. , Circuiterie électronique choisie pour générateurs thermoélectriques

. .. , Contrôle de la circuiterie électronique choisie en mode sain 96 4.3.1 Cas d'un contrôle asynchrone en mode sain

, Cas d'un contrôle synchrone en mode sain, p.99

P. .. Suivi-du-point-de-puissance-maximale, 100 4.3.4 Régulation de la tension de sortie

. .. Vers-une-topologie-À-tolérance-de-pannes, , p.105

. .. , 107 4.5.1 Cas d'un contrôle asynchrone en mode sain, Contrôle de la topologie à tolérance de pannes proposée

. .. Résultats-de-simulation, 117 4.6.2 Topologie à tolérance de pannes proposée, p.120

. .. Conclusion,

S. Siouane, S. Jovanovi¢, and P. Poure, Fully electrical modeling of thermoelectric generators with contact thermal resistance under dierent operating conditions, Journal of Electronic Materials, vol.46, issue.1, pp.40-50, 2017.

S. Siouane, S. Jovanovi¢, and P. Poure, Equivalent electrical circuits of thermoelectric generators under dierent operating conditions , Energies, vol.11, p.386, 2017.

S. Siouane, S. Jovanovi¢, and P. Poure, A novel identication method of thermal resistances of thermoelectric modules combining electrical characterisation under constant temperature and heat ow conditions, Transactions on Electrical Engineering, vol.1, p.44649, 2016.

, Conférences internationales avec actes et comité de lecture

S. Siouane, S. Jovanovi¢, and P. Poure, Service Continuity of PV Synchronous Buck/BuckBoost Converter With Energy Storage, IEEE 17th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC/I&CPS Europe), pp.1-6, 2017.

S. Siouane, S. Jovanovi¢, and P. Poure, Inuence of contact thermal resisatnces on the open circuit voltage MPPT method for thermoelectric generators, IEEE International Energy Conference (ENERGYCON), pp.1-6, 2016.

S. Siouane, S. Jovanovi¢, and P. Poure, A thermoelectric energy harvester with a single switch unied control for autonomous applications, IEEE 16th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC), pp.1-6, 2016.

S. Siouane, S. Jovanovi¢, and P. Poure, Identication of thermal resistances of thermoelectric modules by electrical characterization, IEEE 16th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC), pp.1-5, 2016.

S. Siouane, S. Jovanovi¢, and P. Poure, Equivalent electrical circuit of thermoelectric generators under constant heat ow, IEEE 16th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC), pp.1-6, 2016.

S. Siouane, S. Jovanovi¢, and P. Poure, Reliability enhancement of thermoelectric power conversion and management using geothermal energy for stand-alone applications, Publications du doctorant Institution of Engineering and Technology International Conference on Renewable power Generation (IET RPG), 2016.

S. Siouane, S. Jovanovi¢, and P. Poure, Service Continuity of PV Synchronous Buck/BuckBoost Converter With Energy Storage , Journées Nationales du Réseau Doctoral en Micro-nanoélectronique (JNRDM), pp.6-8, 2017.

S. Siouane, S. Jovanovi¢, and P. Poure, Modélisation électrique de modules thermoélectriques avec prise en compte des résistances thermiques, pp.24-25, 2016.

S. Siouane, S. Jovanovi¢, and P. Poure, MPPT and Output Voltage Control for Thermoelectric Generators Systems Using a Single Switch DC-DC Converter, Journées Nationales sur la récupération et le Stockage d'Energie (JNRSE), pp.9-10, 2016.

. Bibliographie,

R. Monthéard, Récupération d'énergie aéroacoustique et thermique pour capteurs sans l embarqués sur avion, vol.10, p.19

Y. Apertet, Réexions sur l'optimisation thermodynamique des générateurs thermoélectriques, p.10, 2013.

G. J. Snyder and E. S. Toberer, Complex thermoelectric materials, Nature Materials, vol.7, issue.2, p.17, 2008.

A. Chen, Thermal energy harvesting with thermoelectrics for self-powered sensors : with applications to implantable medical devices, body sensor networks and aging in place, vol.21, p.22, 2011.

V. Salas, E. Olias, A. Barrado, and A. Lazaro, Review of the maximum power point tracking algorithms for stand-alone photovoltaic systems, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol.90, issue.11, p.79, 2006.

A. T. Singo, Système d'alimentation photovoltaïque avec stockage hybride pour l'habitat énergétiquement autonome, p.79

T. Esram and P. L. Chapman, Comparison of photovoltaic array maximum power point tracking techniques, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol.22, issue.2, p.80, 2007.

K. Hussein, I. Muta, T. Hoshino, and M. Osakada, Maximum photovoltaic power tracking : an algorithm for rapidly changing atmospheric conditions, IEE ProceedingsGeneration, Transmission and Distribution, vol.142, issue.1, p.80, 1995.
DOI : 10.1049/ip-gtd:19951577

E. Jamshidpour, Contribution à l'étude de la sûreté de fonctionnement et de la continuité de service des bus DC, vol.82, p.105, 2014.

M. Shahbazi, E. Jamshidpour, P. Poure, S. Saadate, and M. R. Zolghadri, Openand short-circuit switch fault diagnosis for nonisolated DC-DC converters using eld programmable gate array, IEEE transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.60, issue.9, p.120, 2013.
DOI : 10.1109/tie.2012.2224078

URL : http://dro.dur.ac.uk/18545/1/18545.pdf

T. Park and T. Kim, Novel fault tolerant power conversion system for hybrid electric vehicles, IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), vol.83, p.92, 2011.
DOI : 10.1109/vppc.2011.6043119

S. Nie, X. Pei, Y. Chen, and Y. Kang, Fault diagnosis of PWM DC-DC converters based on magnetic component voltages equation, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol.29, issue.9, p.86, 2014.
DOI : 10.1109/tpel.2013.2283881

E. Ribeiro, A. J. Cardoso, and C. Boccaletti, Fault-tolerant strategy for a photovoltaic DCDC converter, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol.28, issue.6, p.91, 2013.
DOI : 10.1109/tpel.2012.2226059

E. Jamshidpour, P. Poure, and S. Saadate, Photovoltaic systems reliability improvement by real-time FPGA-based switch failure diagnosis and fault-tolerant DC-DC converter, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.62, issue.11, p.105, 2015.
DOI : 10.1109/tie.2015.2421880

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01383952

M. J. Dousti, A. Petraglia, and M. Pedram, Accurate electrothermal modeling of thermoelectric generators, Proceedings of the Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition, pp. 16031606, EDA Consortium, 2015. xi, vol.29, p.51
DOI : 10.7873/date.2015.0516

L. Mateu, C. Codrea, N. Lucas, M. Pollak, and P. Spies, Human body energy harvesting thermogenerator for sensing applications, International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications (SENSORCOMM), p.366372, 2007.
DOI : 10.1109/sensorcomm.2007.4394949

L. Collins, Harvest for the world : scavenging the environment's energy could give massive power savings, Power Engineer-IEE, vol.20, issue.1, 2006.

S. B. Riat and X. Ma, Thermoelectrics : a review of present and potential applications, Applied Thermal Engineering, vol.23, issue.8, p.913935, 2003.

J. Bouchaud, Micro-energy harvesters : overview, applications and markets, MikroSystemTechnik, 2007.

D. Dondi, A. Bertacchini, D. Brunelli, L. Larcher, and L. Benini, Modeling and optimization of a solar energy harvester system for self-powered wireless sensor networks, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.55, issue.7, p.27592766, 2008.
DOI : 10.1109/tie.2008.924449

URL : http://www-micrel.deis.unibo.it/aigaion2/attachments/tie04510864.pdf-1914a14e288c94a68d10c8df07a77f7d.pdf

L. Mateu and F. Moll, Appropriate charge control of the storage capacitor in a piezoelectric energy harvesting device for discontinuous load operation, Sensors and Actuators A : Physical, vol.132, issue.1, p.302310, 2006.

J. Liu and J. Yao, Wireless RF identication system based on SAW, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.55, issue.2, p.958961, 2008.
DOI : 10.1109/tie.2007.909733

C. B. Vining, Semiconductors are cool, vol.413, issue.6856, 2001.

M. Barma, M. Riaz, R. Saidur, and B. Long, Estimation of thermoelectric power generation by recovering waste heat from biomass red thermal oil heater, Energy Conversion and Management, vol.98, issue.1, p.303313, 2015.

Y. Shi, Y. Wang, Y. Deng, H. Gao, Z. Lin et al., A novel self-powered wireless temperature sensor based on thermoelectric generators, Energy Conversion and Management, vol.80, issue.1, p.110116, 2014.

H. Wu, K. Sun, M. Chen, and Y. Xing, Evaluation of power conditioning architectures for energy production enhancement in thermoelectric generator systems, Journal of Electronic Materials, vol.43, issue.6, p.1567, 2014.

H. Wu, K. Sun, J. Zhang, and Y. Xing, A TEG eciency booster with buck-boost conversion, Journal of Electronic Materials, vol.42, issue.7, p.1737, 2013.

L. Miao, M. Zhang, S. Tanemura, T. Tanaka, Y. Kang et al., Feasibility study on the use of a solar thermoelectric cogenerator comprising a thermoelectric module and evacuated tubular collector with parabolic trough concentrator, Journal of Electronic Materials, vol.41, issue.6, p.17591765, 2012.

J. P. Carmo, L. M. Goncalves, and J. H. Correia, Thermoelectric microconverter for energy harvesting systems, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.57, issue.3, p.861867, 2010.

Y. Apertet, H. Ouerdane, C. Goupil, and P. Lecoeur, Eciency at maximum power of thermally coupled heat engines, Physical Review E, vol.85, issue.4, p.61, 2012.

Y. Apertet, H. Ouerdane, C. Goupil, and P. Lecoeur, Inuence of thermal environment on optimal working conditions of thermoelectric generators, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.116, issue.14, p.61, 2014.

N. Karami and N. Moubayed, New modeling approach and validation of a thermoelectric generator, IEEE 23rd International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE), vol.26, p.49, 2011.

S. Siouane, S. Jovanovi¢, and P. Poure, Equivalent electrical circuit of thermoelectric generators under constant heat ow, IEEE 16th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC), vol.2, p.39, 2016.

S. Siouane, S. Jovanovi¢, and P. Poure, Inuence of contact thermal resistances on the open circuit voltage MPPT method for thermoelectric generators, IEEE International Energy Conference (ENERGYCON), vol.48, p.102, 2016.

D. Rowe and G. Min, Evaluation of thermoelectric modules for power generation, Journal of Power Sources, vol.73, issue.2, 1998.

A. F. Ioe, L. Stil'bans, E. Iordanishvili, T. Stavitskaya, A. Gelbtuch et al., Semiconductor thermoelements and thermoelectric cooling, vol.12, p.15, 1959.

D. M. Rowe and C. M. Bhandari, Modern thermoelectrics, vol.8, p.11, 1983.

;. H. Bibliographie and . Goldsmid, Electronic refrigeration. Pion, vol.8, p.11, 1986.

D. M. Rowe, Handbook of thermoelectrics, 1995.

D. Rowe, General principles and basic considerations, Thermoelectrics handbook : macro to nano, 2005.

M. Freunek, M. Müller, T. Ungan, W. Walker, and L. M. , New physical model for thermoelectric generators, Journal of Electronic Materials, vol.38, issue.7, p.26, 2009.

G. S. Nolas, J. Sharp, and J. Goldsmid, Thermoelectrics : basic principles and new materials developments, vol.45, 2013.

B. Lenoir, J. Michenaud, and A. Dauscher, Thermoélectricité : des principes aux applications, Technique de l'ingénieur, p.9, 2010.

J. Peltier, Nouvelles expériences sur la caloricité des courants électriques, Annales de Chimie et de Physique, vol.56, pp.371386-1834

G. Min, D. M. Rowe, and K. Kontostavlakis, Thermoelectric gure-of-merit under large temperature dierences, Journal of Physics D : Applied Physics, vol.37, issue.8, p.1301, 2004.

J. Chavez, J. Ortega, J. Salazar, A. Turo, and M. J. Garcia, Spice model of thermoelectric elements including thermal eects, 17th IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (IMTC), vol.2, p.11, 2000.

S. R. De-groot and S. R. De-groot, Thermodynamics of irreversible processes, vol.336, p.11, 1951.

D. D. Pollock, Thermocouples : theory and properties, 1991.

S. Beeby and N. White, Energy harvesting for autonomous systems, p.11, 2010.

M. H. Elsheikh, D. A. Shnawah, M. F. Sabri, S. B. Said, M. H. Hassan et al., A review on thermoelectric renewable energy : Principle parameters that aect their performance, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol.30, p.15, 2014.

C. Knight, J. Davidson, and S. Behrens, Energy options for wireless sensor nodes, Sensors, vol.8, issue.12, p.12, 2008.

H. A. Sodano, G. E. Simmers, R. Dereux, and D. J. Inman, Recharging batteries using energy harvested from thermal gradients, Journal of Intelligent material systems and structures, vol.18, issue.1, p.12, 2007.

A. Dewan, S. U. Ay, M. N. Karim, and H. Beyenal, Alternative power sources for remote sensors : A review, Journal of Power Sources, vol.245, p.12, 2014.

C. Knight and M. Collins, Results of a water based thermoelectric energy harvesting device for powering wireless sensor nodes, Proceedings of SPIE-Active and Passive Smart Structures and Integrated Systems, vol.7288, p.12, 2009.

K. Sun, L. Ni, M. Chen, H. Wu, Y. Xing et al., Evaluation of high stepup power electronics stages in thermoelectric generator systems, Journal of Electronic Materials, vol.42, issue.7, p.12, 2013.

D. Champier, C. Favarel, J. Bédécarrats, T. Kousksou, and J. Rozis, Prototype combined heater/thermoelectric power generator for remote applications, Journal of Electronic Materials, vol.42, issue.7, p.1888, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02014923

E. J. Sandoz-rosado, S. J. Weinstein, and R. J. Stevens, On the thomson eect in thermoelectric power devices, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, vol.66, issue.13, p.17, 2013.

S. Soo, Direct energy conversion, 1968.

S. Lineykin and S. Ben-yaakov, Modeling and analysis of thermoelectric modules, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol.43, issue.2, p.28, 2007.

G. Fraisse, J. Ramousse, D. Sgorlon, and C. Goupil, Comparison of dierent modeling approaches for thermoelectric elements, Energy Conversion and Management, vol.65, p.15, 2013.

M. Chen, L. A. Rosendahl, T. J. Condra, and J. K. Pedersen, Numerical modeling of thermoelectric generators with varing material properties in a circuit simulator, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol.24, issue.1, p.14, 2009.

H. Okumura and S. Yamaguchi, One dimensional simulation for peltier current leads, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, vol.7, issue.2, p.14, 1997.

J. Logan, J. Clement, and H. Jeers, Resistance minimum of magnesium : heat capacity between 3 K and 13 K, Physical Review, vol.105, issue.5, p.14, 1957.

A. Kane, V. Verma, and B. Singh, Temperature dependent analysis of thermoelectric module using Matlab/Simulink, IEEE International Conference on Power and Energy (PECon), p.14, 2012.

D. Yang and H. Yin, Energy conversion eciency of a novel hybrid solar system for photovoltaic, thermoelectric, and heat utilization, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol.26, issue.2, p.15, 2011.

D. Kraemer, B. Poudel, H. Feng, J. C. Caylor, B. Yu et al., High-performance at-panel solar thermoelectric generators with high thermal concentration, Nature Materials, vol.10, issue.7, p.15, 2011.

. Bibliographie,

K. Bunthern, B. Long, G. Christophe, D. Bruno, and M. Pascal, Modeling and tuning of MPPT controllers for a thermoelectric generator, IEEE International Conference on Green Energy, vol.15, p.66, 2014.

H. Mamur and R. Ahiska, A review : Thermoelectric generators in renewable energy, International Journal of Renewable Energy Research (IJRER), vol.4, issue.1, p.15, 2014.

L. Bell, Cooling, heating, generating power and recovering waste heat with thermoelectric systems, Science, vol.321, issue.5895, p.15, 2008.

K. Ahn, M. Han, J. He, J. Androulakis, S. Ballikaya et al., Exploring resonance levels and nanostructuring in the PbTeCdTe system and enhancement of the thermoelectric gure of merit, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.132, issue.14, p.15, 2010.

B. Poudel, Q. Hao, Y. Ma, Y. Lan, A. Minnich et al., High-thermoelectric performance of nanostructured bismuth antimony telluride bulk alloys, Science, vol.320, issue.5876, p.15, 2008.

J. R. Lim, J. F. Whitacre, J. Fleurial, C. Huang, M. A. Ryan et al.,

M. , Fabrication method for thermoelectric nanodevices, Advanced Materials, vol.17, issue.12, p.15, 2005.

F. Felgner, L. Exel, M. Nesarajah, and G. Frey, Component-oriented modeling of thermoelectric devices for energy system design, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.61, issue.3, p.15, 2014.

S. Carreon-bautista, A. Eladawy, A. N. Mohieldin, and E. Sanchez-sinencio, Boost converter with dynamic input impedance matching for energy harvesting with multi-array thermoelectric generators, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.61, issue.10, p.15, 2014.

L. Anatychuk, O. Luste, and R. Kuz, Theoretical and experimental study of thermoelectric generators for vehicles, Journal of Electronic Materials, vol.40, issue.5, p.15, 2011.

E. Sandoz-rosado and R. J. Stevens, Experimental characterization of thermoelectric modules and comparison with theoretical models for power generation, Journal of Electronic Materials, vol.38, issue.7, p.15, 2009.

M. Telkes, Solar thermoelectric generators, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.25, issue.6, p.15, 1954.

S. Su and J. Chen, Simulation investigation of high-eciency solar thermoelectric generators with inhomogeneously doped nanomaterials, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.62, issue.6, p.15, 2015.

S. Zhou, B. G. Sammakia, B. White, and P. Borgesen, A multiscale modeling of thermoelectric generators for conversion eciency optimization, 13th IEEE Intersociety Conference on Thermal and Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic Systems, p.15, 2012.

D. Kraemer, J. Sui, K. Mcenaney, H. Zhao, Q. Jie et al., High thermoelectric conversion eciency of MgAgSb-based material with hot-pressed contacts, Energy & Environmental Science, vol.8, issue.4, p.15, 2015.

W. Qu, M. Ploetner, and W. Fischer, Microfabrication of thermoelectric generators on exible foil substrates as a power source for autonomous microsystems, Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, vol.11, issue.2, p.16, 2001.

Z. Chen, G. Han, L. Yang, L. Cheng, and J. Zou, Nanostructured thermoelectric materials : Current research and future challenge, Progress in Natural Science : Materials International, vol.22, issue.6, p.16, 2012.

J. He, Y. Liu, and R. Funahashi, Oxide thermoelectrics : The challenges, progress, and outlook, Journal of Materials Research, vol.26, issue.15, p.16, 2011.

O. Yamashita and N. Sadatomi, Thermoelectric properties of Si 1x Ge x (x <0.10) with alloy and dopant segregations, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.88, issue.1, p.17, 2000.

X. Zheng, C. Liu, Y. Yan, and Q. Wang, A review of thermoelectrics researchrecent developments and potentials for sustainable and renewable energy applications, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol.32, p.17, 2014.

H. Alam and S. Ramakrishna, A review on the enhancement of gure of merit from bulk to nano-thermoelectric materials, Nano Energy, vol.2, issue.2, p.17, 2013.

G. Casati, C. Mejía-monasterio, and T. Prosen, Increasing thermoelectric eciency : a dynamical systems approach, Physical review letters, vol.101, issue.1, p.17, 2008.

T. M. Tritt and M. Subramanian, Thermoelectric materials, phenomena, and applications : a bird's eye view, Materials Research Society, vol.31, issue.3, p.17, 2006.

J. Yang and T. Caillat, Thermoelectric materials for space and automotive power generation, Materials Research Society, vol.31, issue.3, p.17, 2006.

T. M. Tritt, H. Böttner, and L. Chen, Thermoelectrics : Direct solar thermal energy conversion, Materials Research Society, vol.33, issue.04, p.18, 2008.

H. Bottner, Thermoelectric micro devices : current state, recent developments and future aspects for technological progress and applications, 21st IEEE International Conference on Thermoelectrics (ICT), p.18, 2002.

;. H. Bibliographie, J. Bottner, A. Nurnus, G. Gavrikov, M. Kuhner et al., New thermoelectric components using microsystem technologies, Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, vol.13, issue.3, p.18, 2004.

H. Bottner, Micropelt miniaturized thermoelectric devices : small size, high cooling power densities, short response time, 24th IEEE International Conference on Thermoelectrics (ICT), p.18, 2005.

H. Bottner, J. Nurnus, A. Schubert, and F. Volkert, New high density micro structured thermogenerators for stand alone sensor systems, 26th International Conference on Thermoelectrics (ICT), p.18, 2007.

F. J. Disalvo, Thermoelectric cooling and power generation, Science, vol.285, issue.5428, p.19, 1999.

S. W. Angrist, Direct energy conversion. Allyn and Bacon, 1920.

, Laser cooling for to packages using embedded thin-lm thermoelectric coolersnextreme thermal solutions, 2010.

I. Caplain, F. Cazier, H. Nouali, A. Mercier, J. Déchaux et al., Emissions of unregulated pollutants from european gasoline and diesel passenger cars, Atmospheric Environment, vol.40, issue.31, p.20, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00505759

R. Nunna, E. Guilmeau, and F. Gascoin, Synthesis and characterization of novel intermetallics for thermoelectric conversion

T. Pogfai, K. Wong-ek, S. Mongpraneet, A. Wisitsoraat, and A. Tuantranont, Low cost and portable PCR thermoelectric cycle, International Journal of Applied, vol.1, issue.1, p.20, 2008.

A. D. Edwards, P. Brocklehurst, A. J. Gunn, H. Halliday, E. Juszczak et al., Neurological outcomes at 18 months of age after moderate hypothermia for perinatal hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy : synthesis and meta-analysis of trial data, British Medical Journal, vol.340, p.20, 2010.

M. Rutherford, L. A. Ramenghi, A. D. Edwards, P. Brocklehurst, H. Halliday et al., Assessment of brain tissue injury after moderate hypothermia in neonates with hypoxicischaemic encephalopathy : a nested substudy of a randomised controlled trial, The Lancet Neurology, vol.9, issue.1, p.20, 2010.

M. Holden and M. B. Makic, Clinically induced hypothermia : why chill your patient ?, AACN Advanced Critical Care, vol.17, issue.2, p.20, 2006.

A. Elefsiniotis, N. Kokorakis, T. Becker, and U. Schmid, A thermoelectric-based energy harvesting module with extended operational temperature range for powering autonomous wireless sensor nodes in aircraft, Sensors and Actuators A : Physical, vol.206, p.20, 2014.

C. Kinsella, S. O&apos;shaughnessy, M. Deasy, M. Duy, and A. Robinson, Battery charging considerations in small scale electricity generation from a thermoelectric module, Applied Energy, vol.114, p.20, 2014.

G. J. Snyder, Small thermoelectric generators, The Electrochemical Society Interface, vol.17, issue.3, p.20, 2008.

D. Crane, J. Lagrandeur, V. Jovovic, M. Ranalli, M. Adldinger et al., TEG on-vehicle performance and model validation and what it means for further TEG development, Journal of Electronic Materials, p.20, 2013.

D. Champier, J. Bédécarrats, T. Kousksou, M. Rivaletto, F. Strub et al., Study of a TE (thermoelectric) generator incorporated in a multifunction wood stove, Energy, vol.36, p.20, 2011.

C. Suter, Z. Jovanovic, and A. Steinfeld, A 1kW e thermoelectric stack for geothermal power generationmodeling and geometrical optimization, Applied Energy, vol.99, p.20, 2012.

W. Van-sark, Feasibility of photovoltaicthermoelectric hybrid modules, Applied Energy, vol.88, issue.8, p.20, 2011.

B. Gruber, First Wi-Fi pacemaker in US gives patient freedom, 2009.

V. Parsonnet, Power sources for implantable cardiac pacemakers, CHEST Journal, vol.61, issue.2, p.23, 1972.

J. Rabaey, F. Burghardt, D. Steingart, M. Seeman, and P. Wright, Energy harvesting-a systems perspective, IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM), p.22, 2007.

P. D. Mitcheson, Energy harvesting for human wearable and implantable biosensors, Annual IEEE International Conference of the Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), p.22, 2010.

T. Torfs, V. Leonov, C. Van-hoof, and B. Gyselinckx, Body-heat powered autonomous pulse oximeter, 5th IEEE Conference on Sensors, p.22, 2006.

M. R. Neuman, Biopotential electrodes, Biomedical Engineering Handbook, p.22, 2000.

T. Torfs, V. Leonov, R. F. Yazicioglu, P. Merken, C. Van-hoof et al., Wearable autonomous wireless electro-encephalography system fully powered by human body heat, Sensors, p.22, 2008.

. Bibliographie,

V. Leonov and R. Vullers, Wearable thermoelectric generators for body-powered devices, Journal of Electronic Materials, vol.38, issue.7, p.22, 2009.

V. Parsonnet, J. Driller, D. Cook, and S. A. Rizvi, Thirty-one years of clinical experience with nuclear-powered pacemakers, Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology, vol.29, issue.2, p.195200, 2006.

V. Parsonnet, A. D. Berstein, and G. Y. Perry, The nuclear pacemaker : Is renewed interest warranted ?, The American Journal of Cardiology, vol.66, issue.10, pp.837-842, 1990.

M. Bond and J. Park, Current-sensorless power estimation and MPPT implementation for thermoelectric generators, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.62, issue.9, p.26, 2015.

A. Montecucco, J. Siviter, and A. R. Knox, Simple, fast and accurate maximum power point tracking converter for thermoelectric generators, IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), vol.23, p.26, 2012.

R. Decher, Direct Energy Conversion : fundamentals of electric power production, vol.23, p.26, 1997.

R. Ahiska and H. Mamur, Design and implementation of a new portable thermoelectric generator for low geothermal temperatures, IET Renewable Power Generation, vol.7, issue.6, p.26, 2013.

J. H. Carstens and C. Guhmann, Adaptive control of a boost-buck converter for thermoelectric generators, Control Conference European (ECC), vol.23, p.26, 2014.

W. Wang, V. Cionca, N. Wang, M. Hayes, B. O&apos;flynn et al., Thermoelectric energy harvesting for building energy management wireless sensor networks, International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, vol.9, issue.6, p.26, 2013.

K. Sun, H. Wu, Y. Cai, and Y. Xing, A power conditioning stage based on analogcircuit MPPT control and a superbuck converter for thermoelectric generators in spacecraft power systems, Journal of Electronic Materials, vol.43, issue.6, p.26, 2014.

L. Chen, D. Cao, Y. Huang, and F. Z. Peng, Modeling and power conditioning for thermoelectric generation, IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC), vol.26, p.33, 2008.

A. Montecucco, J. Siviter, and A. R. Knox, Constant heat characterisation and geometrical optimisation of thermoelectric generators, Applied Energy, vol.149, p.61, 2015.

J. Park, H. Lee, and M. Bond, Uninterrupted thermoelectric energy harvesting using temperature-sensor-based maximum power point tracking system, Energy Conversion and Management, vol.86, p.61, 2014.

A. Montecucco and A. R. Knox, Maximum power point tracking converter based on the open-circuit voltage method for thermoelectric generators, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol.30, issue.2, p.100, 2015.

S. Siouane, S. Jovanovi¢, and P. Poure, Equivalent electrical circuits of thermoelectric generators under dierent operating conditions, Energies, vol.10, p.39, 2017.

A. Ortiz-conde, F. J. Sánchez, and J. Muci, Exact analytical solutions of the forward non-ideal diode equation with series and shunt parasitic resistances, SolidState Electronics, vol.44, issue.10, p.40, 2000.

S. Siouane, S. Jovanovi¢, and P. Poure, Fully electrical modeling of thermoelectric generators with contact thermal resistance under dierent operating conditions, Journal of Electronic Materials, vol.46, issue.1, p.46, 2017.

R. Bjørk, The universal inuence of contact resistance on the eciency of a thermoelectric generator, Journal of Electronic Materials, p.48, 2015.

F. Richardeau, Sûreté de fonctionnement en électronique de puissance, Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches, p.66, 2004.

A. Kolli, A. De-bernardinis, O. Béthoux, R. Lallemand, G. Coquery et al., Approche préliminaire de la défaillance et des contraintes critiques associées d'une cellule d'onduleur 6 bras dans une chaîne de traction pour véhicule électrique, p.67, 2011.

S. V. Dhople, A. Davoudi, A. D. Domínguez-garcía, and P. L. Chapman, A unied approach to reliability assessment of multiphase DC-DC converters in photovoltaic energy conversion systems, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol.27, issue.2, p.67, 2012.

A. Amaral and A. Cardoso, On-line fault detection of aluminium electrolytic capacitors, in step-down DC-DC converters, using input current and output voltage ripple, IET Power Electronics, vol.5, issue.3, p.67, 2012.

G. M. Buiatti, J. A. Martín-ramos, C. H. García, A. M. Amaral, and A. J. Cardoso, An online and noninvasive technique for the condition monitoring of capacitors in boost converters, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol.59, issue.8, p.67, 2010.

G. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo, R. Teodorescu, M. Veerachary, and M. Vitelli, Reliability issues in photovoltaic power processing systems, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.55, issue.7, p.67, 2008.

. Bibliographie,

M. A. Rodríguez-blanco, A. Claudio-sanchez, D. Theilliol, L. G. Vela-valdés, P. Sibaja-terán et al., A failuredetection strategy for IGBT based on gate-voltage behavior applied to a motor drive system, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.58, issue.5, p.67, 2011.

E. Ribeiro, A. J. Cardoso, and C. Boccaletti, Fault-tolerant strategy for a photovoltaic DC-DC converter, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol.28, issue.6, p.67, 2013.

J. O. Estima and A. M. Cardoso, A novel diagnostic method for single power switch open-circuit faults in voltage-fed PWM motor drives, International Symposium on Power Electronics Electrical Drives Automation and Motion (SPEEDAM), p.67, 2010.

R. Wu, F. Blaabjerg, H. Wang, M. Liserre, and F. Iannuzzo, Catastrophic failure and fault-tolerant design of IGBT power electronic converters-an overview, 39th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON), p.67, 2013.

B. Lu and S. Sharma, A literature review of igbt fault diagnostic and protection methods for power inverters, IEEE Annual Meeting on Industry Applications Society (IAS), p.67, 2008.

J. Mavier, Convertisseurs génériques à tolérance de panne-Applications pour le domaine aéronautique, p.67, 2007.

F. Richardeau, P. Baudesson, and T. A. Meynard, Failures-tolerance and remedial strategies of a pwm multicell inverter, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol.17, issue.6, p.67, 2002.

K. Rothenhagen and F. W. Fuchs, Performance of diagnosis methods for IGBT open circuit faults in voltage source active rectiers, 35th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC), vol.6, p.68, 2004.

P. Duan, K. Xie, L. Zhang, and X. Rong, Open-switch fault diagnosis and system reconguration of doubly fed wind power converter used in a microgrid, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol.26, issue.3, p.68, 2011.

E. Frappé, Architecture de convertisseur statique tolérante aux pannes pour générateur pile à combustible modulaire de puissance-traction 30kW, p.68, 2012.

D. Maquin and J. Ragot, Diagnostic des systèmes linéaires. Hermès science publications, p.68, 2000.

A. Hernandez, D. Hissel, and R. Outbib, Méthodes de diagnostic de systèmes multiphysiques, Techniques de l'ingénieur, Informatique industrielle, vol.1, issue.S7219, p.68, 2008.

J. Brunet, D. Jaume, M. Labarr, A. Rault, and M. Verg, Détection et diagnostic de panne-approche par modélisation, p.68, 1990.

J. C. Bezdek, I. Of-electrical, E. E. Council, and S. K. , Fuzzy models for pattern recognition : methods that search for structures in data, p.68, 1992.

D. Hissel, D. Candusso, and F. Harel, Fuzzy-clustering durability diagnosis of polymer electrolyte fuel cells dedicated to transportation applications, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.56, issue.5, p.68, 2007.

J. Cao and A. Emadi, A new battery/ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system for electric, hybrid, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol.27, issue.1, p.70, 2012.

J. Kwon, K. Nam, and B. Kwon, Photovoltaic power conditioning system with line connection, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.53, issue.4, p.77, 2006.

A. Pandey, N. Dasgupta, and A. K. Mukerjee, A simple single-sensor MPPT solution, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol.22, issue.2, p.77, 2007.

S. Jain and V. Agarwal, A new algorithm for rapid tracking of approximate maximum power point in photovoltaic systems, IEEE Power Electronics Letters, vol.2, issue.1, p.77, 2004.

M. A. De-brito, L. Galotto, L. P. Sampaio, G. D. Melo, and C. A. , Canesin, Evaluation of the main MPPT techniques for photovoltaic applications, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.60, issue.3, p.77, 2013.

D. Casadei, G. Grandi, and C. Rossi, Single-phase single-stage photovoltaic generation system based on a ripple correlation control maximum power point tracking, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol.21, issue.2, p.77, 2006.

T. Esram, J. W. Kimball, P. T. Krein, P. L. Chapman, and P. Midya, Dynamic maximum power point tracking of photovoltaic arrays using ripple correlation control, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol.21, issue.5, p.77, 2006.

A. Montecucco and A. R. Knox, Maximum power point tracking converter based on the open-circuit voltage method for thermoelectric generators, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol.30, issue.2, p.78, 2015.

J. Kim and C. Kim, A DC-DC boost converter with variation-tolerant mppt technique and ecient zcs circuit for thermoelectric energy harvesting applications, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol.28, issue.8, p.77, 2013.

. Bibliographie,

H. Nagayoshi and T. Kajikawa, Mismatch power loss reduction on thermoelectric generator systems using maximum power point trackers, 25th International Conference on Thermoelectrics, p.77, 2006.

D. E. Schwartz, A maximum-power-point-tracking control system for thermoelectric generators, 3rd IEEE international symposium on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems (PEDG), p.77, 2012.

I. Laird, D. , and D. Lu, High step-up DC/DC topology and MPPT algorithm for use with a thermoelectric generator, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol.28, issue.7, p.77, 2013.

T. Noguchi, S. Togashi, and R. Nakamoto, Short-current pulse-based maximumpower-point tracking method for multiple photovoltaic-and-converter module system, IEEE Transactions on Industrial electronics, vol.49, issue.1, p.77, 2002.

A. K. Abdelsalam, A. M. Massoud, S. Ahmed, and P. N. Enjeti, High-performance adaptive perturb and observe MPPT technique for photovoltaic-based microgrids, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol.26, issue.4, p.77, 2011.

N. Femia, G. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo, and M. Vitelli, Optimization of perturb and observe maximum power point tracking method, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol.20, issue.4, p.77, 2005.

E. Bianconi, J. Calvente, R. Giral, E. Mamarelis, G. Petrone et al., A fast current-based mppt technique employing sliding mode control, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.60, issue.3, p.77, 2013.

L. Chen, D. Cao, Y. Huang, and F. Z. Peng, Modeling and power conditioning for thermoelectric generation, IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC), p.77, 2008.

R. Kim and J. Lai, A seamless mode transfer maximum power point tracking controller for thermoelectric generator applications, IEEE Transactions on Power electronics, vol.23, issue.5, p.77, 2008.

D. Champier, C. Favarel, J. Bédécarrats, T. Kousksou, and J. Rozis, Prototype combined heater/thermoelectric power generator for remote applications, Journal of Electronic Materials, vol.42, issue.7, p.77, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02014923

G. Hsieh, H. Chen, Y. Chen, C. Tsai, and S. Shyu, Variable frequency controlled incremental conductance derived MPPT photovoltaic stand-along DC bus system, 23rd Annual IEEE on Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, p.77, 2008.

F. Liu, S. Duan, F. Liu, B. Liu, and Y. Kang, A variable step size INC MPPT method for PV systems, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.55, issue.7, p.77, 2008.

R. Kim, J. Lai, B. York, and A. Koran, Analysis and design of maximum power point tracking scheme for thermoelectric battery energy storage system, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.56, issue.9, p.77, 2009.

I. Laird, H. Lovatt, N. Savvides, D. Lu, and V. Agelidis, Comparative study of maximum power point tracking algorithms for thermoelectric generators, Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC), p.78, 2008.

W. Li, Y. Zheng, W. Li, and X. He, A smart and simple PV charger for portable applications, 25th Annual IEEE on Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, p.78, 2010.

W. L. Yu, T. Lee, G. Wu, Q. S. Chen, H. Chiu et al., A DSP-based single-stage maximum power point tracking PV inverter, 25th Annual IEEE on Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, p.78, 2010.

R. Faranda, S. Leva, and V. Maugeri, MPPT techniques for PV systems : Energetic and cost comparison, 21st Century IEEE on Power and Energy Society General Meeting-Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy, p.80, 2008.

M. A. De-brito, L. P. Sampaio, L. G. Junior, and C. A. Canesin, Evaluation of MPPT techniques for photovoltaic applications, IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE), p.80, 2011.

X. Pei, S. Nie, Y. Chen, and Y. Kang, Open-circuit fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant strategies for full-bridge DC-DC converters, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol.27, issue.5, p.85, 2012.

Y. Chen, X. Pei, S. Nie, and Y. Kang, Monitoring and diagnosis for the DC-DC converter using the magnetic near eld waveform, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.58, issue.5, p.85, 2011.

K. C. Fronczak, Stability analysis of switched DC-DC Boost converters for integrated circuits, 2013.

T. Wu and T. Yu, Unied approach to developing single-stage power converters, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol.34, issue.1, p.106, 1998.

S. Siouane, S. Jovanovi¢, and P. Poure, A thermoelectric energy harvester with a single switch unied control for autonomous applications, 16th IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC), p.112, 2016.

A. Tani, M. B. Camara, and B. Dakyo, Energy management in the decentralized generation systems based on renewable energyultracapacitors and battery to compenBibliographie sate the wind/load power uctuations, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol.51, issue.2, p.115, 2015.

J. Jang and J. Yoo, Equivalent circuit evaluation method of lithium polymer battery using bode plot and numerical analysis, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol.26, issue.1, p.115, 2011.