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P. Werner, L'évolution rapide du volume des spores n'en ferait donc pas une bonne cible pour augmenter la durabilité des résistances quantitatives, 1976.

L. Quantité-de-mycélium, En considérant que le mycélium est le tissu d'absorption des nutriments indispensables à la croissance du parasite, l'investissement mis dans le développement de ce tissu devrait conduire à des valeurs égales entre les différentes populations. La quantité de mycélium in planta est d'ailleurs apparue peu variable et pas influencée par la quantité de composés de défenses des feuilles. Ceci est cohérent avec un investissement énergétique principal dans ce tissu mais c'est aussi étonnant car le mycélium est le tissu fongique directement au contact des cellules foliaires. L'héritabilité élevée de ce caractère lui confèrerait la possibilité d'évoluer en présence d'un autre régime de sélection naturelle. En effet, face à une résistance quantitative, les individus au mycélium le plus développé pourraient être favorisés, Ceci confère à ce caractère la possibilité de répondre à la sélection naturelle. Ainsi, il semble avoir été sous sélection stabilisante au moment du contournement de la résistance R7, 2000.

, Contrairement au volume des spores et à la quantité de mycélium, les autres caractères d'agressivité ont des valeurs d'héritabilité relativement faibles (l'héritabilité de l'efficacité d'infection étant a priori surestimée), ce qui les empêcherait d'évoluer par adaptation génétique. De façon cohérente, le temps de latence, la taille des lésions et le nombre de spores (donc le taux de sporulation) n'ont pas évolué avec le contournement de la résistance R7

, Il semble tout de même probable que ce caractère ait évolué au moment et après le contournement de la résistance R7. Si la différence de temps de latence entre populations n'est pas apparue significative dans le chapitre 2 (Maupetit et al., in prep.), une légère augmentation a été mesurée entre 1993 (7,23 j) et 1994 (7,57 j), suivie d'une diminution en, L'héritabilité du temps de latence peut avoir été sous-estimée à cause de la faible résolution des mesures comme mentionné plus haut, 1998.

N. Fabre and . Publié, En effet, les études antérieures ont été réalisées sur 'Beaupré' (R7) alors que nous avons ici inoculé les souches sur 'Robusta' comme précisé précédemment. L'ensemble de ces résultats est cohérent avec ceux de l'expérience qui a consisté à inoculer des souches de 1994 et 1998 sur six variétés de peuplier, dont 'Beaupré' et 'Robusta' (Hayden, non publié), La différence de résultats entre ces expériences et celle décrite dans le chapitre 2 peut s'expliquer par la différence entre les variétés de peuplier utilisées pour l'inoculation

. Berg, face à une résistance quantitative ciblant un caractère donné (capacité de sporulation), un autre caractère (taille des lésions) impliqué dans la même fonction pourrait évoluer. L'évolution de ce dernier pourrait alors compenser la perte d'agressivité due à la résistance et restaurer l'agressivité du parasite. D'autres moyens de lutte contre M. larici-populina sont donc à envisager en populiculture. Si les mélanges variétaux se sont révélés efficaces contre certains parasites, Cependant, la durabilité des résistances quantitatives est aussi mise à mal par l'érosion et les contournements. Un autre cas de figure a été étudié par Van Den, 1999.

. Xhaard, une base indispensable aux prochaines études. Il sera néanmoins impératif de connaître plus précisément l'évolution des caractères quantitatifs et qualitatifs de M. larici-populina autour d'autres contournements de résistances, 2011.

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