F. Ashtiania and F. Sefidkonb, Tropane alkaloids of Atropa belladonnaL. and Atropa acuminate Royle ex Miers plants, Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, vol.5, pp.6515-6522, 2011.

K. Asres and F. Bucar, Anti-HIV activity against immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-I) and type II (HIV-II) of compounds isolated from the stem bark of Combretummolle, Ethiop Med J, vol.43, pp.15-20, 2005.

S. Badami, M. Reddy, S. A. Kumar, E. P. Vijayan, P. Suresh et al., Antitumor activity of total alkaloid fraction of Solanum pseudocapsicumleaves, Phytother Res, vol.17, p.1001, 2003.

M. E. Barri, T. O. Onsa, A. A. Elawad, N. Y. El-sayed, I. A. Wasfi et al., Toxicity of Five Sudanese Plants to young ruminants, Journal of Comp Palhol, issue.4, pp.559-75, 1983.

S. Berkov, R. Zayed, and T. Doncheva, Alkaloid pattern in some varieties of Datura stramonium, Fitoterapia, vol.77, pp.179-182, 2006.

L. Bertrand, V. Pascale, C. Cecile, L. C. Jean, and B. Jean, Diosgenin, a plant steroid, induces apoptosis in human rheumatoid arthritis synoviocytes with cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression, Arthritis Res Ther, vol.6, pp.373-83, 2004.

G. Bird, D. Collins, F. Eastwood, and J. Swan, Structures of the steroidal alkaloids 25isosolafloridine and solacallinidine isolated from Solanum callium, Australian Journal of Chemistry, vol.32, pp.597-609, 1979.

G. Bird, D. Collins, F. Eastwood, and J. Swan, Soladunalinidine, a new dibasic analogue of tomatidine extracted from Solanum dunalianum, Australian Journal of Chemistry, vol.32, pp.611-617, 1979.

P. Bontempo, V. Carafa, R. Grassi, A. Basile, G. Tenore et al., Antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-proliferative activities of Solanum tuberosum L. var. Vitelotte, Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol.55, pp.304-312, 2013.

L. Boulus, Medicinal Plants 0f North Africa, 1983.

D. Bown, Encyclopedia of Herbs and their Uses. Dorling Kindersley, 1995.

F. Bray, J. S. Ren, E. Masuyer, and J. Ferlay, Global estimates of cancer prevalence for 27 sites in the adult population in 2008, Int J Cancer, vol.132, pp.1133-1145, 2013.

L. A. Brito, M. Chan, B. Baudner, S. Gallorini, G. Santos et al., , 2011.

, An alternative renewable source of squalene for use in emulsion adjuvants, Vaccine, vol.29, pp.6262-6268

A. F. Broun and R. E. Masssey, Flora of the Sudan, pp.1902-1904, 1929.

C. L. Cardoso, D. H. Silva, M. C. Young, I. Castro-gamboa, V. Da et al., , 2008.

, Indole monoterpene alkaloids from Chimarrhisturbinata DC Prodr.: a contribution to the chemotaxonomic studies of the Rubiaceae family, Brazilian J. Pharm, vol.18, issue.1, pp.26-29

B. E. Cham and B. Daunter, Solasodine glycosides. Selective cytotoxicity for cancer cells and inhibition of cytotoxicity by rhamnose in mice with sarcoma180, Cancer Letters, vol.55, pp.221-225, 1990.

S. A. Chaudhary, Flora of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Ministryof Agriculture and Water, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, vol.2, 2001.

A. Chaudhary, S. K. Singla, and C. Tandon, In vitro evaluation of Terminalia arjuna on calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate crystallization, Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol.72, pp.340-345, 2010.

A. Chevallier, The Encyclopedia of medicinal Plants. DorlingKindersley, London, 1996.

H. C. Chiang, S. M. Jaw, C. F. Chen, and W. S. Kan, Antitumor agent, Physalin F from Physalis angulata L, Anticancer Res, vol.12, pp.837-844, 1992.

K. Choudhary, M. Singh, and U. Pillai, Ethnobotanical Survey of Rajasthan-An Update, American-Eurasian Journal of Botany, vol.1, pp.38-45, 2008.

A. Christina, D. G. Joseph, M. Packialakshmi, R. Kothai, S. Robert et al., Anticarcinogenic activity of Withania somnifera Dunal against Dalton's Ascitic Lymphoma, J Ethnopharmacol, vol.93, pp.359-361, 2004.

A. R. Clapham, T. G. Tutin, and E. F. Warburg, Flora of the British Isles. 2 edn, 1962.

Y. Cui, X. O. Shu, Y. T. Gao, H. Cai, M. H. Tao et al., Association of ginseng use with survival and quality of life among breast cancer patients, Am J Epidemiol, vol.163, pp.645-653, 2006.

W. G. D'arcy, The Solanaceae since 1976, with the Review of its Biogeography, Solanaceae III, 1991.

C. A. Taxonomy, J. G. Hawkes, and R. N. ,

D. 'arcy and W. G. , The classification of the Solanaceae, The Biology and Taxonomy of the Solanaceae, pp.3-48, 1979.

P. R. Dande, C. Bonde, and N. Pandita, GC-MS Analysis of bioactive unsaponifiable fraction from Sesbania sesban L. (Merr), International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, vol.4, pp.1025-1035, 2013.

K. Davies, Oxidative stress, antioxidant defenses and damage removal, repair, and replacement systems, IUBMB Life, vol.50, pp.279-289, 2000.

D. Freitas, N. Mateus, and S. , Structural features of procyanidin interactions with salivary proteins, J Agric Food Chemistry, vol.4, pp.940-945, 2001.

A. B. Desai, K. V. Joshi, H. Rangani, A. T. Mungra, and H. , Evaluation of antiamnesic effect of solasodine in mice, Int J Pharm Tech Res, vol.3, pp.732-740, 2011.

T. Dhanani, S. Shah, N. A. Gajbhiye, and S. Kumar, Effect of extraction methods on yield, phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of Withania somnifera, 2013.

, Arabian Journal of Chemistry

A. D. Dias, S. Urban, and U. Roessner, A Historical Overview of Natural Products in Drug Discovery, vol.2, pp.303-336, 2012.

, BGA family of beta-glucosidases, vol.26, p.909

B. Halliwell and J. M. Gutteridge, The definition and measurement of antioxidants in biological systems, Free Radic Biol Med, vol.18, pp.125-126, 1994.

B. Halliwell, J. Gutteridge, and C. E. Cross, Free radicals, antioxidants, and human disease: Where are we now, Journal of Laboratory and Clinic Medical, vol.119, pp.598-620, 1992.

B. Halliwell and J. Gutteridge, Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine, 2003.

B. Halliwell and J. M. Gutteridge, Oxygen toxicity, oxygenradicals, transition metals and disease, Bio. chem. J, vol.219, pp.1-4, 1984.

J. B. Harborne and C. A. Williams, Advances in flavonoid research since 1992, Phytochemistry, vol.55, pp.481-504, 2000.

R. M. Harley, S. Atkins, A. L. Budanstev, P. D. Cantino, B. J. Conn et al., Flowering plants, dicotyledons, The families and genera of vascular plants, vol.6, pp.167-275, 2004.

S. Helvac?, G. Kökdil, M. Kawai, N. Duran, G. Duran et al., Antimicrobial activity of the extracts and physalin D from Physalis alkekengi and evaluation of antioxidant potential of physalin D, Pharmaceutical Biology, vol.48, pp.142-150, 2010.

K. S. Heo and K. T. Lim, Glycoprotein Isolated from Solanum nigrum modulate the apoptic related signals in tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate stimulated MCF 7 cell, Jornal of Medicine Food, vol.8, pp.69-77, 2005.

A. F. Hill, Economic Botany. McGraw-Hill Book componay, p.15, 1952.

K. Hostettman and A. Marston, Saponins, 1995.

K. Hostettmann, M. Hostettmann, and A. Marston, Saponins Methods in Plant. Biochemistry, vol.7, pp.435-471, 1991.

A. T. Hunziker, Genera Solanacearum-the genera of Solanaceae illustrated, arranged according to a new system, A.R.G. GantnerVerlag, 2001.

A. T. Hunziker, South American Solanaceae: a synoptic survey, The Biology and Taxonomy of the Solanaceae, pp.49-86, 1979.

M. U. Hussain-i,-rehman, R. Muhammad, Z. Khan, K. Khan, F. A. Ullah et al., , 2011.

, Phytochemicals screening and antimicrobial activities of selected medicinal plants of Khyberpakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Afr, J. Pharm. Pharmacol, vol.5, pp.746-750

H. Ichikawa, Y. Takada, S. Shishodia, B. Jayaprakasam, M. G. Nair et al., Withanolides potentiate apoptosis, inhibit invasion, and abolish osteoclastogenesis through suppression of nuclear factor-?B (NF-?B) activation and NF-?B-regulated gene expression, Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, vol.5, pp.1434-1445, 2006.

E. M. Ietidal, E. E. El-bushra, and M. E. , The antibacterial, antiviral activities and phytochemicals screening of someSudanese medicinal plants, European Asiain.Journal Biochemistry Science, vol.4, pp.8-16, 2010.

O. U. Igwe and D. E. Okwu, GC-MS evaluation of bioactive compounds and antibacterial activity of the oil fraction from the seeds of Brachystegia eurycoma (HARMS) Asian, 2013.

, J. Plant Sci. Res, vol.3, pp.47-54

M. E. Jennifer and A. C. James, Black nightshades, Solanum nigrumL and related species. International Plant Genetic and Research institute (IPGRI), Italy, p.113, 1997.

L. Ji, Y. Yuan, L. Luo, Z. Chen, X. Ma et al., Physalins with antiinflammatory activity are present in Physalis alkekengi var. franchetii and can function as Michael reaction acceptors, Steroids, vol.77, pp.441-447, 2012.

F. O. Jimoh, A. A. Adedapo, and A. J. Afolayan, Comparison of the nutritional value and biological activities of the acetone, methanol and water extracts of the leaves of Solanum nigrum and Leonotis leonorus, Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol.48, pp.964-971, 2010.

J. S. Adejinyi, M. A. Asemobye, and M. D. , Fungal biodeterioration, Aflatoxin contamination and nutrient value of the Suyaspecies. Hindawi Puplacation Corpration Scencie, p.6, 2015.

K. D. Kajaria, M. Gangwar, D. Kumar, K. A. Sharma, R. Tilak et al., Evaluation of antimicrobial activity and bronchodilator effect of polyherbal drug, Asain Pasifi Jornal of Tropical Biomedicine, vol.2, pp.905-909, 2012.

K. Kaneko, M. W. Tanaka, E. Takahashi, and H. Mitsuhashi, Teinemine and isoteinemine. Two new alkaloids from Veratrum grandiflorum, vol.16, pp.1620-1622, 1977.

K. Patel, V. Manojgadewar, D. Tahilyani, and . Patel, A review on pharmacological and analytical aspects of diosgenin: a concise report NaturalProduct Bioprospect, vol.2, pp.46-52, 2012.

V. Katalinic, M. Milos, T. Kulisic, and J. M. , Screening of 70 medicinal plant extracts for antioxidant capacity and total phenols, Food Chemistry, vol.94, pp.550-557, 2006.

N. Kaur, J. Chawdhary, A. Jain, and L. Kishore, Stigmasterol: A comprehensive review, 2011.

, J.Pharm. Sci. Res, vol.2, pp.2259-2265

H. Khalid, W. S. Abdalla, H. Abdelgadir, T. Opatz, and T. Efferth, Gems from traditional north-African medicine: medicinal and aromatic plants from Sudan, 2012.

. Bioprospect, , vol.2, pp.92-103

F. Khalighi-sigaroodi, .. M. Ahvazi, D. Yazdani, and M. Kashefi, Cytotoxicity and Antioxidant Activity of Five Plant Species of Solanaceae Family from Iran, Journal of Medicinal Plants, vol.11, issue.43, 2012.

A. D. Kinghorn and . F. Balandrin, Human Medicinal Agents from Plants, ACS Symposium Series, vol.534, 1993.

J. W. Kirk, A British Garden Flora, pp.407-414, 1927.

G. Klebe, Virtual ligand screening: strategies, perspectives and limitations, Drug Discov Today, vol.11, pp.580-94, 2006.

S. A. Kliewer, S. A. Go, B. Goodwin, and T. M. Willson, The nuclear pregnane X receptor: a key regulator of xenobiotic metabolism, Endocr Rev, vol.23, pp.687-702, 2002.

S. Knapp, L. Bohs, M. Nee, and D. M. Spooner, Solanaceae-a model for linking genomics with biodiversity, Comp FunctGenom, vol.5, pp.285-291, 2004.

S. Koduru, F. O. Jimoh, D. Grierson, and A. A. , Antioxidant Activity of Two Steroid Alkaloids Extracted from Solanum aculeastrum, Journal of Pharmacology andToxicology, vol.2, pp.160-167, 2007.

J. O. Kokwaro, Medicinal Plants of East Africa, East AfricanLiterature Bureau, p.12, 1976.

K. Konaté, M. Kiendrébéogo, M. B. Ouattara, A. Souza, A. Lamien-meda et al., Antibacterial potential of aqueous acetone extracts from five medicinal plants used traditionally to treat infectious diseases in Burkina Faso, Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences, vol.3, pp.435-442, 2011.

P. Kumar, J. Kumar, R. Kumar, and R. C. Dubey, Studies on phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activities of leaves, fruits and stems of Solanum nigrum L, Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research, vol.6, issue.4, pp.57-68, 2016.

S. Langkilde, M. Schrøder, D. Stewart, O. Meyer, S. Conner et al., The acute toxicity of high doses of the glycoalkaloids, a-solanine and achaconine, in the Syrian Golden hamster, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol.56, pp.8753-8760, 2008.

S. Lapointe, Food for thought: IP protection for nutraceuticals and functional foods, Health Law Can, vol.28, pp.101-112, 2008.

J. Laurila, Interspecific Hybrids of Potato: Determination of Glycoalkaloid Aglycones and Influence of BacterialInfection, 2004.

S. Lenka and T. Pavel, The steroidal glycoalkaloids from Solanaceae: Toxic effect, antitumour activity and mechanism of action, Planta Medica, vol.82, issue.5, pp.379-387, 2016.

L. C. Xie and B. , Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Prooxidant Effects of Tea Catechin Oxypolymers, J. Agric. Food Chem, vol.48, pp.6362-6366, 2000.

J. Li, Q. Li, T. Feng, and K. Li, Aqueous extract of Solanum nigrum inhibit growth of cervical carcinoma (U14) via modulat-ing immune response of tumor bearing mice and inducing apoptosis of tumor cells, Fitoterapia, vol.79, pp.548-556, 2008.

J. Li, Q. Li, Y. Peng, R. Zhao, Z. Han et al., Protective effects of fraction 1a of polysaccharides isolated from Solanum nigrumLinne on thymus in tumor-bearing mice, J Ethnopharmacol, vol.129, pp.350-356, 2010.

T. Li, A. T. Kong, Z. Ma, H. Liu, P. Liu et al., Protein arginine methyltransferase 1 may be involved in pregnane x receptor-activated overexpression of multidrug resistance 1 gene during acquired multidrug resistant, Oncotarget, vol.7, issue.15, pp.20236-20284, 2016.

X. Li, Y. Zhao, M. Ji, S. S. Liu, M. Cui et al., Induction of actin disruption and downregulationof P-glycoprotein expression by solamargine in multi-drug-resistant K562/A02 cells, Chin Med J (Engl), vol.124, pp.2038-2044, 2012.

L. Zhang, J. J. , P. Wang, Y. M. Mu, X. Y. Zhu et al., Saturated free fatty acid, palmitic acid, induces apoptosis in fetal hepatocytes in culture, Exp. Toxicological. Pathology, vol.56, pp.369-376, 2005.

R. H. Liu, Health benefits of fruit and vegetables are from additive and synergistic combinations of phytochemicals, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol.78, pp.517-520, 2003.

N. Loganayaki, P. Siddhuraju, and S. Manian, Antioxidant activity of two traditional Indian vegetables: Solanum nigrum L. and Solanum torvum L, Food Science and Biotechnology, vol.19, pp.121-127, 2010.

P. A. Lorena, M. C. Sanata, V. C. Flora, S. M. Vannierdos, S. B. Maria et al., Physalin F, a seco-steroid from Physalis angulata L., has immunosuppressive activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with HTLV1-associated myelopathy, Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, vol.79, pp.129-134, 2016.

M. Modak, P. Dixit, J. Londhe, S. Ghaskadbi, A. Paul et al., Indian herbs and herbal drugs used for the treatment of diabetes, J Clin Biochem Nutr, vol.40, pp.163-173, 2007.

A. Mohy-ud-din, Z. Khan, M. Ahmad, and M. A. Kashmir, Chemotaxonomic value of alkaloids in Solanum nigrum complex, Pakistan Journal of Botany, vol.42, pp.653-660, 2010.

S. Momtaz, B. M. Mapunya, P. J. Houghton, C. Edgerly, A. Hussein et al., Tyrosinase inhibition by extracts and constituents of Sideroxylon inerme L. stem bark, used in South Africa for skin lightening, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol.119, pp.507-512, 2008.

S. C. Morris and J. B. Petermann, Genetic and environmental effects on levels of glycoalkaloids in cultivars of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Food Chemistry, vol.18, pp.271-282, 1985.

J. P. Morrissey and A. E. Osbourn, Fungal resistance to plant antibiotics as a mechanism of pathogenesis, Microbiological and Molecular Biological Reviews, vol.63, pp.708-724, 1999.

T. Mosmann, Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays, Journal of Immunological Methods, vol.65, issue.1-2, pp.55-63, 1983.

A. Moure, J. M. Cruz, D. Franco, M. J. Domí, . Sineiroj et al., Natural antioxidants from residual sources, Food Chemistry, vol.72, pp.145-171, 2001.

M. P. , B. E. , P. M. Tenover, F. C. , and Y. H. , , 2000.

A. Nawab, V. S. Thakur, M. Yunus, A. Mahdi, A. Gupta et al., Selective cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells by a polyphenol-rich extract of Solanum nigrum, Int J Mol Med, vol.29, pp.277-284, 2012.

E. Nazifi, A. Delazar, A. Movafeghi, S. Hemmati, H. Nazemiyeh et al., , 2008.

S. D. Gc-ms, Analysis of the Dichloromethane Extract of the Bulbs of Ornithogalum cuspidatum Bert. (Family: Liliaceae) from Iran. Rec. Nat. Prod, vol.2, pp.94-99

E. Niki, H. Shimaski, and M. Mino, Antioxidantism-Free Radical and Biological Defence, 1994.

D. Oakenfull and G. S. Sidhu, Saponins, Toxicants of Plant Origin, pp.97-141, 1986.

K. Ohyama, A. Okawa, Y. Moriuchiand, and Y. Fujimoto, Biosynthesis of steroidal alkaloids in Solanaceae plants: Involvement of an aldehyde intermediate during C-26 amination, Phytochemistry, vol.89, pp.26-31, 2013.

R. G. Olmstead, . L. Bohs, . H. Migid, .. E. Valentin, and C. S. , A molecular phylogeny of the Solanaceae, Molecular Phylogenetic, taxon, vol.57, pp.1159-1181, 2008.

R. G. Olmstead and J. D. Palmer, Implications for the phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of Solanum from cpDNA restriction site variation, Syst Bot, vol.22, pp.19-29, 1997.

V. P. Oza, S. Kumar, P. P. Parmar, and R. B. Subramanian, Anti-cancer properties of highly purified l asparaginase from Withania somnifera L. against acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, vol.160, pp.1833-1840, 2010.

K. Parameswari, S. Aluru, and . Kishorib, In vitro antibacterial activity in the extracts of Solanum nigrum, Indian Streams Research Journal, vol.2, 2012.

K. Patel, M. Gadewar, V. Tahilyani, and P. K. , A review on pharmacological and analytical aspects of diosgenin: a concise report, Natural Product Bioprospect, vol.2, pp.46-52, 2013.

K. Patel, R. B. Singh, and D. K. Patel, Medicinal significance, pharmacological activities, and analytical aspects of solasodine: A concise report of current scientific literature, Journal of Acute Disease, pp.92-98, 2013.

S. Patel, N. Gheewala, A. Suthar, and . Shaha, In-vitro Cytotoxicity Activity of Solanum nigrum extract against Hellacell-line and Vero cell-line. International journal ofpharmacy and pharmaceutics sciences, pp.38-46, 2009.

A. L. Perez-castorena, M. Garcia, M. Martinez, and E. Maldonado, Physalins from Physalis solanaceus, Biochem Syst Ecol, vol.32, pp.1231-1234, 2004.

A. Perveen and M. Qaiser, Pollen morphology of family Solanaceae from Pakistan, 2007.

. Pak, Journal of Botany, vol.39, pp.2243-2256

A. I. Pojarkova, Solanaceae, pp.1-105, 1997.

R. L. Prior and G. Cao, Antioxidant phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables: diet and health implications, Horticultural Science, vol.35, pp.588-592, 2000.

A. Rahman and M. I. Choudhary, Chemistry and Biology of Steroidal Alkaloids. In: Geoffrey AC, vol.50, pp.61-108, 1998.

J. Raju and R. P. Bird, Alleviation of hepatic steatosis accompanied by modulation of plasma and liver TNF-alpha levels by Trigonella foenum graecum (fenugreek) seeds in Zucker obese (fa/fa) rats, Int J Obes, vol.30, pp.1298-307, 2006.

J. Raju, M. R. Jagan, P. Malisetty, and V. S. , Diosgenin, a steroid saponin of Trigonella foenum graecum (Fenugreek), inhibits azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci formation in F344 rats and induces apoptosis in HT-29 human colon cancer cells, 2004.

, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, vol.13, pp.1392-1400

R. Re, N. Pellegrini, A. Proteggent, A. Pannala, M. Yang et al., Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, vol.26, pp.1231-1237, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/s0891-5849(98)00315-3

M. M. Rigano, G. De-guzman, A. M. Walmsley, L. Frusciante, and A. Barone, , 2013.

, Production of pharmaceutical proteins in Solanaceae food crops, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol.14, pp.2753-2773

L. D. Rocha, M. C. Monteiro, and A. J. Teodoro, Anticancer Properties of hydroxycinnamic acids-A review, Cancer and Clinical Oncology, vol.1, issue.2, pp.109-121, 2012.

S. M. , Antimalarial activity of physalins, Journal of Natural Products, v, vol.74, pp.2269-2272, 2011.

M. S. Sabir and B. T. Rocha, Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract of Solanum fastigiatum(false "Jurubeba") against paracetamol-induced liver damage in mice, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol.120, pp.226-232, 2008.

M. Sadeghi, B. Zolfaghari, and M. Senatore, Spirostane, furostane and cholestane saponins from Persian leek with antifungal activity, Food Chemistry, vol.141, pp.1512-1521, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.009

A. Sammani, E. Shammaa, and F. Chehna, Qualitative and Quantitative Steroidal Alkaloids of Solanum Species Distributed Widely in Syria by TLC and HPLC, Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res, vol.23, pp.23-27, 2013.

S. Patel, A. S. Niravgheewala, and . Shah, In-vitro cytotoxicity activity of Solanum nigrum extract against Hellacell-line and Vero cell-line. International journal ofpharmacy and pharmaceutics sciences, 2009.

G. H. Schmeltzer and G. F. Ameenah, Medicinal Plant. Resources of Tropical Africa (Program), 2008.

F. Shahidi, Nutraceuticals and functional foods in health promotion and disease prevention, ActaHortic, vol.680, pp.13-24, 2005.
DOI : 10.17660/actahortic.2005.680.1

A. K. Shakya, Medicinal plants: Future source of new drugs, International Journal of Herbal Medicine, vol.4, pp.59-64, 2016.

A. K. Shakya, N. Sharma, M. Saxena, S. Shrivastava, and S. Shukla, Evaluation of the antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect of Majoon-e-Dabeed-u ward against carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury, Experiment Toxicol and Pathol, vol.64, pp.767-773, 2012.

S. Shingh and P. Prakash, Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Physalis Minima, Chemical Science Transactions, vol.3, pp.1179-1185, 2014.

P. Siddhuraju and K. Becker, Antioxidant properties of various extracts of total phenolic constituents from three different agroclimatic origins of drumstick tree (Moringaoleifera Lam.) leaves. Jornal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol.51, pp.2144-55, 2003.

A. A. Siddiqui, P. S. Khaki, A. Sohail, T. Sarwar, and B. Bano, Isolation and purification of phytocystatin from almond: Biochemical, biophysical, and immunological characterization, Biochemistry and structural biology, vol.2, p.1262489, 2016.
DOI : 10.1080/23312025.2016.1262489

URL : https://doi.org/10.1080/23312025.2016.1262489

J. A. Siddiqui, G. Swarnkar, K. Sharan, B. Chakravarti, A. K. Gautam et al., A naturally occurring rare analog of quercetin promotes peak bone mass achievement and exerts anabolic effect on osteoporotic bone, Osteoporos Int, vol.22, pp.3013-3027, 2011.

K. S. Sim, A. M. Sri-nurestri, and A. W. Norhanom, Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of crude and fractionated extracts of Pereskiableo(Kunth) DC. (Cactaceae), 2010.

, African Journal of Pharmacology, vol.4, pp.193-201

S. Singh and P. Prakash, Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Physalis Minima, Chemical Science Transactions, vol.3, pp.1179-1185, 2014.

D. M. Skytte, K. Frydenvang, L. Hansen, P. G. Nielsen, and J. W. Jaroszewski, Synthesis and Characterization of an Epimer of Tacrolimus, an Immunosuppressive Drug, Journal of Natural Products, vol.73, pp.776-779, 2010.

J. S. Smith, The development of Computational Chemistry, Computational Chemistry, vol.10, pp.271-276, 1997.

M. B. Soares, M. C. Bellintani, I. M. Riberio, T. C. Tomassino, and R. Riberio-dos-santos, Inhibition of macrophage activation and lipopolysaccride induced death by secosteroids purified from Physalis peruviana L, European Jornal of Pharmacology, vol.459, pp.107-112, 2003.

M. B. Soares, M. C. Bellintani, I. M. Riberio, T. C. Tomassino, and R. Riberio-dos-santos, Inhibition of macrophage activation and lipopolysaccride induced death by secosteroids purified from Physalis peruviana L, European Jornal of Pharmacology, vol.459, pp.107-112, 2003.

A. F. Soaresa and A. , Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemical Composition of the Leaves of Solanum guaraniticum A, vol.17, pp.12560-12574, 2012.

Y. O. Son, J. Kim, J. C. Lim, Y. Chung, G. H. Chung et al., Ripe fruits of Solanum nigrum L. inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis in MCF-7 cells, Food and Chemical. Toxicology, vol.41, pp.1421-1428, 2003.

M. Spasova, V. Kortenska-kancheva, I. Totseva, G. Ivanova, L. Georgiev et al., Synthesis of cinnamoyl and hydroxycinnamoyl amino acid conjugates and evaluation of their antioxidant activity, Journal of Peptide Science, vol.12, pp.369-375, 2006.

L. H. Stanker, C. Kamps-holtzapple, and M. Friedman, Development and characterization of monoclonl antibodies thatdifferentiate between potato and tomato glycoalkaloids and aglycons, J. Agriv. Food chemistry, vol.42, pp.2360-2366, 1994.

M. H. Suleiman, An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by communities of Northern Kordofan region, Sudan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol.176, pp.232-242, 2015.

Y. Sun, Y. Zhao, L. Wang, H. Lou, and . A. Cheng, Cloning and expression analysis of squalene synthase, a key enzyme involved in antifungal steroidal glycoalkaloids biosynthesis from Solanum nigrum, Drug Discov. Ther, vol.6, pp.242-248, 2012.

H. Taha, Phytochemical and biological study on the bark of Pseuduvariarugosa(Annonaceae), 2011.

A. C. Tan, I. Konczak, D. Sze, and I. Ramzan, Towards the discovery of novel phytochemicals for disease prevention from native Australian plants: an ethnobotanical approach, Asia Pac J ClinNutr, pp.330-334, 2010.

E. J. Tavares-da-silva, C. L. Varela, A. S. Pires, J. C. Encarnação, A. M. Abrantes et al.,

M. F. , Combined dual effect of modulation of human neutrophils' oxidative burst and inhibition of colon cancer cells proliferation by hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, vol.24, issue.16, pp.3556-3564, 2016.

K. Wolfe, X. Wu, and R. H. Liu, Antioxidant activity of apple peels, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol.51, pp.609-614, 2003.

D. Wu and A. Cederbaum, Role of p38 MAPK in CYP2E1-dependent arachidonic acid toxicity, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.278, pp.1115-1124, 2003.

S. Yagi, N. Drouart, F. Bourgaud, M. Henry, Y. Chapleur et al., , 2013.

, Antioxidant and antiglycation properties of Hydnora johannis roots, South African Journal of Botany, vol.84, pp.124-127

X. Ya-ming, D. P. Bunting, M. X. Liu, H. A. Bandaranayake, L. Gunatilaka et al., 17 beta-Hydroxy-18-cetoxywithanolides from aeroponically grown Physalis crassifolia and their potent and selective cytotoxicity for prostate cancer cells, Journal of Natural Products, vol.79, issue.4, pp.821-830, 2016.

Y. C. Zhang, Y. Jacob, M. R. Khan, S. I. Zhang, Y. J. Li et al., Antifungal activity of C-27 steroidal saponins, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.50, pp.1710-1714, 2006.

X. J. Yao, Z. Yao, Z. Li, and Y. Liu, Radio-Sensitization by Piper longumine of Human Breast Adenoma MDA-MB-231 Cells in Vitro, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, vol.15, pp.3211-3217, 2013.

J. N. Yasin, Flora of Pakistan?, vol.168, 1985.

Y. Gan, R. Kuang, L. , R. Xu, X. Zhang et al., Screening of Natural Antioxidants from Traditional Chinese Medicinal Plants Associated with Treatment of Rheumatic Disease, Molecules, vol.15, pp.5988-5997, 2010.

Y. J. Zhao, X. , C. E. Welti, R. , Y. S. et al., Phytochemical phenolics in organically grown vegetables, Mol. Nutr. Food Res, vol.49, pp.1136-1142, 2005.

Y. Yu, L. Sun, L. Ma, J. Li, L. Hu et al., Investigation of the immunosuppressive activity of Physalin H on T lymphocytes, International Jornal of mmunopharmacology, vol.10, pp.290-319, 2010.

R. Yu-yang, S. Lin, and G. Kus, Content and distribution of flavonoids among 91 edible plant specie. Asia Paci, J Clin Nutr, vol.17, pp.275-279, 2008.

M. Zadra, M. Piana, F. T. Brum, A. A. Boligon, B. R. Freitas et al., Antioxidant activity and phytochemical composition of the leaves of Solanum guaraniticum A. St.-Hil, Molecules, vol.17, pp.12560-12574, 2012.

G. Zengin, A. Aktumsek, G. O. Guler, Y. S. Cakmak, and E. Yildiztugay, Antioxidant Properties of Methanolic Extract and Fatty Acid Composition of Centaurea urvilleiDC. subsp. hayekiana Wagenitz, Record of Natural product, vol.5, pp.123-132, 2011.

Y. Zhang, D. Wang, L. Yang, D. Zhou, and J. Zhang, Purification and Characterization of Flavonoids from the Leaves of Zanthoxylum bungeanum and Correlation between Their Structure and Antioxidant Activity, PLoS ONE, vol.9, issue.8, p.105725, 2014.

W. Zheng and Y. S. Wang, Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in selected herbs, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol.49, pp.5165-5170, 2001.

X. Zhou, X. He, G. Wang, H. Gao, G. Zhou et al., Steroidal saponins from Solanum nigrum, J. Nat. Prod, vol.69, pp.1158-1163, 2006.

N. , Y. Voynikov-d,e, R. Gevrenova-f, H. Schohn-g, T. Tzanova-h et al., BP, vol.7565, p.54506

F. B. Vandoeuvre-lès-nancy, C. , and S. , BP, vol.70239

. Vandoeuvre-lès-nancy, Sudan d Plant Advanced Technologies PAT, c/o ENSAIA-INPL, P.O. Box, vol.321

. Sofia,

F. Médecine, F. H. Vandoeuvre-lès-nancy, C. , and S. , Campus Bridoux, F-57070 Metz, France Leaves of the studied plant were collected from eastern Sudan, 2012.

/. S. 4si and . Nigrum,

/. 4ws and W. , somnifera) have been deposited in Botany Department Herbarium

, mL), at room temperature for 72 h. The extracts were evaporated under vacuum to dryness to obtain

,

N. Alam, M. Hossain, M. A. Mottalib, S. A. Sulaiman, S. H. Gan et al., Methanolic extracts of Withania somnifera leaves, fruits and roots possess antioxidant properties and antibacterial activities, BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol.7, 2012.

A. Aliero, D. Grierson, and A. Afolayan, Chemical composition of the essential oil from Solanum pseudocapsicum, Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, vol.9, pp.1175-1177, 2006.

M. Al-oqaila, W. H. Hassan, M. S. Ahmad, and A. J. Al-rehaily, Phytochemical and biological studies of Solanum schimperianum Hochst, Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, vol.20, pp.371-379, 2012.

A. J. Al-rehaily, M. S. Ahmad, J. Mustafa, M. M. Al-oqail, W. H. Hassan et al., Solanopubamine, a rare steroidal alkaloid from Solanum schimperianum: synthesis of some new alkyl and acyl derivatives, their anticancer and antimicrobial evaluation, Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, vol.17, pp.67-76, 2013.

W. F. Andrews, Medicinal and aromatic plants of the Sudan, vol.3, 1956.

G. Bird, D. Collins, F. Eastwood, and J. Swan, Structures of the steroidal alkaloids 25isosolafloridine and solacallinidine isolated from Solanum callium, Australian Journal of Chemistry, vol.32, pp.597-609, 1979.

G. Bird, D. Collins, F. Eastwood, and J. Swan, Soladunalinidine, a new dibasic analogue of tomatidine extracted from Solanum dunalianum, Australian Journal of Chemistry, vol.32, pp.611-617, 1979.

S. J. Britto and S. Senthinkumar, Antimicrobial activities of Solanum incanum leaf extract, Biotechnology & Environmental Sciences, vol.3, pp.65-66, 2001.

T. Dhanani, S. Shah, N. A. Gajbhiye, and S. Kumar, Effect of extraction methods on yield, phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of Withania somnifera, Arabian Journal of Chemistry, vol.10, pp.1193-1199, 2017.

X. Ding, F. Fangshi-zhu, Y. Yang, and M. Li, Purification, antitumor activity in vitro of steroidal glycoalkaloids from black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.), Food Chemistry, vol.141, pp.1181-1186, 2013.

S. H. Dongre, S. Badami, G. Ashok, S. Ravi, and R. Kottani, In vitro cytotoxic properties of O-methylsolanocapsine isolated from Solanum pseudocapsicum leaves, Indian Journal of Pharmacology, vol.39, pp.208-209, 2007.

G. B. Elghazali, Medicinal Plants of the Sudan: Part 1. Medicinal Plants of Erkowit. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Institute, 1986.

G. B. Elghazali, E. A. Bari, A. K. Bashir, and A. M. Salih, Medicinal Plants of the Sudan: Part 2. Medicinal Plants of Eastern Nuba Mountains. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Institute, 1987.

J. N. Eloff, A sensitive and quick microplate method to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration of plant extracts for bacteria, Planta Medica, vol.64, pp.711-713, 1998.

K. Eun-ok, K. Taeg-kyu, and C. Sang-won, Diferuloylputrescine, a predominant phenolic amide in corn bran, potently induces apoptosis in human leukemia U937 cells, Journal of Medicinal Food, vol.17, pp.519-526, 2014.

I. D. Fernando, D. C. Abeysinghe, and R. M. Dharmadasa, Determination of phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity of different parts of Withania somnifera, 2013.

L. Dunal-;-georgiev, M. Chochkova, G. Ivanova, H. Najdenski, M. Ninova et al., Radical scavenging and antimicrobial activities of cinnamoyl amides of biogenic monoamines, Rivista Italiana Delle Sostanze Grasse, vol.50, pp.91-102, 2012.

J. D. Guzman, Natural cinnamic acids: synthetic derivatives and hybrids with antimicrobial activity, Molecules, vol.19, pp.19292-19349, 2014.

H. Ichikawa, Y. Takada, S. Shishodia, B. Jayaprakasam, M. G. Nair et al., Withanolides potentiate apoptosis, inhibit invasion, and abolish osteoclastogenesis through suppression of nuclear factor-?B (NF-?B) activation and NF-?B-regulated gene expression, Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, vol.5, pp.1434-1445, 2006.

F. O. Jimoh, A. A. Adedapo, and A. J. Afolayan, Comparison of the nutritional value and biological activities of the acetone, methanol and water extracts of the leaves of Solanum nigrum and Leonotis leonorus, Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol.48, pp.964-971, 2010.

K. Konaté, M. Kiendrébéogo, M. B. Ouattara, A. Souza, A. Lamien-meda et al., Antibacterial potential of aqueous acetone extracts from five medicinal plants used traditionally to treat infectious diseases in Burkina Faso, Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences, vol.3, pp.435-442, 2011.

S. Lenka and T. Pavel, The steroidal glycoalkaloids from Solanaceae: Toxic effect, antitumour activity and mechanism of action, Planta Medica, vol.82, pp.379-387, 2016.

N. Loganayaki, P. Siddhuraju, and S. Manian, Antioxidant activity of two traditional Indian vegetables: Solanum nigrum L. and Solanum torvum L, Food Science and Biotechnology, vol.19, pp.121-127, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s10068-010-0017-y

D. M. Macoy, W. Y. Kim, S. Y. Lee, and M. G. Kim, Biosynthesis, physiology, and functions of hydroxycinnamic acid amides in plants, Plant Biotechnology Reports, vol.9, pp.269-278, 2015.

A. Mohy-ud-din, Z. Khan, M. Ahmad, and M. A. Kashmir, Chemotaxonomic value of alkaloids in Solanum nigrum complex, Pakistan Journal of Botany, vol.42, pp.653-660, 2010.

T. Mosmann, Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays, Journal of Immunological Methods, vol.65, pp.55-63, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-1759(83)90303-4

R. C. Oliveira, F. S. Monteiro, J. L. Silva, L. A. Ribeiro, R. F. Santos et al., Methanol and ethyl acetate extracts from Solanum megalonyx Sendtn. (Solanaceae) present spasmolytic activity in guinea-pigileum: A comparative study, Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, vol.16, pp.146-151, 2006.

R. G. Olmstead, L. Bohs, H. Abdel-migid, E. Santiago-valentin, V. F. Garcia et al., A molecular phylogeny of the Solanaceae, Taxon, vol.57, pp.1159-1181, 2008.

A. U. Rahman and M. I. Choudhary, Chemistry and biology of steroidal alkaloids, The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology, vol.50, pp.61-108, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/s1099-4831(08)60040-1

R. Re, N. Pellegrini, A. Proteggente, A. Pannala, M. Yang et al., Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, vol.26, pp.1231-1237, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/s0891-5849(98)00315-3

L. D. Rocha, M. C. Monteiro, and A. J. Teodoro, Anticancer properties of hydroxycinnamic acids-a review, Cancer and Clinical Oncology, vol.1, pp.109-121, 2012.
DOI : 10.5539/cco.v1n2p109

URL : http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/cco/article/download/21005/14199

J. Sun, H. Huo, J. Zhang, Z. Huang, J. Zheng et al., Phenylpropanoid amides from the roots of Solanum melongena L. (Solanaceae), Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, vol.58, pp.265-269, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bse.2014.12.018

J. Sun, Y. Song, J. Zhang, Z. Huang, X. Huo et al., Characterization and quantitative analysis of phenylpropanoid amides in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and hybrid ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol.63, pp.3426-3436, 2015.

E. J. Tavares-da-silva, C. L. Varela, A. S. Pires, J. C. Encarnação, A. M. Abrantes et al., Combined dual effect of modulation of human neutrophils' oxidative burst and inhibition of colon cancer cells proliferation by hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, vol.24, pp.3556-3564, 2016.

M. Taveira, C. Sousa, P. Valentão, F. Ferreres, J. P. Teixeira et al., Neuroprotective effect of steroidal alkaloids on glutamate-induced toxicity by preserving mitochondrial membrane potential and reducing oxidative stress, Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol.140, pp.106-115, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.12.013

B. Taye, M. Giday, A. Animut, and A. Seid, Antibacterial activity of selected plants in traditional treatment of wounds in Ethiopia, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, vol.1, pp.370-375, 2011.

Y. Voynikov, D. Zheleva-dimitrova, R. Gevrenova, V. Lozanov, M. M. Zaharieva et al., Hydroxycinnamic acid amide profile of Solanum schimperianum Hochst by UPLCHRMS, International Journal of Mass Spectrometry, vol.408, pp.42-50, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijms.2016.08.008

M. Wang, J. Li, M. Rangarajan, Y. Shao, E. J. La-voie et al., Antioxidative phenolic compounds from sage (Salvia officinalis), Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol.46, pp.4869-4873, 1998.
DOI : 10.1021/jf980614b

K. Wolfe, X. Wu, and R. H. Liu, Antioxidant activity of apple peels, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol.51, pp.609-614, 2003.
DOI : 10.1021/jf020782a

S. Yagi, N. Drouart, F. Bourgaud, M. Henry, Y. Chapleur et al., Antioxidant and antiglycation properties of Hydnora johannis roots, South African Journal of Botany, vol.84, pp.124-127, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.sajb.2012.10.006

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01474769

X. Ya-ming, D. P. Bunting, M. X. Liu, H. A. Bandaranayake, and A. A. Leslie-gunatilaka, 17 beta-hydroxy-18-cetoxywithanolides from aeroponically grown Physalis crassifolia and their potent and selective cytotoxicity for prostate cancer cells, Journal of Natural Products, vol.79, pp.821-830, 2016.

M. Zadra, M. Piana, F. T. Brum, A. A. Boligon, B. R. Freitas et al., Antioxidant activity and phytochemical composition of the leaves of Solanum guaraniticum A. St.-Hil, Molecules, vol.17, pp.12560-12574, 2012.

W. Zheng and Y. S. Wang, Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in selected herbs, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol.49, pp.5165-5170, 2001.