, vol.40, issue.16, pp.3109-3114, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.watres.2006.06.008

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00878491

V. Chaignon, B. S. Lartiges, A. Samrani, and C. Mustin, Evolution of size distribution and transfer of mineral particles between flocs in activated sludges: an insight into floc exchange dynamics, Water Research, vol.36, issue.3, pp.676-684, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00266-4

W. G. Characklis, Biofilm processes, 1990.

L. M. Chen and L. H. Chai, A theoretical analysis on self-organized formation of microbial biofilms, Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, vol.370, issue.2, pp.793-807, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.physa.2006.03.022

A. Chomik, A. Dieterlen, C. Xu, O. Haeberlé, J. J. Meyer et al., Quantification in optical sectioning microscopy: a comparison of some deconvolution algorithms in view of 3D image segmentation, Journal of Optics, vol.28, issue.6, pp.225-233, 1997.
DOI : 10.1088/0150-536X/28/6/001

J. W. Costerton, Introduction to biofilm, International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, vol.11, issue.3-4, pp.217-221, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0924-8579(99)00018-7

R. M. Donlan, J. A. Piede, C. D. Heyes, L. Sanii, R. Murga et al., Model System for Growing and Quantifying Streptococcus pneumoniae Biofilms In Situ and in Real Time, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.70, issue.8, pp.4980-4988, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.70.8.4980-4988.2004

D. G. Davies, A. M. Chakrabarty, and G. G. Geesey, Exopolysaccharide production in biofilms: substratum activation of alginate gene expression by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 1993.

A. Dellile, F. Quilès, and F. Humbert, In Situ Monitoring of the Nascent Pseudomonas fluorescens Biofilm Response to Variations in the Dissolved Organic Carbon Level in Low-Nutrient Water by Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.73, issue.18, pp.5782-5788, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.00838-07

H. Flemming and J. Wingender, The crucial role of extracellular polymeric substances in biofilms, Biofilms in wastewater treatment, an interdisciplinary approach, pp.178-210, 2003.

D. M. Goeres, L. R. Loetterle, M. A. Hamilton, R. Murga, D. W. Kirby et al., Statistical assessment of a laboratory method for growing biofilms, Microbiology, vol.151, issue.3, pp.757-762, 2005.
DOI : 10.1099/mic.0.27709-0

O. Haeberlé, F. Bicha, C. Simler, A. Dieterlen, C. Xu et al., Identification of acquisition parameters from the point spread function of a fluorescence microscope, Optics Communications, vol.196, issue.1-6, pp.109-117, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0030-4018(01)01376-1

S. W. Hermanowicz, U. Schindler, and P. Wilderer, Fractal structure of biofilm: new tools for investigation of morphology, Water Sci. technol, vol.32, pp.99-105, 1995.

S. W. Hermanowicz, U. Schindler, and P. Wilderer, Anisotropic morphology and fractal dimensions of biofilms, Water Research, vol.30, issue.3, pp.753-755, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0043-1354(95)00221-9

T. J. Holmes, Maximum-likelihood image restoration adapted for noncoherent optical imaging, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, vol.5, issue.5, pp.666-673, 1988.
DOI : 10.1364/JOSAA.5.000666

T. J. Holmes, S. Bhattacharyya, J. A. Copper, D. Hanzel, V. Krishnamurthi et al., Light Microscopic images reconstructed by maximum likelihood deconvolution Handbook of biological confocal microscopy, In: J. B. Pawley, pp.389-402, 1995.

H. Horn, H. Reiff, and E. Morgenroth, Simulation of growth and detachment in biofilm systems under defined hydrodynamic conditions, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, vol.28, issue.5, pp.607-617, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/0043-1354(94)90042-6

J. Houhou, B. S. Lartiges, C. Mustin, and J. Ghanbaja, preparation) Biofilm and suspended matter in the sewer system: Examination at various scales

Z. Hu, Electricity generation by a baffle-chamber membraneless microbial fuel cell, Journal of Power Sources, vol.179, issue.1, pp.27-33, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.12.094

G. Jackson, H. Beyenal, W. M. Ress, and Z. Lewandowski, Growing reproducible biofilms with respect to structure and viable cell counts, Journal of Microbiological Methods, vol.47, issue.1, pp.1-10, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-7012(01)00280-9

P. Jana-sur and A. K. Chakraborty, Studies on the interaction of bacterial capsular polysaccharide-Klebsiella K16 with cationic dyes, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, vol.173, issue.1, pp.64-69, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2004.12.029

L. Kragelund and O. Nybroe, Culturability and Expression of Outer Membrane Proteins during Carbon, Nitrogen, or Phosphorus Starvation of Pseudomonas fluorescens DF57 and Pseudomonas putida DF14, Appl. Environ. Microbiol, vol.60, pp.2944-2948, 1994.

J. R. Lawrence, D. R. Korber, B. D. Hoyle, J. W. Costerton, and D. E. Caldwell, Optical sectioning of microbial biofilms., Journal of Bacteriology, vol.173, issue.20, pp.6558-6567, 1991.
DOI : 10.1128/jb.173.20.6558-6567.1991

V. Lazarova and J. Manem, Biofilm characterization and activity analysis in water and wastewater treatment, Water Research, vol.29, issue.10, pp.2227-2245, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0043-1354(95)00054-O

D. J. Lee, G. W. Chen, Y. C. Liao, and C. C. Hsieh, On the free-settling test for estimating activated sludge floc density, Water Research, vol.30, issue.3, pp.541-550, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0043-1354(95)00229-4

Z. Lewandowski and P. Stoodley, Flow induced vibrations, drag force, and pressure drop in conduits covered with biofilm, Wat. Sci. Technol, vol.32, pp.19-26, 1995.

Z. Lewandowski, D. Webb, M. Hamilton, and G. Harkin, Quantifying biofilm structure, Wat. Sci. Technol, vol.39, pp.71-76, 1999.

Z. Lewandowski, H. Beyenal, and D. Stookey, Reproducibility of biofilm processes and the meaning of steady state in biofilm reactors, Wat. Sci. Technol, vol.49, pp.359-364, 2004.

D. H. Li and J. J. Ganczarczyk, Fractal geometry of particle aggregates generated in water and wastewater treatment processes, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.23, issue.11, pp.1385-1389, 1989.
DOI : 10.1021/es00069a009

J. L. Mallet, Discrete smooth interpolation. Assoc. Computer Machinery, Transaction Graphics, pp.121-144, 1989.

A. A. Massol-deyá, J. Whallon, R. F. Hickey, and J. M. Tiedje, Channel structures in aerobic biofilms of fixed-film reactors treating contaminated groundwater, Appl. Environ. Microbiol, vol.61, pp.769-777, 1995.

S. Møller, C. Sternberg, J. B. Andersen, B. B. Christensen, J. L. Romos et al., In situ gene expression in mixed-culture biofilms: evidence of metabolic interactions between community members, Appl. Environ. Microbiol, vol.64, pp.721-732, 1998.

T. Paris, S. Skali-lami, and J. C. Block, Effect of wall shear rate on biofilm deposition and grazing in drinking water flow chambers, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, vol.7, issue.6, pp.1550-1561, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/bit.21321

M. O. Pereira, M. Kuehn, S. Wuertz, T. Neu, and L. F. Melo, Effect of flow regime on the architecture of aPseudomonas fluorescens biofilm, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, vol.41, issue.2, pp.164-171, 2002.
DOI : 10.1080/08927019309386244

P. Petropoulos and K. A. Gilbride, Nitrification in activated sludge batch reactors is linked to protozoan grazing of the bacterial population, Canadian Journal of Microbiology, vol.80, issue.9, pp.791-799, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S0723-2020(11)80396-6

. M. Petyon, Effects of shear stress and substrate loading rate on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm thickness and density, Water Research, vol.30, issue.1, pp.29-36, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0043-1354(95)00110-7

C. Picioreanu, M. C. Van-loosdrecht, and J. J. Heijnen, Mathematical modeling of biofilm structure with a hybrid differential-discrete cellular automaton approach, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, vol.22, issue.1, pp.101-116, 1998.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1997.tb00351.x

C. Picioreanu, M. C. Van-loosdrecht, and J. J. Heijnen, Two-dimensional model of biofilm detachment caused by internal stress from liquid flow, Biotechnology & Bioengineering, vol.22, issue.2, pp.205-218, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/1097-0290(20000120)72:2<205::AID-BIT9>3.0.CO;2-L

B. Purevdorj, J. W. Costerton, and P. Stoodley, Influence of Hydrodynamics and Cell Signaling on the Structure and Behavior of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.68, issue.9, pp.4457-4464, 2002.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.68.9.4457-4464.2002

J. C. Russ, The image processing handbook. Fifth edition, pp.468-476, 2007.

L. H. Schaefer, D. Schuster, and H. Herz, Generalized approach for accelerated maximum likelihood based image restoration applied to three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy, Journal of Microscopy, vol.169, issue.2, pp.99-107, 2001.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2818.1993.tb03311.x

A. D. Silverstein, G. D. Henry, B. Evans, M. Pasmore, C. J. Simmons et al., Biofilm Formation on Clinically Noninfected Penile Prostheses, The Journal of Urology, vol.176, issue.3, pp.1008-1011, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.juro.2006.04.034

G. Silyn-roberts and G. Lewis, A technique in confocal laser microscopy for establishing biofilm coverage and thickness, Wat. Sci. Technol, vol.36, pp.117-124, 1997.

P. S. Stewart, R. Murga, R. Srinivasan, and D. De-beer, Biofilm structural heterogeneity visualized by three microscopic methods, Water Research, vol.29, issue.8, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0043-1354(94)00339-9

P. Stoodly, D. De-beer, and Z. Lewandowski, Liquid flow in biofilm systems, 1994.

P. Stoodley, Z. Lewandowski, J. D. Boyle, and H. M. Lappin-scott, Oscillation characteristics of biofilm streamers in turbulent flowing water as related to drag and pressure drop, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, vol.60, issue.5, pp.536-544, 1998.
DOI : 10.1029/JC084iC08p04816

P. Stoodley, I. Dodds, J. D. Boyle, and H. M. Lappin-scott, Influence of hydrodynamics and nutrients on biofilm structure, Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol.28, issue.S1, pp.19-28, 1999.
DOI : 10.1128/jb.173.20.6558-6567.1991

P. Stoodley, J. D. Boyle, D. De-beer, and H. M. Lappin-scott, Evolving perspectives of biofilm structure, Biofouling, vol.60, issue.1, pp.75-90, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/0043-1354(94)90042-6

P. Stoodly, S. Wilson, L. Haull-stoodly, J. D. Boyle, H. M. Lappin-scott et al., Growth and Detachment of Cell Clusters from Mature Mixed-Species Biofilms, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.67, issue.12, 2001.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.67.12.5608-5613.2001

P. Stoodly, R. Cargo, C. J. Rupp, S. Wilson, and I. Klapper, Biofilm material properties as related to shear-induced deformation and detachment phenomena, Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol.29, issue.6, pp.361-367, 2002.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.jim.7000282

Y. P. Tsai, Interaction of chlorine concentration and shear stress on chlorine consumption, biofilm growth rate and particle number, Bioresource Technology, vol.97, issue.15, pp.1912-1919, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biortech.2005.08.003

U. Telgmann, H. Horan, E. M. Morgenroth, D. Eikelboom, A. Gjaltema et al., Influence of growth history on sloughing and erosion from biofilms Biofilm structures, Water Res. Wat. Sci. Technol, vol.38, issue.32, pp.3671-3684, 1995.

P. Vandevivere and D. L. Kirchman, Attachment stimulates Exopolysaccharide synthesis by a bacterium, App. Environ. Microbiol, vol.59, pp.3280-3286, 1993.

M. J. Vieira, L. F. Melo, and M. M. Pinheiro, Biofilm formation: Hydrodynamic effects on internal diffusion and structure, Biofouling, vol.54, issue.1, pp.67-80, 1993.
DOI : 10.1080/01932699208943326

V. P. Venugopalan, M. Kuehen, M. Hausner, D. Springael, P. A. Wilderer et al., Architecture of a Nascent Sphingomonas sp. Biofilm under Varied Hydrodynamic Conditions, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.71, issue.5, pp.2677-2686, 2005.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.71.5.2677-2686.2005

S. Wäsche, H. Horan, and D. C. Hempel, Influence of growth conditions on biofilm development and mass transfer at the bulk/biofilm interface, Water Research, vol.36, issue.19, pp.4775-4784, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00215-4

S. Wijeyekoon, T. Mino, H. Satoh, and T. Matsuo, Growth and novel structural features of tubular biofilms produced under different hydrodynamic conditions, Wat. Sic. Technol, vol.41, pp.129-138, 2000.

G. Wirtanen, S. Salo, I. M. Helander, and T. Mattila-sandholm, Microbiological methods for testing disinfectant efficiency on Pseudomonas biofilm, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, vol.20, issue.1, pp.37-50, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0927-7765(00)00173-9

X. Yang, H. Beyenal, G. Harkin, and Z. Lewandowski, Quantifying biofilm structure using image analysis, Journal of Microbiological Methods, vol.39, issue.2, pp.109-119, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-7012(99)00097-4

X. Yang, H. Beyenal, G. Harkin, and Z. Lewandowski, Evaluation of biofilm image thresholding methods, Water Research, vol.35, issue.5, pp.1149-1158, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00361-4

S. S. Yoon, R. F. Hennigan, G. M. Hilliard, U. A. Ochsner, K. Parvatiyar et al., Pseudomonas aeruginosa Anaerobic Respiration in Biofilms, Developmental Cell, vol.3, issue.4, pp.593-603, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1534-5807(02)00295-2

W. Zahid and J. Ganczarczyk, A technique for a characterization of RBC biofilm surface, Water Research, vol.28, issue.10, pp.2229-2231, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0043-1354(94)90036-1

R. Beyenal, H. Donovan, C. Lewandowski, Z. Harkin, and G. , Three-dimensional biofilm structure quantification, Journal of Microbiological Methods, vol.59, issue.3, pp.395-413, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mimet.2004.08.003

J. C. Bozongo, Phosphore et sediments: Méthodes d'analyse-stockage-relargagebiodisponibilité, Thèse de doctorat, 1990.

J. Carignan, P. Hild, G. Mevelle, J. Morel, D. Yeghicheyan et al., Routine Analyses of Trace Elements in Geological Samples using Flow Injection and Low Pressure On-Line Liquid Chromatography Coupled to ICP-MS: A Study of Geochemical Reference Materials BR, DR-N, UB-N, AN-G and GH, Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, vol.21, issue.2-3, pp.187-198, 2001.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1751-908X.2001.tb00595.x

S. Chabaud, Y. Andres, A. Lakel, L. Cloirec, and P. , Bacteria removal in septic effluent: Influence of biofilm and protozoa, Water Research, vol.40, issue.16, pp.3109-3114, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.watres.2006.06.008

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00878491

S. G. Chang and M. L. Jackson, FRACTIONATION OF SOIL PHOSPHORUS, Soil Science, vol.84, issue.2, pp.133-144, 1957.
DOI : 10.1097/00010694-195708000-00005

A. Chomik, A. Dieterlen, C. Xu, O. Haeberlé, J. J. Meyer et al., Quantification in optical sectioning microscopy: a comparison of some deconvolution algorithms in view of 3D image segmentation, Journal of Optics, vol.28, issue.6, pp.225-233, 1997.
DOI : 10.1088/0150-536X/28/6/001

S. Deneux-mustin, B. S. Lartiges, G. Villemin, F. Thomas, J. Yvon et al., Ferric Chloride and Lime conditioning of activated sludges: An electron microscopic study on resin-embedded samples, Water Research, vol.35, issue.12, pp.3018-3024, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00003-3

C. V. Fife, AN EVALUATION OF AMMONIUM FLUORIDE AS A SELECTIVE EXTRACTANT FOR ALUMINUM-BOUND SOIL PHOSPHATE, Soil Science, vol.87, issue.2, pp.83-88, 1959.
DOI : 10.1097/00010694-195902000-00004

K. Govindaraju and G. Mevelle, Fully automated dissolution and separation methods for inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry rock analysis. Application to the determination of rare earth elements. Plenary lecture, Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, vol.2, issue.6, pp.615-612, 1987.
DOI : 10.1039/ja9870200615

M. J. Heldey and J. W. Stewart, Method to measure microbial phosphate in soils, Soil. Biol. Biochem, vol.14, pp.377-385, 1982.

J. Hoefs, Stable isotope geochemistry. Minerals and Rocks, p.208, 1980.

T. J. Holmes, Maximum-likelihood image restoration adapted for noncoherent optical imaging, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, vol.5, issue.5, pp.666-673, 1988.
DOI : 10.1364/JOSAA.5.000666

T. J. Holmes, S. Bhattacharyya, J. A. Copper, D. Hanzel, V. Krishnamurthi et al., Light Microscopic images reconstructed by maximum likelihood deconvolution Handbook of biological confocal microscopy, In: J. B. Pawley, pp.389-402, 1995.

P. Jana-sur and A. K. Chakraborty, Studies on the interaction of bacterial capsular polysaccharide-Klebsiella K16 with cationic dyes, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, vol.173, issue.1, pp.64-69, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2004.12.029

J. Koziet, Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometric Method for the On-line Determination of Oxygen-18 in Organic Matter, Journal of Mass Spectrometry, vol.32, issue.1, pp.103-108, 1997.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9888(199701)32:1<103::AID-JMS463>3.0.CO;2-9

H. R. Krouse and V. A. Grinrnko, Stable isotopes. Natural and anthrophogenic sulphur in the environment, SCOPE, vol.43, 1991.

M. E. Lebo, Particle-bound phosphorus along an urbanized coastal plain estuary, Marine Chemistry, vol.34, issue.3-4, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-4203(91)90005-H

Z. Lewandowski, D. Webb, M. Hamilton, and G. Harkin, Quantifying biofilm structure, Wat. Sci. Technol, vol.39, pp.71-76, 1999.

J. M. Martin, P. Niriel, and A. J. Thomas, Sequential extraction techniques: Promises and problems, Marine Chemistry, vol.22, issue.2-4, pp.313-341, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-4203(87)90017-X

S. Moreau, Bassin de la Haute VILAINE: Dynamique de l'azote et du phosphore des eaux superficielles et des sediments, Thèse de doctorat, 1997.

J. Morrison, T. Brockwell, T. Merren, F. Fourel, and A. M. Phillips, On-Line High-Precision Stable Hydrogen Isotopic Analyses on Nanoliter Water Samples, Analytical Chemistry, vol.73, issue.15, pp.3570-3575, 2001.
DOI : 10.1021/ac001447t

J. Murphy and J. P. Riley, A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters, Analytica Chimica Acta, vol.27, pp.31-36, 1962.
DOI : 10.1016/S0003-2670(00)88444-5

P. Petropoulos and K. A. Gilbride, Nitrification in activated sludge batch reactors is linked to protozoan grazing of the bacterial population, Canadian Journal of Microbiology, vol.80, issue.9, pp.791-799, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S0723-2020(11)80396-6

V. R. Psenner, R. Puscko, and M. Sager, Die fraktionierung organischer und anorganischer phosphorverbindungen von sedimenten, Arch. Hydrobiol, vol.1, pp.111-155, 1984.

C. Quantin, Indice de la biodegradation des matières organiques sur le devenir des métaux lourds et des contaminats organiques dans un sol nikellifère et un sediment de rivière, Thèse de doctorat, 2001.

J. M. Ruiz, A. Delgado, and J. Torrent, Iron-Related Phosphorus in Overfertilized European Soils, Journal of Environment Quality, vol.26, issue.6, pp.1548-1554, 1997.
DOI : 10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600060014x

J. C. Russ, The image processing handbook. Fifth edition, pp.468-476, 2007.

P. Stoodley, I. Dodds, J. D. Boyle, and H. M. Lappin-scott, Influence of hydrodynamics and nutrients on biofilm structure, Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol.28, issue.S1, pp.19-28, 1999.
DOI : 10.1128/jb.173.20.6558-6567.1991

A. Tessier, P. G. Campbel, and M. Bisson, Sequentiel extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals, Anal. Chem, vol.7, pp.844-841, 1979.

A. Tessier and P. G. Campbel, Comments on the testing of the accuracy of an extraction procedure for determining the partitioning of trace metals in sediments, Analytical Chemistry, vol.60, issue.14, pp.1475-1476, 1988.
DOI : 10.1021/ac00165a025

H. Tiessen, J. W. Stewart, and C. V. Cole, Pathways of Phosphorus Transformations in Soils of Differing Pedogenesis1, Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol.48, issue.4, pp.853-858, 1984.
DOI : 10.2136/sssaj1984.03615995004800040031x

H. Vanden-bossche, Devenir du phosphore apporté sur les sols et risques de contamination des eaux de surface, Thèse de doctorat, 1999.

M. J. Vieira, L. F. Melo, and M. M. Pinheiro, Biofilm formation: Hydrodynamic effects on internal diffusion and structure, Biofouling, vol.54, issue.1, pp.67-80, 1993.
DOI : 10.1080/01932699208943326

G. Wirtanen, S. Salo, I. M. Helander, and T. Mattila-sandholm, Microbiological methods for testing disinfectant efficiency on Pseudomonas biofilm, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, vol.20, issue.1, pp.37-50, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0927-7765(00)00173-9

F. Zartarian, C. Mustin, G. Villemin, T. Ait-ettager, A. Thill et al., Three-Dimensional Modeling of an Activated Sludge Floc, Langmuir, vol.13, issue.1, pp.35-40, 1997.
DOI : 10.1021/la960566u