E. Neumann, A. E. Sowers, and C. A. Jordan, Electroporation and Electrofusion in Cell Biology, 1989.

J. A. Nickoloff, Animal Cell Electroporation and Electrofusion Protocols, 1995.

M. Breton and L. M. Mir, Microsecond and nanosecond electric pulses in cancer treatments, Bioelectromagnetics, vol.33, pp.106-123, 2012.

D. Miklav?i?, B. Mali, B. Kos, R. Heller, and G. Sersa, Electrochemotherapy: from the drawing board into medical practice, Biomed. Eng. OnLine, vol.13, p.29, 2014.

M. Sällberg, L. Frelin, G. Ahlen, and M. Sällberg-chen, Electroporation for therapeutic DNA vaccination in patients, Med. Microbiol. Immunol. (Berl.), vol.204, pp.131-135, 2014.

G. Sersa, J. Teissie, M. Cemazar, E. Signori, U. Kamensek et al., Electrochemotherapy of tumors as in situ vaccination boosted by immunogene electrotransfer, Cancer Immunol. Immunother. CII, vol.64, pp.1315-1327, 2015.

L. C. Heller and R. Heller, In Vivo Electroporation for Gene Therapy, Hum. Gene Ther, vol.17, pp.890-897, 2006.

S. Chabot, J. Teissié, and M. Golzio, Targeted electro-delivery of oligonucleotides for RNA interference: siRNA and antimiR, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev, vol.81, pp.161-168, 2015.

C. Jiang, R. V. Davalos, and J. C. Bischof, A Review of Basic to Clinical Studies of Irreversible Electroporation Therapy, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng, vol.62, pp.4-20, 2015.

C. Merla, A. Denzi, A. Paffi, M. Casciola, G. Inzeo et al., Novel Passive Element Circuits for Microdosimetry of Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng, vol.59, pp.2302-2311, 2012.

I. G. Abidor, V. B. Arakelyan, L. V. Chernomordik, Y. A. Chizmadzhev, and V. F. Pastushenko,

M. P. Tarasevich, Electric breakdown of bilayer lipid membranes: I. The main experimental facts and their qualitative discussion, J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem, vol.104, pp.37-52, 1979.

L. Chopinet and M. P. Rols, Nanosecond electric pulses: a mini-review of the present state of the art, Bioelectrochemistry Amst. Neth, vol.103, pp.2-6, 2015.

A. Silve, J. Villemejane, V. Joubert, A. Ivorra, and L. M. Mir, Nanosecond pulsed electric field delivery to biological samples: Difficulties and potential solutions, Adv. Electroporation Tech. Biol. Med, 2011.

E. Neumann, M. Schaefer-ridder, Y. Wang, and P. H. Hofschneider, Gene transfer into CHAPTER

R. P. Feynman, There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom, Am. Phys. Soc. Meet., Caltech, 1959.

, White Paper 'Contribution of Nanomedicine to Horizon 2020' available -ETP Nanomedicine

, COST | Biomedicine and Molecular Biosciences (BMBS)

G. A. Hughes, Nanostructure-mediated drug delivery, Nanomedicine Nanotechnol

, Biol. Med, vol.1, pp.22-30, 2005.

T. Lammers, S. Aime, W. E. Hennink, G. Storm, and F. Kiessling, Theranostic nanomedicine, vol.44, pp.1029-1038, 2011.

Z. Fan, P. P. Fu, H. Yu, and P. C. Ray, Theranostic nanomedicine for cancer detection and treatment, J. Food Drug Anal, vol.22, pp.3-17, 2014.

T. M. Allen and P. R. Cullis, Drug Delivery Systems: Entering the Mainstream, Science, vol.303, pp.1818-1822, 2004.

A. Z. Mirza and F. A. Siddiqui, Nanomedicine and drug delivery: a mini review, Int. Nano Lett, vol.4, pp.1-7, 2014.

M. I. Yatoo, A. Saxena, M. H. Malik, M. K. Sharma, and U. Dimri, Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery at Cellular Level: a Review, J. Anim. Sci. Adv, vol.4, pp.705-709, 2014.

L. Zhang, F. Gu, J. Chan, A. Wang, R. Langer et al., Nanoparticles in Medicine: Therapeutic Applications and Developments, vol.83, pp.761-769, 2008.

D. A. Lavan, T. Mcguire, and R. Langer, Small-scale systems for in vivo drug delivery, Nat. Biotechnol, vol.21, pp.1184-1191, 2003.

D. Roy, J. N. Cambre, and B. S. Sumerlin, Future perspectives and recent advances in stimuli-responsive materials, Prog. Polym. Sci, vol.35, pp.278-301, 2010.

Y. Qiu and K. Park, Environment-sensitive hydrogels for drug delivery, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev, vol.64, pp.49-60, 2012.

A. S. Hoffman, Stimuli-responsive polymers: Biomedical applications and challenges for clinical translation, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev, vol.65, pp.10-16, 2013.

T. M. Allen and P. R. Cullis, Liposomal drug delivery systems: From concept to clinical applications, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev, vol.65, pp.36-48, 2013.

R. M. Sawant, J. P. Hurley, S. Salmaso, A. Kale, E. Tolcheva et al., SMART" Drug Delivery Systems: Double-Targeted pH-Responsive Pharmaceutical Nanocar-CHAPTER 2. ELECTROPORATION: TREATMENTS, MODELS AND DEVICES / ÉLECTROPORATION: TRAITEMENTS, MODÈLES ET DISPOSITIFS riers, vol.17, pp.943-949, 2006.

D. Schmaljohann, Thermo-and pH-responsive polymers in drug delivery, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev, vol.58, pp.1655-1670, 2006.

L. Li, D. Chen, Y. Zhang, Z. Deng, X. Ren et al., Magnetic and fluorescent multifunctional chitosan nanoparticles as a smart drug delivery system, Nanotechnology, vol.18, p.405102, 2007.

H. J. Kim, H. Matsuda, H. Zhou, and I. Honma, Ultrasound -Triggered Smart Drug Release from a Poly (dimethylsiloxane)-Mesoporous Silica Composite, Adv. Mater, vol.18, 2006.

C. De-las, H. Alarcon, S. Pennadam, and C. Alexander, Stimuli responsive polymers for biomedical applications, Chem. Soc. Rev, vol.34, pp.276-285, 2005.

J. , Electroporation: theory and methods, perspectives for drug delivery, gene therapy and research, Acta Physiol. Scand, vol.177, pp.437-447, 2003.

E. Neumann, A. E. Sowers, and C. A. Jordan, Electroporation and Electrofusion in Cell Biology, 1989.

J. A. Nickoloff, Animal Cell Electroporation and Electrofusion Protocols, 1995.

J. C. Weaver and Y. A. Chizmadzhev, Theory of electroporation: A review, Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg, vol.41, pp.135-160, 1996.

S. Li, Electroporation Protocols: Preclinical and Clinical Gene Medicine, 2008.

L. M. Mir, S. Orlowski, J. Belehradek, J. Teissie, M. P. Rols et al., Biomedical applications of electric pulses with special emphasis on antitumor electrochemotherapy, Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg, vol.38, pp.203-207, 1995.

J. Teissie, N. Eynard, B. Gabriel, and M. P. Rols, Electropermeabilization of cell membranes, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev, vol.35, pp.3-19, 1999.

J. Teissie, Electrically Mediated Gene Delivery: Basic and Translational Concepts, 2013.

M. S. Venslauskas and S. Satkauskas, Mechanisms of transfer of bioactive molecules through the cell membrane by electroporation, Eur. Biophys. J, vol.44, pp.277-289, 2015.

E. L. Hansen, E. B. Sozer, S. Romeo, S. K. Frandsen, P. T. Vernier et al., Dose-dependent ATP depletion and cancer cell death following calcium electroporation, relative effect of calcium concentration and electric field strength, PloS One, vol.10, p.122973, 2015.

M. Breton and L. M. Mir, Microsecond and nanosecond electric pulses in cancer treatments, Bioelectromagnetics, vol.33, pp.106-123, 2012.

D. Miklav?i?, B. Mali, B. Kos, R. Heller, and G. Sersa, Electrochemotherapy: from the drawing board into medical practice, Biomed. Eng. OnLine, vol.13, p.29, 2014.

R. Cadossi, M. Ronchetti, and M. Cadossi, Locally enhanced chemotherapy by electroporation: clinical experiences and perspective of use of electrochemotherapy, Future Oncol, vol.10, pp.877-890, 2014.

M. Sallberg, L. Frelin, G. Ahlen, and M. Sallberg-chen, Electroporation for therapeutic DNA vaccination in patients, Med. Microbiol. Immunol. (Berl.), vol.204, pp.131-135, 2014.

G. Sersa, J. Teissie, M. Cemazar, E. Signori, U. Kamensek et al., Electrochemotherapy of tumors as in situ vaccination boosted by immunogene electrotransfer, Cancer Immunol. Immunother. CII, vol.64, pp.1315-1327, 2015.

L. C. Heller and R. Heller, In Vivo Electroporation for Gene Therapy, Hum. Gene Ther, vol.17, pp.890-897, 2006.

S. Chabot, J. Teissié, and M. Golzio, Targeted electro-delivery of oligonucleotides for RNA interference: siRNA and antimiR, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev, vol.81, pp.161-168, 2015.

C. Jiang, R. V. Davalos, and J. C. Bischof, A Review of Basic to Clinical Studies of Irreversible Electroporation Therapy, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng, vol.62, pp.4-20, 2015.

J. Deng, K. H. Schoenbach, E. Stephen, P. S. Buescher, P. M. Hair et al., The Effects of Intense Submicrosecond Electrical Pulses on Cells, Biophys. J, vol.84, pp.2709-2714, 2003.

P. T. Vernier, Y. Sun, and M. A. Gundersen, Nanoelectropulse-driven membrane perturbation and small molecule permeabilization, BMC Cell Biol, issue.7, p.37, 2006.

L. Chopinet and M. Rols, Nanosecond electric pulses: a mini-review of the present state of the art, Bioelectrochemistry Amst. Neth, vol.103, pp.2-6, 2015.

M. Breton, L. Delemotte, A. Silve, L. M. Mir, and M. Tarek,

, Lipid Membranes Driven by Nanosecond Electric Pulses: An Experimental and Computational Study, J. Am. Chem. Soc, vol.134, pp.13938-13941, 2012.

A. Zupanic, B. Kos, and D. Miklav?i?, Treatment planning of electroporation-based medical interventions: electrochemotherapy, gene electrotransfer and irreversible electroporation, Phys. Med. Biol, vol.57, p.5425, 2012.

M. Marty, G. Sersa, J. R. Garbay, J. Gehl, C. G. Collins et al., Electrochemotherapy -An easy, highly effective and safe treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneous metastases: Results of ESOPE (European Standard Operating Procedures of Electrochemother-CHAPTER, pp.3471-3482, 1999.

R. P. Joshi and K. H. Schoenbach, Electroporation dynamics in biological cells subjected to ultrafast electrical pulses: A numerical simulation study, Phys. Rev. E, vol.62, pp.1025-1033, 2000.

M. E. Mezeme, G. Pucihar, M. Pavlin, C. Brosseau, and D. Miklav?i?, A numerical analysis of multicellular environment for modeling tissue electroporation, Appl. Phys. Lett, vol.100, p.143701, 2012.

C. Merla, A. Denzi, A. Paffi, M. Casciola, G. Inzeo et al., Novel Passive Element Circuits for Microdosimetry of Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng, vol.59, pp.2302-2311, 2012.

J. Li, W. Tan, M. Yu, and H. Lin, The effect of extracellular conductivity on electroporationmediated molecular delivery, Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA -Biomembr, vol.1828, pp.461-470, 2013.

N. J. English and C. J. Waldron, Perspectives on external electric fields in molecular simulation: progress, prospects and challenges, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys, vol.17, pp.12407-12440, 2015.

H. Pera, J. M. Kleijn, and F. A. Leermakers, On the edge energy of lipid membranes and the thermodynamic stability of pores, J. Chem. Phys, vol.142, p.34101, 2015.

D. P. Tieleman, S. J. Marrink, and H. J. Berendsen, A computer perspective of membranes: molecular dynamics studies of lipid bilayer systems, Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA -Rev. Biomembr, vol.1331, pp.235-270, 1997.

D. J. Tobias, K. Tu, and M. L. Klein, Atomic-scale molecular dynamics simulations of lipid membranes, Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci, vol.2, pp.15-26, 1997.

L. R. Forrest and M. S. Sansom, Membrane simulations: bigger and better?, Curr. Opin

, Struct. Biol, vol.10, pp.174-181, 2000.

S. E. Feller, Molecular dynamics simulations of lipid bilayers, Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci, vol.5, pp.217-223, 2000.

R. J. Mashl, H. L. Scott, S. Subramaniam, and E. Jakobsson, Molecular simulation of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine lipid bilayers at differing levels of hydration, Biophys. J, vol.81, pp.3005-3015, 2001.

L. Saiz and M. L. Klein, Computer Simulation Studies of Model Biological Membranes, vol.35, pp.482-489, 2002.

C. Anézo, A. H. De-vries, H. Höltje, D. P. Tieleman, and S. Marrink, Methodological Issues in Lipid Bilayer Simulations, J. Phys. Chem. B, vol.107, pp.9424-9433, 2003.

M. L. Berkowitz, D. L. Bostick, and S. Pandit, Aqueous Solutions next to Phospholipid Membrane Surfaces: Insights from Simulations, Chem. Rev, vol.106, pp.1527-1539, 2006.

E. Lindahl and M. S. Sansom, Membrane proteins: molecular dynamics simulations, Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol, vol.18, pp.425-431, 2008.

O. Edholm, Chapter 3 Time and Length Scales in Lipid Bilayer Simulations

. Feller, Curr. Top. Membr, pp.91-110, 2008.

A. A. Gurtovenko and I. Vattulainen, Calculation of the electrostatic potential of lipid bilayers from molecular dynamics simulations: Methodological issues, J. Chem. Phys, vol.130, p.215107, 2009.

S. J. Marrink, A. H. De-vries, and D. P. Tieleman, Lipids on the move: Simulations of membrane pores, domains, stalks and curves, Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA -Biomembr, vol.1788, pp.149-168, 2009.

T. J. Piggot, A. Pineiro, and S. Khalid, Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Phosphatidylcholine Membranes: A Comparative Force Field Study, J. Chem. Theory Comput, vol.8, 2012.

A. Schlaich, B. Kowalik, M. Kanduc, E. Schneck, and R. R. Netz, Physical mechanisms of the interaction between lipid membranes in the aqueous environment, Phys. Stat. Mech. Its Appl, vol.418, pp.105-125, 2015.

V. F. Pastushenko and Y. A. Chizmadzhev, Stabilization of conducting pores in BLM by electric current, Gen. Physiol. Biophys, vol.1, pp.43-52, 1982.

M. Hibino, M. Shigemori, H. Itoh, K. Nagayama, and K. Kinosita, Membrane conductance of an electroporated cell analyzed by submicrosecond imaging of transmembrane potential, Biophys. J, vol.59, pp.209-220, 1991.

L. Rems, M. Tarek, M. Casciola, and D. Miklav?i?, Properties of lipid electropores II: Comparison of continuum-level modeling of pore conductance to molecular dynamics simulations, Bioelectrochemistry Submitt

K. C. Smith, A unified model of electroporaition and molecular transport, 2011.

R. A. Böckmann, B. L. De-groot, S. Kakorin, E. Neumann, and H. Grubmüller, Kinetics, Statistics, and Energetics of Lipid Membrane Electroporation Studied by Molecular Dynamics Simulations, Biophys. J, vol.95, pp.1837-1850, 2008.

A. A. Gurtovenko, J. Anwar, and I. Vattulainen, Defect-Mediated Trafficking across Cell Membranes: Insights from in Silico Modeling, Chem. Rev, vol.110, pp.6077-6103, 2010.

A. Barnett, The current-voltage relation of an aqueous pore in a lipid bilayer mem-CHAPTER 2. ELECTROPORATION: TREATMENTS, MODELS AND DEVICES / ÉLECTROPORATION: TRAITEMENTS, MODÈLES ET DISPOSITIFS brane, Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA -Biomembr, vol.1025, pp.10-14, 1990.

S. Kakorin and E. Neumann, Ionic conductivity of electroporated lipid bilayer membranes, Bioelectrochemistry Amst. Neth, vol.56, pp.163-166, 2002.

J. Li and H. Lin, The current-voltage relation for electropores with conductivity gradients, Biomicrofluidics, issue.4, 2010.

K. C. Smith, R. S. Son, T. R. Gowrishankar, and J. C. Weaver, Emergence of a large pore subpopulation during electroporating pulses, Bioelectrochemistry, vol.100, pp.3-10, 2014.

R. P. Joshi, V. Sridhara, and K. H. Schoenbach, Microscopic calculations of local lipid membrane permittivities and diffusion coefficients for application to electroporation analyses, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, vol.348, pp.643-648, 2006.

M. Deminsky, A. Eletskii, A. Kniznik, A. Odinokov, V. Pentkovskii et al., Molecular Dynamic Simulation of Transmembrane Pore Growth, J. Membr. Biol, vol.246, pp.821-831, 2013.

S. Kohler, Z. A. Levine, M. A. Garcia-fernandez, M. Ho, P. T. Vernier et al., Electrical Analysis of Cell Membrane Poration by an Intense Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field Using an Atomistic-to-Continuum Method, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech, vol.63, pp.2032-2040, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01219633

Q. Hu, S. Viswanadham, R. P. Joshi, K. H. Schoenbach, S. J. Beebe et al., Simulations of transient membrane behavior in cells subjected to a high-intensity ultrashort electric pulse, Phys. Rev. E, vol.71, p.31914, 2005.

Z. Vasilkoski, A. Esser, T. Gowrishankar, and J. Weaver, Membrane electroporation: The absolute rate equation and nanosecond time scale pore creation, Phys. Rev. E, vol.74, p.21904, 2006.

R. Sundararajan, Nanosecond Electroporation: Another Look, vol.41, pp.69-82, 2009.

L. Delemotte and M. Tarek, Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Lipid Membrane Electroporation, J. Membr. Biol, vol.245, pp.531-543, 2012.

D. P. Tieleman, H. J. Berendsen, and M. S. Sansom, Voltage-Dependent Insertion of

, Alamethicin at Phospholipid/Water and Octane/Water Interfaces, Biophys. J, vol.80, 2001.

B. Roux, The Membrane Potential and its Representation by a Constant Electric Field in Computer Simulations, Biophys. J, vol.95, pp.4205-4216, 2008.

J. Gumbart, F. Khalili-araghi, M. Sotomayor, and B. Roux, Constant electric field simulations of the membrane potential illustrated with simple systems, Biochim. Biophys. Acta CHAPTER, pp.294-302, 2012.

M. Tarek, Membrane Electroporation: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation, Biophys, J, vol.88, pp.4045-4053, 2005.

D. P. Tieleman, The molecular basis of electroporation, BMC Biochem, vol.5, p.10, 2004.

M. J. Ziegler and P. T. Vernier, Interface Water Dynamics and Porating Electric Fields for Phospholipid Bilayers, J. Phys. Chem. B, vol.112, pp.13588-13596, 2008.

Q. Hu, R. P. Joshi, and K. H. Schoenbach, Simulations of nanopore formation and phosphatidylserine externalization in lipid membranes subjected to a high-intensity, ultrashort electric pulse, Phys. Rev. E, vol.72, p.31902, 2005.

A. Petrishia and M. Sasikala, Molecular Simulation of Cell Membrane Deformation by Picosecond Intense Electric Pulse, J. Membr. Biol, pp.1-6, 2015.

P. T. Vernier, Z. A. Levine, M. Ho, S. Xiao, I. Semenov et al., Picosecond and Terahertz Perturbation of Interfacial Water and Electropermeabilization of Biological Membranes, J. Membr. Biol, vol.248, pp.837-847, 2015.

S. Kohler, M. Ho, Z. A. Levine, P. T. Vernier, P. Leveque et al., Electrical analysis of cell membrane poration induced by an intense nanosecond pulsed electric field, using an atomistic-to-continuum method, Microw. Symp. IMS, pp.1-4, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01336770

J. N. Sachs, P. S. Crozier, and T. B. Woolf, Atomistic simulations of biologically realistic transmembrane potential gradients, J. Chem. Phys, vol.121, pp.10847-10851, 2004.

A. A. Gurtovenko and I. Vattulainen, Pore Formation Coupled to Ion Transport through

, Lipid Membranes as Induced by Transmembrane Ionic Charge Imbalance: Atomistic Molecular Dynamics Study, J. Am. Chem. Soc, vol.127, pp.17570-17571, 2005.

A. A. Gurtovenko and I. Vattulainen, Ion Leakage through Transient Water Pores in Protein-Free Lipid Membranes Driven by Transmembrane Ionic Charge Imbalance, Biophys, J, vol.92, pp.1878-1890, 2007.

L. Delemotte, F. Dehez, W. Treptow, and M. Tarek, Modeling Membranes under a Transmembrane Potential, J. Phys. Chem. B, vol.112, pp.5547-5550, 2008.

S. K. Kandasamy and R. G. Larson, Cation and anion transport through hydrophilic pores in lipid bilayers, J. Chem. Phys, vol.125, p.74901, 2006.

Z. Wu, Q. Cui, and A. Yethiraj, A New Coarse-Grained Force Field for Membrane-Peptide Simulations, J. Chem. Theory Comput, vol.7, pp.3793-3802, 2011.

F. Dehez, L. Delemotte, P. Kramar, D. Miklav?i?, and M. Tarek, Evidence of Conduct-CHAPTER

, ing Hydrophobic Nanopores Across Membranes in Response to an Electric Field, J. Phys. Chem. C, vol.118, pp.6752-6757, 2014.

A. Polak, D. Bonhenry, F. Dehez, P. Kramar, D. Miklav?i? et al., On the Electroporation Thresholds of Lipid Bilayers: Molecular Dynamics Simulation Investigations, vol.246, pp.843-850, 2013.

A. Polak, M. Tarek, M. Tomsic, J. Valant, N. P. Ulrih et al., Electroporation of archaeal lipid membranes using MD simulations, Bioelectrochemistry, vol.100, pp.18-26, 2014.

A. Polak, A. Velikonja, P. Kramar, M. Tarek, and D. Miklav?i?, Electroporation Threshold of POPC Lipid Bilayers with Incorporated Polyoxyethylene Glycol (C12E8), J. Phys. Chem

B. , , vol.119, pp.192-200, 2015.

P. T. Vernier, M. J. Ziegler, Y. Sun, M. A. Gundersen, and D. P. Tieleman, Nanopore-facilitated, voltage-driven phosphatidylserine translocation in lipid bilayers-in cells and in silico, Phys. Biol, vol.3, p.233, 2006.

D. P. Tieleman, Computer Simulations of Transport Through Membranes: Passive Diffusion, Pores, Channels and Transporters, vol.33, 2006.

T. Kotnik, P. Kramar, G. Pucihar, D. Miklav?i?, and M. Tarek, Cell membrane electroporationPart 1: The phenomenon, IEEE Electr. Insul. Mag, vol.28, pp.14-23, 2012.

Q. Hu, Z. Zhang, H. Qiu, M. G. Kong, and R. P. Joshi, Physics of nanoporation and water entry driven by a high-intensity, ultrashort electrical pulse in the presence of membrane hydrophobic interactions, Phys. Rev. E, vol.87, p.32704, 2013.

W. F. Bennett, N. Sapay, and D. P. Tieleman, Atomistic Simulations of Pore Formation and Closure in Lipid Bilayers, Biophys. J, vol.106, pp.210-219, 2014.

D. P. Tieleman, H. Leontiadou, A. E. Mark, and S. Marrink, Simulation of Pore Formation in Lipid Bilayers by Mechanical Stress and Electric Fields, J. Am. Chem. Soc, vol.125, pp.6382-6383, 2003.

A. Venturini and F. Zerbetto, Dynamics of a lipid bilayer induced by electric fields

, Chem. Chem. Phys, vol.13, pp.9216-9222, 2011.

W. F. Bennett and D. P. Tieleman, The Importance of Membrane Defects-Lessons from Simulations, Acc. Chem. Res, vol.47, pp.2244-2251, 2014.

Z. A. Levine and P. T. Vernier, Life cycle of an electropore: field-dependent and fieldindependent steps in pore creation and annihilation, J. Membr. Biol, vol.236, pp.27-36, 2010.

Z. A. Levine and P. T. Vernier, Calcium and phosphatidylserine inhibit lipid electropore formation and reduce pore lifetime, J. Membr. Biol, vol.245, pp.599-610, 2012.

P. T. Vernier and M. J. Ziegler, Nanosecond Field Alignment of Head Group and Wa

, ter Dipoles in Electroporating Phospholipid Bilayers, J. Phys. Chem. B, vol.111, pp.12993-12996, 2007.

M. Tokman, J. H. Lee, Z. A. Levine, M. Ho, M. E. Colvin et al., Electric FieldDriven Water Dipoles: Nanoscale Architecture of Electroporation, vol.8, p.61111, 2013.

U. Pliquett, R. P. Joshi, V. Sridhara, and K. H. Schoenbach, High electrical field effects on cell membranes, Bioelectrochemistry, vol.70, pp.275-282, 2007.

Q. Hu, V. Sridhara, R. P. Joshi, J. F. Kolb, and K. H. Schoenbach, Molecular Dynamics Analysis of High Electric Pulse Effects on Bilayer Membranes Containing DPPC and DPPS, vol.34, pp.1405-1411, 2006.

S. O. Yesylevskyy, L. V. Schafer, D. Sengupta, and S. J. Marrink, Polarizable Water Model for the Coarse-Grained MARTINI Force Field, PLoS Comput Biol, vol.6, p.1000810, 2010.

S. Sun, G. Yin, Y. Lee, J. T. Wong, and T. Zhang, Effects of deformability and thermal motion of lipid membrane on electroporation: By molecular dynamics simulations, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, vol.404, pp.684-688, 2011.

M. Ho, Z. A. Levine, and P. T. Vernier, Electric Field-Driven Water Bridges in Vacuum Gaps and Lipid Bilayers, J. Membr. Biol, vol.246, pp.793-801, 2013.

P. T. Vernier, Z. A. Levine, Y. Wu, V. Joubert, M. J. Ziegler et al., Electroporating Fields Target Oxidatively Damaged Areas in the Cell Membrane, PLoS ONE, vol.4, p.7966, 2009.

S. Sun, J. T. Wong, and T. Zhang, Atomistic Simulations of Electroporation in Water Preembedded Membranes, J. Phys. Chem. B, vol.115, pp.13355-13359, 2011.

M. L. Fernández and R. Reigada, Effects of Dimethyl Sulfoxide on Lipid Membrane Electroporation, J. Phys. Chem. B, vol.118, pp.9306-9312, 2014.

E. K. Peter and I. V. Pivkin, A polarizable coarse-grained water model for dissipative particle dynamics, J. Chem. Phys, vol.141, p.164506, 2014.

A. A. Gurtovenko and A. S. Lyulina, Electroporation of Asymmetric Phospholipid Membranes, J. Phys. Chem. B, vol.118, pp.9909-9918, 2014.

M. L. Fernández, G. Marshall, F. Sagués, and R. Reigada, Structural and Kinetic Molecular Dynamics Study of Electroporation in Cholesterol-Containing Bilayers, J. Phys. Chem

B. , , pp.6855-6865, 2010.

R. Reigada and M. L. Fernandez, Structure and electroporation of lipid bilayers: A Molecular Dynamics study, Gen. Assem. Sci. Symp, pp.1-4, 2011.

, CLASSICAL MOLECULAR DYNAMICS / MÉTHODES DE MODÉLISATION: DYNAMIQUE MOLÉCULAIRE CLASSIQUE

B. J. Alder and T. E. Wainwright, Studies in Molecular Dynamics. I. General Method, vol.31, pp.459-466, 1959.

I. Mayer, Simple Theorems, Proofs, and Derivations in Quantum Chemistry, 2013.

D. S. Larsson, L. Liljas, D. Van-der, and . Spoel, Virus Capsid Dissolution Studied by Microsecond Molecular Dynamics Simulations, PLoS Comput Biol, vol.8, p.1002502, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002502

URL : https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002502&type=printable

A. R. Leach, Molecular Modelling: Principles and Applications, 2001.

L. Verlet, Computer "Experiments" on Classical Fluids. I. Thermodynamical Properties of Lennard-Jones Molecules, vol.159, pp.98-103, 1967.

T. Schlick, E. Barth, M. Mandziuk, B. Dynamics, and . Long-timesteps, Bridging the Timescale Gap Between Simulation and Experimentation, Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct, vol.26, pp.181-222, 1997.

J. Ryckaert, G. Ciccotti, and H. J. Berendsen, Numerical integration of the cartesian equations of motion of a system with constraints: molecular dynamics of n-alkanes, J. Comput. Phys, vol.23, pp.327-341, 1977.

H. C. Andersen, Rattle: A "velocity" version of the shake algorithm for molecular dynamics calculations, J. Comput. Phys, vol.52, pp.24-34, 1983.

B. Hess, H. Bekker, H. J. Berendsen, and J. G. Fraaije, LINCS: A linear constraint solver for molecular simulations, J. Comput. Chem, vol.18, pp.1463-1472, 1997.

S. Miyamoto and P. A. Kollman, Settle: An analytical version of the SHAKE and RATTLE algorithm for rigid water models, J. Comput. Chem, vol.13, pp.952-962, 1992.

Q. Hu, S. Viswanadham, R. P. Joshi, K. H. Schoenbach, S. J. Beebe et al., Simulations of transient membrane behavior in cells subjected to a high-intensity ultrashort electric pulse, Phys. Rev. E, vol.71, p.31914, 2005.

W. D. Cornell, P. Cieplak, C. I. Bayly, I. R. Gould, K. M. Merz et al., A Second Generation Force Field for the Simulation of Proteins, Nucleic Acids, and Organic Molecules, J. Am. Chem. Soc, vol.117, pp.5179-5197, 1995.

A. D. Mackerell, D. Bashford, M. Bellott, R. L. Dunbrack, J. D. Evanseck et al., All-Atom Empirical Potential for Molecular Modeling and Dynamics Studies of Proteins, J. Phys. Chem. B, vol.102, pp.3586-3616, 1998.

C. Oostenbrink, A. Villa, A. E. Mark, and W. F. Van-gunsteren, A biomolecular force field CHAPTER 3. METHODS: CLASSICAL MOLECULAR DYNAMICS / MÉTHODES DE MODÉLISATION: DYNAMIQUE MOLÉCULAIRE CLASSIQUE based on the free enthalpy of hydration and solvation: The GROMOS force-field parameter sets 53A5 and 53A6, J. Comput. Chem, vol.25, pp.1656-1676, 2004.

W. L. Jorgensen, D. S. Maxwell, and J. Tirado-rives,

, All-Atom Force Field on Conformational Energetics and Properties of Organic Liquids, J. Am. Chem. Soc, vol.118, pp.11225-11236, 1996.

J. B. Klauda, R. M. Venable, J. A. Freites, J. W. O'connor, D. J. Tobias et al.,

. Ramirez, Update of the CHARMM all-atom additive force field for lipids: validation on six lipid types, J. Phys. Chem. B, vol.114, pp.7830-7843, 2010.

B. Hess, C. Kutzner, D. Van-der-spoel, and E. Lindahl, Algorithms for Highly Efficient, Load Balanced, and Scalable Molecular Simulation, J. Chem. Theory Comput, vol.4, pp.435-447, 2008.

M. P. Allen and D. J. Tildesley, Computer Simulation of Liquids, 1989.

U. Essmann, L. Perera, M. L. Berkowitz, T. Darden, H. Lee et al., A smooth particle mesh Ewald method, J. Chem. Phys, vol.103, pp.8577-8593, 1995.

D. Chandler, Introduction to Modern Statistical Mechanics, 1987.

W. G. Hoover, Canonical dynamics: Equilibrium phase-space distributions, Phys. Rev. A, vol.31, pp.1695-1697, 1985.

H. J. Berendsen, J. P. Postma, W. F. Van-gunsteren, A. Dinola, and J. R. Haak, Molecular dynamics with coupling to an external bath, J. Chem. Phys, vol.81, pp.3684-3690, 1984.

H. C. Andersen, Molecular dynamics simulations at constant pressure and/or temperature, J. Chem. Phys, vol.72, pp.2384-2393, 1980.

M. Parrinello and A. Rahman, Polymorphic transitions in single crystals: A new molecular dynamics method, J. Appl. Phys, vol.52, pp.7182-7190, 1981.

E. Neumann, A. E. Sowers, and C. A. Jordan, Electroporation and Electrofusion in Cell Biology, 1989.

J. A. Nickoloff, Animal Cell Electroporation and Electrofusion Protocols, 1995.

M. Breton and L. M. Mir, Microsecond and nanosecond electric pulses in cancer treatments, Bioelectromagnetics, vol.33, pp.106-123, 2012.

D. Miklav?i?, B. Mali, B. Kos, R. Heller, and G. Ser?a, Electrochemotherapy: from the drawing board into medical practice, Biomed. Eng. OnLine, vol.13, p.29, 2014.

M. Sällberg, L. Frelin, G. Ahlen, and M. Sällberg-chen, Electroporation for therapeutic DNA vaccination in patients, Med. Microbiol. Immunol. (Berl.), vol.204, pp.131-135, 2014.

G. Ser?a, J. Teissie, M. Cemazar, E. Signori, U. Kamensek et al., Electrochemotherapy of tumors as in situ vaccination boosted by immunogene electrotransfer, Cancer Immunol. Immunother. CII, vol.64, pp.1315-1327, 2015.

L. C. Heller and R. Heller, In Vivo Electroporation for Gene Therapy, Hum. Gene Ther, vol.17, pp.890-897, 2006.

S. Chabot, J. Teissié, and M. Golzio, Targeted electro-delivery of oligonucleotides for RNA interference: siRNA and antimiR, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev, vol.81, pp.161-168, 2015.

C. Jiang, R. V. Davalos, and J. C. Bischof, A Review of Basic to Clinical Studies of Irreversible Electroporation Therapy, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng, vol.62, pp.4-20, 2015.

L. Chopinet and M. P. Rols, Nanosecond electric pulses: a mini-review of the present state of the art, Bioelectrochemistry Amst. Neth, vol.103, pp.2-6, 2015.

T. Kotnik, G. Pucihar, and D. Miklav?i?, Induced Transmembrane Voltage and Its Correlation with Electroporation-Mediated Molecular Transport, J. Membr. Biol, vol.236, 2010.

I. G. Abidor, V. B. Arakelyan, L. V. Chernomordik, Y. A. Chizmadzhev, and V. F. Pastushenko,

M. P. Tarasevich, Electric breakdown of bilayer lipid membranes: I. The main experimental facts and their qualitative discussion, J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem, vol.104, pp.37-52, 1979.

J. Teissié, N. Eynard, B. Gabriel, and M. P. Rols, Electropermeabilization of cell membranes, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev, vol.35, pp.3-19, 1999.

L. M. Mir, S. Orlowski, J. Belehradek, C. Paoletti, ;. Properties-of et al., Electrochemotherapy potentiation of antitumour effect of bleomycin by local electric pulses, Eur. J. Cancer Clin. Oncol. CHAPTER, pp.68-72, 1991.

S. Kalinowski, G. Ibron, K. Bryl, and Z. Figaszewski, Chronopotentiometric studies of electroporation of bilayer lipid membranes, Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA -Biomembr, vol.1369, pp.204-212, 1998.

S. Koronkiewicz and S. Kalinowski, Influence of cholesterol on electroporation of bilayer lipid membranes: chronopotentiometric studies, Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA -Biomembr, vol.1661, pp.196-203, 2004.

M. Kotulska, Natural Fluctuations of an Electropore Show Fractional Lévy Stable Motion, Biophys. J, vol.92, pp.2412-2421, 2007.

H. Krassen, U. Pliquett, and E. Neumann, Nonlinear current-voltage relationship of the plasma membrane of single CHO cells, Bioelectrochemistry, vol.70, pp.71-77, 2007.

O. M. Nesin, O. N. Pakhomova, S. Xiao, and A. G. Pakhomov, Manipulation of cell volume and membrane pore comparison following single cell permeabilization with 60-and 600-ns electric pulses, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, vol.1808, pp.792-801, 2011.

A. Silve, I. Leray, and L. M. Mir, Demonstration of cell membrane permeabilization to medium-sized molecules caused by a single 10 ns electric pulse, Bioelectrochemistry, vol.87, pp.260-264, 2012.

A. G. Pakhomov, E. Gianulis, P. T. Vernier, I. Semenov, S. Xiao et al., Multiple nanosecond electric pulses increase the number but not the size of long-lived nanopores in the cell membrane, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, vol.1848, pp.958-966, 2015.

D. P. Tieleman, The molecular basis of electroporation, BMC Biochem, vol.5, p.10, 2004.

M. Tarek, Membrane Electroporation: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation

, J, vol.88, pp.4045-4053, 2005.

Z. A. Levine and P. T. Vernier, Life cycle of an electropore: Field dependent and field-indepedent steps in pore creation and annihilation, J. Membr. Biol, vol.236, pp.27-36, 2010.

M. Szabo and M. I. Wallace, Imaging potassium-flux through individual electropores in droplet interface bilayers, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2015.

S. Li, Electroporation Protocols: Preclinical and Clinical Gene Medicine, 2008.

A. Paganin-gioanni, E. Bellard, J. M. Escoffre, M. P. Rols, J. Teissié et al., Direct visualization at the single-cell level of siRNA electrotransfer into cancer cells, Proc. Natl

. Acad and . Sci, , vol.108, pp.10443-10447, 2011.

M. Breton, L. Delemotte, and A. Silve, UNE CARACTÉRISATION MOLÉCULAIRE driven by nanosecond electric pulses: An experimental and computational study, J. Am. Chem. Soc, vol.134, pp.13938-13941, 2012.

J. Gumbart, F. Khalili-araghi, M. Sotomayor, and B. Roux, Constant electric field simulations of the membrane potential illustrated with simple systems, Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA -Biomembr, vol.1818, pp.294-302, 2012.

L. Delemotte and M. Tarek, Molecular dynamics simulations of lipid membrane electroporation, J. Membr. Biol, vol.245, pp.531-543, 2012.

M. J. Ziegler and P. T. Vernier, Interface Water Dynamics and Porating Electric Fields for Phospholipid Bilayers, J. Phys. Chem. B, vol.112, pp.13588-13596, 2008.

M. Tokman, J. H. Lee, Z. A. Levine, M. Ho, M. E. Colvin et al., Electric FieldDriven Water Dipoles: Nanoscale Architecture of Electroporation, vol.8, p.61111, 2013.

A. Polak, D. Bonhenry, F. Dehez, P. Kramar, D. Miklav?i? et al., On the Electroporation Thresholds of Lipid Bilayers: Molecular Dynamics Simulation Investigations, vol.246, pp.843-850, 2013.

A. Properties-of-electropores, . Molecular-characterization-/-propriétés-des, U. Électropores, and . Caractérisation-moléculaire,

A. R. Leach, Molecular Modelling: Principles and Applications, 2001.

L. Saiz and M. L. Klein, Structural Properties of a Highly Polyunsaturated Lipid Bilayer from Molecular Dynamics Simulations, Biophys. J, vol.81, pp.204-216, 2001.

T. Róg, K. Murzyn, and M. Pasenkiewicz-gierula, The dynamics of water at the phospholipid bilayer surface: a molecular dynamics simulation study, Chem. Phys. Lett, vol.352, pp.323-327, 2002.

S. E. Feller, K. Gawrisch, and A. D. Mackerell, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Lipid Bilayers: Intrinsic an Environmental Contributions to Their Unique Physical Properties, J. Am. Chem. Soc, vol.124, pp.318-326, 2002.

K. V. Damodaran and K. M. Merz, A comparison of DMPC-and DLPE-based lipid bilayers, Biophys. J, vol.66, pp.1076-1087, 1994.

J. J. López-cascales, H. J. Berendsen, J. Garcia-de-la, and T. , Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Water between Two Charged Layers of Dipalmitoylphosphatidylserine, J. Phys. Chem, vol.100, pp.8621-8627, 1996.

S. W. Chiu, S. Vasudevan, E. Jakobsson, R. J. Mashl, and H. L. Scott, Structure of Sphingomyelin Bilayers: A Simulation Study, Biophys. J, vol.85, pp.3624-3635, 2003.

P. Mukhopadhyay, L. Monticelli, and D. P. Tieleman, Molecular Dynamics Simulation of a

. Palmitoyl-oleoyl, Phosphatidylserine Bilayer with Na+ Counterions and NaCl, Biophys. J, vol.86, pp.1601-1609, 2004.

D. Y. Villanueva, J. B. Lim, and J. B. Klauda, Influence of Ester-Modified Lipids on Bilayer Structure, vol.29, pp.14196-14203, 2013.

S. A. Pandit, D. Bostick, and M. L. Berkowitz, Mixed bilayer containing dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and dipalmitoylphosphatidylserine: lipid complexation, ion binding, and electrostatics, Biophys. J, vol.85, pp.3120-3131, 2003.

R. Y. Patel and P. V. Balaji, Characterization of Symmetric and Asymmetric Lipid Bilayers Composed of Varying Concentrations of Ganglioside GM1 and DPPC, J. Phys. Chem. B, vol.112, pp.3346-3356, 2008.

A. A. Gurtovenko and I. Vattulainen, Membrane Potential and Electrostatics of Phospholipid Bilayers with Asymmetric Transmembrane Distribution of Anionic Lipids, J. Phys. Chem. B, vol.112, pp.4629-4634, 2008.

A. A. Gurtovenko, I. Vattulainen, ;. Properties-of, A. Electropores, . Molecular-characterization-/-propriétés-des et al., Effect of NaCl and KCl on phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine lipid membranes: insight from atomic-scale simulations for CHAPTER, J. Phys. Chem. B, vol.112, pp.1953-1962, 2008.

T. Róg, H. Martinez-seara, N. Munck, M. Ore?i?, M. Karttunen et al., Role of Cardiolipins in the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane: Insight Gained through Atom-Scale Simulations, J. Phys. Chem. B, vol.113, pp.3413-3422, 2009.

R. Vácha, M. L. Berkowitz, and P. Jungwirth, Molecular Model of a Cell Plasma Membrane With an Asymmetric Multicomponent Composition: Water Permeation and Ion Effects, Biophys. J, vol.96, pp.4493-4501, 2009.

H. Martinez-seara, T. Róg, M. Karttunen, I. Vattulainen, and R. Reigada, Cholesterol Induces Specific Spatial and Orientational Order in Cholesterol/Phospholipid Membranes, PLoS ONE, vol.5, p.11162, 2010.

D. J. Tobias, K. Tu, and M. L. Klein, Atomic-scale molecular dynamics simulations of lipid membranes, Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci, vol.2, pp.15-26, 1997.

C. Anézo, A. H. De-vries, H. Höltje, D. P. Tieleman, and S. Marrink, Methodological Issues in Lipid Bilayer Simulations, J. Phys. Chem. B, vol.107, pp.9424-9433, 2003.

C. Chipot, M. L. Klein, and M. Tarek, Modeling Lipid Membranes

. Mater, . Model, and . Springer-netherlands, , pp.929-958, 2005.

M. C. Wiener and S. H. White, Structure of a fluid dioleoylphosphatidylcholine bilayer determined by joint refinement of x-ray and neutron diffraction data. III. Complete structure, Biophys. J, vol.61, pp.434-447, 1992.

S. Kohler, Z. A. Levine, M. A. Garcia-fernandez, M. Ho, P. T. Vernier et al., Electrical Analysis of Cell Membrane Poration by an Intense Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field Using an Atomistic-to-Continuum Method, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech, vol.63, pp.2032-2040, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01219633

K. J. Tielrooij, D. Paparo, L. Piatkowski, H. J. Bakker, and M. Bonn, Dielectric Relaxation Dynamics of Water in Model Membranes Probed by Terahertz Spectroscopy, Biophys. J, vol.97, pp.2484-2492, 2009.

S. Gekle and R. R. Netz, Nanometer-Resolved Radio-Frequency Absorption and Heating in Biomembrane Hydration Layers, J. Phys. Chem. B, vol.118, pp.4963-4969, 2014.

, Life -As a Matter of Fat, 2005.

B. Hille, Ion channels of excitable membranes, 1940.

E. Gouaux and R. Mackinnon, Principles of Selective Ion Transport in Channels and Pumps, Science, vol.310, pp.1461-1465, 2005.

A. Properties-of-electropores, . Molecular-characterization-/-propriétés-des, U. Électropores, and . Caractérisation-moléculaire,

M. Bloom, E. E. , and O. G. Mouritsen, Physical properties of the fluid lipid-bilayer component of cell membranes: a perspective, Q. Rev. Bioph, vol.24, pp.293-397, 1991.

D. A. Brown and E. London, Structure and function of sphingolipid-and cholesterolrich membrane rafts, J. Biol. Chem, vol.275, pp.17221-17224, 2000.

M. L. Berkowitz, Detailed molecular dynamics simulations of model biological membranes containing cholesterol, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, vol.1788, pp.86-96, 2009.

K. Tu, M. L. Klein, and D. J. Tobias, Constant-pressure molecular dynamics investigation of cholesterol effects in a dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline bilayer, Biophys. J, vol.75, issue.5, pp.2147-2156, 1998.

N. Kucerka, J. D. Perlmutter, J. Pan, S. Tristram-nagle, J. Katsaras et al., The effect of cholesterol on short-and long-chain mono-unsaturated lipid bilayers as determined by molecular dynamics simulations and X-ray scattering, Biophys. J, vol.95, pp.2792-2805, 2008.

A. Sharma and U. S. Sharma, Liposomes in drug delivery: Progress and limitations

, J. Pharm, vol.154, pp.123-140, 1997.

J. B. Klauda, R. M. Venable, and J. A. Freites, Update of the CHARMM all-atom additive force field for lipids: Validation on six lipid types, J. Phys .Chem. B, vol.114, pp.7830-7843, 2010.

W. L. Jorgensen, J. Chandrasekhar, and J. D. Madura, Comparison of simple potential functions for simulating liquid water, J. Chem. Phys, vol.79, pp.926-935, 1983.

B. Hess, H. Bekker, and H. J. Berendsen, LINCS: A linear constraint solver for molecular simulations, J. Comp. Chem, vol.18, pp.1463-1472, 1997.

U. Essmann, L. Perera, and M. L. Berkowitz, A smooth particle mesh ewald method, J. Chem. Phys, vol.103, pp.8577-8593, 1995.

B. Hess, C. Kutzner, and D. Van-der-spoel, GROMACS 4: algorithms for highly efficient, load-balanced, and scalable molecular simulation, J. Comp. Theor. Chem, vol.4, 2008.

D. P. Tieleman, The molecular basis of electroporation, BMC Biochem, vol.5, p.10, 2004.

J. Gumbart, F. Khalili-araghi, M. Sotomayor, and B. Roux, Constant electric field simulations of the membrane potential illustrated with simple systems, Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA -Biomembr, vol.1818, pp.294-302, 2012.

M. Tarek, Membrane Electroporation: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation

, J, vol.88, pp.4045-4053, 2005.

A. Properties-of-electropores, . Molecular-characterization-/-propriétés-des, U. Électropores, and . Caractérisation-moléculaire,

P. Kohel, Electrostatics calculations: latest methodological advances, Current Opinion in Structural Biology, vol.16, pp.142-143, 2006.

L. Delemotte and M. Tarek, Molecular dynamics simulations of lipid membrane electroporation, J. Membr. Biol, vol.245, pp.531-543, 2012.

A. Aksimentiev and K. Schulten, Imaging a-Hemolysin with Molecular Dynamics: Ionic

. Conductance, Osmotic Permeability, and the Electrostatic Potential Map, Biophysical Journal, vol.88, pp.3745-3761, 2005.

A. A. Gurtovenko and I. Vattulainen, Calculation of the electrostatic potential of lipid bilayers from molecular dynamics simulations: Methodological issues, J. Chem. Phys, vol.130, p.215107, 2009.

M. D'alessandro, M. Aschi, and M. Paci, Theoretical Modeling of Enzyme Reaction Chemistry: The Electron Transfer of the Reduction Mechanism in CuZn Superoxide Dismutase, J Phys Chem B, vol.108, pp.16255-16260, 2004.

P. Marracino, M. Casciola, M. Liberti, and F. Apollonio, Evaluation of Protein Electrostatic Potential from Molecular Dynamics Simulations in the Presence of Exogenous Electric Fields: The Case Study of Myoglobin, Comput. Electrost. Biol. Appl, pp.255-270, 2015.

M. L. Fernández, G. Marshall, F. Sagués, and R. Reigada, Structural and Kinetic Molecular Dynamics Study of Electroporation in Cholesterol-Containing Bilayers, J. Phys. Chem. B, vol.114, pp.6855-6865, 2010.

R. A. Böckmann, B. L. De-groot, S. Kakorin, E. Neumann, and H. Grubmüller, Kinetics, Statistics, and Energetics of Lipid Membrane Electroporation Studied by Molecular Dynamics Simulations, Biophys. J, vol.95, pp.1837-1850, 2008.

M. J. Ziegler and P. T. Vernier, Interface Water Dynamics and Porating Electric Fields for Phospholipid Bilayers, J. Phys. Chem. B, vol.112, pp.13588-13596, 2008.

M. Tokman, J. H. Lee, Z. A. Levine, M. Ho, M. E. Colvin et al., Electric FieldDriven Water Dipoles: Nanoscale Architecture of Electroporation, vol.8, p.61111, 2013.

A. Polak, D. Bonhenry, F. Dehez, P. Kramar, D. Miklav?i? et al., On the Electroporation Thresholds of Lipid Bilayers: Molecular Dynamics Simulation Investigations, vol.246, pp.843-850, 2013.

A. Properties-of-electropores, . Molecular-characterization-/-propriétés-des, U. Électropores, and . Caractérisation-moléculaire,

E. Neumann, The relaxation hysteresis of membrane electroporation, Electroporation and Electrofusion in Cell Biology, pp.61-82, 1989.

J. A. Nickoloff, Animal Cell Electroporation and Electrofusion Protocols, 1995.

S. Li, Electroporation Protocols: Preclinical and Clinical Gene Medecine, 2008.

E. Neumann and K. Rosenheck, Permeability changes induced by electric impulses in vesicular membranes, J. Membr. Biol, vol.10, pp.279-290, 1972.

U. Zimmerman, G. Pilwat, and F. Beckers, Effects of external electrical fields on cell membranes, Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg, vol.3, pp.58-83, 1976.

R. W. Glaser, S. L. Leiken, and L. V. Chernomordik, Reversible electrical breakdown of lipid bilayers: Formation and evolution of pores, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, vol.940, pp.275-287, 1988.

D. Needham and R. M. Hochmuth, Electro-mechanical permeabilization of lipid vesicles, Biophys. J, vol.55, pp.1001-1009, 1989.

U. Zimmerman, The Effect of High Intensity Electric Field Pulses on Eukaryotic Cell Membranes: Fundamentals and Applications, 1996.

J. Teissié, N. Eynard, and B. Gabriel, Electropermeabilization of cell membranes, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev, vol.35, pp.3-19, 1999.

T. Y. Tsong, Electric modification of membrane permeability for drug loading into living cells, Methods Enzymol, vol.149, pp.248-259, 1987.

J. C. Weaver, Electroporation Theory, pp.3-29, 1995.

T. Y. Tsong, Electroporation of cell membranes, Biophys. J, vol.60, pp.297-306, 1991.

E. Neumann, M. Schaefer-ridder, and Y. Wang, Gene transfer into mouse lyoma cells by electroporation in high electric fields, EMBO J, vol.1, pp.841-845, 1982.

R. C. Lee, L. P. River, and F. S. Pan, Surfactant-induced sealing of electropermeabilized skeletal muscle membrane in vivo, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.89, pp.4524-4528, 1992.

T. Nishi, K. Yoshizato, and S. Yamashiro, High-efficiency in vivo gene transfer using intraarterial plasmid DNA injection following in vivo electroporation, Cancer Res, vol.56, pp.1050-1055, 1996.

J. A. Lundqvist, F. Sahlin, and M. A. Aberg, Altering the biochemical state of individual cultured cells and organelles with ultramicroelectrodes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.95, pp.10356-10360, 1998.

R. L. Harrison, B. J. Byrne, and L. Tung, Electroporation-mediated gene transfer in cardiac tissue, FEBS Lett, vol.435, pp.1-5, 1998.

M. Golzio, J. Teissie, and M. Rols, Direct visualization at the single-cell level of electriclly mediated gene delivery, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.99, pp.1292-1297, 2002.

T. Y. Tsong-;-m, V. G. Prausnitz, R. Bose, and . Langer, Electroporation of mammalian skin: a mechanism to enhance transdermal drug delivery, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.3, pp.10504-10508, 1983.

T. Suzuki, B. C. Shin, and K. Fujikura, Direct gene transfer into rat liver cells by in vivo electroporation, FEBS Lett, vol.425, pp.436-440, 1998.

M. Breton, L. Delemotte, and A. Silve, Transport of siRNA through lipid membranes driven by nanosecond electric pulses: An experimental and computational study, J. Am. Chem. Soc, vol.134, pp.13938-13941, 2012.

A. Testori, J. Soteldo, and A. D. Pietro, The treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions with electrochemotherapy with bleomycin, Eur. Dermatology, vol.3, pp.1-3, 2008.

M. Cemazar, Y. Tamzali, and G. Ser?a, Electrochemotherapy in veterinary oncology, J. Vet. Int. Med, vol.22, pp.826-831, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00319530

J. Villemejane and L. M. Mir, Physical methods of nucleic acid transfer: general concepts and applications, Brit. J. Pharma, vol.157, pp.207-219, 2009.

A. M. Bodles-brakhop, R. Heller, and R. Draghia-akli, Electroporation for the delivery of DNA-based vaccines and immunotherapeutics: Current clinical developments, Mol. Therap, vol.17, pp.585-592, 2009.

L. G. Campana, S. Mocellin, and M. Basso, Bleomycin-based electrochemotherapy: clinical outcome from a single institution's experience with 52 Patients, Ann. Surg. Onc, vol.16, pp.191-199, 2009.

A. Pakhomov, D. Miklavcic, and M. Markov, Advanced Electroporation Techniques in Biology and Medicine, 2010.

B. Zorec1, V. Préat, D. Miklav?i?, and N. Pav?elj, Active enhancement methods for intraand transdermal drug delivery: a review, Zdrav. Vestn, vol.82, pp.339-356, 2013.

A. Properties-of-electropores, . Molecular-characterization-/-propriétés-des, U. Électropores, C. Caractérisation-moléculaire-;-s.-chabot, M. Rosazza et al., Nucleic acids electro-transfer: from bench to bedside, Curr. Drug. Metab, vol.30, pp.300-308, 2013.

C. Chen, S. W. Smye, and M. P. Robinson, Membrane electroporation theories: a review, Med. Biol. Eng. Comput, vol.44, pp.5-14, 2006.

S. J. Beebe and K. H. Schoenbach, Nanosecond pulsed electric fields: A new stimulus to activate intracellular signaling, J. Biomed. Biotech, vol.4, pp.297-300, 2005.

R. Benz, F. Beckers, and U. Zimmerman, Reversible electrical breakdown of lipid bilayer membranes -Charge-pulse relaxation study, J. Membr. Biol, vol.48, pp.181-204, 1979.

L. V. Chernomordik, S. I. Sukharev, and S. V. Popov, The electrical breakdown of cell and lipid membranes: the similarity of phenomenologies, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, vol.902, pp.360-373, 1987.

D. P. Tieleman, The molecular basis of electroporation, BMC Biochemistry, vol.5, p.10, 2004.

Q. Hu, S. Viswanadham, and R. P. Joshi, Simulations of transient membrane behavior in cells subjected to a high-intensity ultrashort electric pulse, Phys. Rev. E, vol.71, p.31914, 2005.

A. A. Gurtovenko and I. Vattulainen, Pore formation coupled to ion transport through lipid membranes as induced by transmembrane ionic charge imbalance: Atomistic molecular dynamics study, J. Am. Chem. Soc, vol.127, pp.17570-17571, 2005.

M. Tarek, Membrane electroporation: A molecular dynamics simulation

, J, vol.88, pp.4045-4053, 2005.

P. T. Vernier, M. J. Ziegler, and Y. Sun, Nanopore formation and phosphatidylserine externalization in a phospholipid bilayer at high transmembrane potential, J. Am. Chem. Soc, vol.128, pp.6288-6289, 2006.

R. A. Bockmann, B. L. De-groot, and S. Kakorin, Kinetics, statistics, and energetics of lipid membrane electroporation studied by molecular dynamics simulations, Biophys. J, vol.95, pp.1837-1850, 2008.

M. J. Ziegler and P. T. Vernier, Interface water dynamics and porating electric fields for phospholipid bilayers, J. Phys. Chem. B, vol.112, pp.13588-13596, 2008.

A. A. Gurtovenko, J. J. Anwar, and I. Vattulainen, Defect-mediated trafficking across cell membranes: Insights from in silico modeling, Chem. Rev, vol.110, pp.6077-6103, 2010.

Z. A. Levine, P. T. Vernier, ;. Properties-of, A. Electropores, . Molecular-characterization-/-propriétés-des et al., Life cycle of an electropore: Field dependent and field-indepedent steps in pore creation and annihilation, J. Membr. Biol, vol.236, pp.27-36, 2010.

L. Delemotte and M. Tarek, Molecular dynamics simulations of lipid membrane electroporation, J. Membr. Biol, vol.245, pp.531-543, 2012.

M. Ho, M. Casciola, Z. A. Levine, and P. T. Vernier, Molecular dynamics simulations of ion conductance in field-stabilized nanoscale lipid electropores, J. Phys .Chem. B, vol.117, pp.11633-11640, 2013.

M. Tokman, J. H. Lee, Z. A. Levine, M. Ho, M. E. Colvin et al., Electric FieldDriven Water Dipoles: Nanoscale Architecture of Electroporation, vol.8, pp.1-9, 2013.

P. T. Vernier, M. J. Ziegler, Y. Sun, M. A. Gundersen, and D. P. Tieleman, Nanoporefacilitated, voltage-driven phosphatidylserine translocation in lipid bilayers -in cells and in silico, Phys. Biol, vol.3, pp.233-247, 2006.

P. Kramar, L. Delemotte, and A. M. Lebar, Molecular-level characterization of lipid membrane electroporation using linearly rising current, J. Membr. Biol, vol.245, pp.651-659, 2012.

A. Polak, M. Tarek, M. Tom?i?, J. Valant, N. P. Ulrih et al., Electroporation of Archaeal Lipid Membranes using MD Simulations, Bioelectrochem, 2014.

T. Benvegnu, M. Brard, and D. Plusquellec, Archaeabacteria bipolar lipid analogues: structure, synthesis and lyotropic properties, Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci, vol.8, pp.469-479, 2004.

N. P. Ulrih, D. Gmajner, and P. Raspor, Structural and physicochemical properties of polar lipids from thermophilic archaea, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol, vol.84, pp.249-60, 2009.

N. P. Ulrih, U. Adamlje, M. Nemec, and M. Sentjurc, Temperature-and pH-induced structural changes in the membrane of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Aeropyrum pernix K1, J. Membr. Biol, vol.219, pp.1-8, 2007.

M. Bloom, E. E. , and O. G. Mouritsen, Physical properties of the fluid lipid-bilayer component of cell membranes: a perspective, Q. Rev. Bioph, vol.24, pp.293-397, 1991.

D. A. Brown and E. London, Structure and function of sphingolipid-and cholesterolrich membrane rafts, J. Biol. Chem, vol.275, pp.17221-17224, 2000.

M. L. Berkowitz, Detailed molecular dynamics simulations of model biological membranes containing cholesterol, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, vol.1788, pp.86-96, 2009.

K. Tu, M. L. Klein, and D. J. Tobias, Constant-pressure molecular dynamics investigation of cholesterol effects in a dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline bilayer, Biophys. J, vol.75, issue.5, pp.2147-2156, 1998.

H. Martinez-seara, T. Rog, M. Karttunen, I. Vattulainen, R. Reigada et al., UNE CARACTÉRISATION MOLÉCULAIRE induces specific spatial and orientational order in cholesterol/phospholipid membranes, PLoS ONE, vol.5, pp.1-11, 2010.

N. Kucerka, J. D. Perlmutter, J. Pan, S. Tristram-nagle, J. Katsaras et al., The effect of cholesterol on short-and long-chain mono-unsaturated lipid bilayers as determined by molecular dynamics simulations and X-ray scattering, Biophys. J, vol.95, pp.2792-2805, 2008.

S. Kakorin, U. Brinkmann, and E. Neumann, Cholesterol reduces membrane electroporation and electric deformation of small bilayer vesicles, Biophys. Chem, vol.117, 2005.

S. Koronkiewicz and . Kalinowski, Influence of cholesterol on electroporation of bilayer lipid membranes: chronopotentiometric studies, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, vol.1661, pp.196-203, 2004.

M. Naumowicz and Z. A. Figaszewski, Pore formation in lipid bilayer membranes made of phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol followed by means of constant current, Cell Biochem. Biophys, vol.66, pp.109-119, 2013.

I. Van-uitert, S. L. Gac, A. Van-den, and . Berg, The influence of different membrane components on the electrical stability of bilayer lipid membranes, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, vol.1798, pp.21-31, 2010.

M. L. Fernáandez, G. Marshall, and F. Saguées, Structural and kinetic molecular dynamics study of electroporation in cholesterol-containing bilayers, J. Phys Chem. B, vol.114, pp.6855-6865, 2010.

W. C. Hung, M. T. Lee, and F. T. Chen, The condensing effect of cholesterol in lipid bilayers, Biophys. J, vol.92, pp.3960-3967, 2007.

F. Meyer and B. Smit, Effect of cholesterol on the structure of a phospholipid bilayer, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.106, pp.3654-3658, 2009.

S. J. Marrink, A. H. De-vries, T. A. Harroun, J. Katsaras, and S. R. Wassall, Cholesterol shows preference for the interior of polyunsaturated lipid membranes, J. Am. Chem. Soc, vol.130, pp.10-11, 2008.

W. F. Bennett, J. L. Maccallum, and D. P. Tieleman, Thermodynamic analysis of the effect of cholesterol on dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine lipid membranes, J. Am. Chem. Soc, vol.131, pp.1972-1978, 2009.

L. Delemotte, F. Dehez, and W. Treptow, Modeling membranes under a transmembrane potential, J. Phys. Chem. B, vol.112, pp.5547-5550, 2008.

J. B. Klauda, R. M. Venable, and J. A. Freites, Update of the CHARMM all-atom additive force field for lipids: Validation on six lipid types, J. Phys .Chem. B, vol.114, 2010.

W. L. Jorgensen, J. Chandrasekhar, and J. D. Madura, Comparison of simple potential functions for simulating liquid water, J. Chem. Phys, vol.79, pp.926-935, 1983.

B. Hess, H. Bekker, and H. J. Berendsen, LINCS: A linear constraint solver for molecular simulations, J. Comp. Chem, vol.18, pp.1463-1472, 1997.

U. Essmann, L. Perera, and M. L. Berkowitz, A smooth particle mesh ewald method, J. Chem. Phys, vol.103, pp.8577-8593, 1995.

B. Hess, C. Kutzner, and D. Van-der-spoel, GROMACS 4: algorithms for highly efficient, load-balanced, and scalable molecular simulation, J. Comp. Theor. Chem, vol.4, 2008.

Q. Zhong, P. B. Moore, and D. M. Newns, Molecular dynamics study of the LS3 voltage-gated ion channel, FEBS Lett, vol.427, pp.267-270, 1998.

D. P. Tieleman, J. H. Berendsen, and M. S. Sansom, Voltage-dependent insertion of alamethicin at phospholipid/water and octane water interfaces, Biophys. J, vol.80, 2001.

D. Henderson and P. Crozier, Permeation of ions through a model biological channel: effect of periodic boundary condition and cell size, Molec. Phys, vol.100, pp.3011-3019, 2002.

C. Hofs¨sbhofs¨sb, E. Lindahl, and O. Edholm, Molecular dynamics simulations of phospholipid bilayers with cholesterol, Biophys. J, vol.84, pp.2192-2206, 2003.

A. Properties-of-electropores, . Molecular-characterization-/-propriétés-des, U. Électropores, and . Caractérisation-moléculaire,

E. Neumann, A. E. Sowers, and C. A. Jordan, Electroporation and Electrofusion in Cell Biology, 1989.

J. A. Nickoloff, Animal Cell Electroporation and Electrofusion Protocols, 1995.

S. Li, Electroporation Protocols: Preclinical and Clinical Gene Medicine, 2008.

I. G. Abidor, V. B. Arakelyan, L. V. Chernomordik, Y. A. Chizmadzhev, and V. F. Pastushenko,

M. P. Tarasevich, Electric breakdown of bilayer lipid membranes: I. The main experimental facts and their qualitative discussion, J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem, vol.104, pp.37-52, 1979.

R. Benz, F. Beckers, and U. Zimmermann, Reversible electrical breakdown of lipid bilayer membranes: A charge-pulse relaxation study, J. Membr. Biol, vol.48, pp.181-204, 1979.

J. C. Weaver and Y. A. Chizmadzhev, Theory of electroporation: A review, Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg, vol.41, pp.135-160, 1996.

J. C. Weaver, Electroporation of biological membranes from multicellular to nano scales, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul, vol.10, pp.754-768, 2003.

C. Chen, S. W. Smye, M. P. Robinson, and J. A. Evans, Membrane electroporation theories: a review, Med. Biol. Eng. Comput, vol.44, pp.5-14, 2006.

G. Pucihar, T. Kotnik, D. Miklav?i?, and J. Teissié, Kinetics of transmembrane transport of small molecules into electropermeabilized cells, Biophys. J, vol.95, pp.2837-2848, 2008.

M. Hibino, M. Shigemori, H. Itoh, K. Nagayama, and K. Kinosita, Membrane conductance of an electroporated cell analyzed by submicrosecond imaging of transmembrane potential, Biophys. J, vol.59, pp.209-220, 1991.

M. Breton, L. Delemotte, A. Silve, L. M. Mir, and M. Tarek,

, Lipid Membranes Driven by Nanosecond Electric Pulses: An Experimental and Computational Study, J. Am. Chem. Soc, vol.134, pp.13938-13941, 2012.

L. M. Mir, H. Banoun, and C. Paoletti, Introduction of definite amounts of nonpermeant molecules into living cells after electropermeabilization: direct access to the cytosol, Exp. Cell Res, vol.175, pp.15-25, 1988.

J. Teissié, N. Eynard, B. Gabriel, and M. P. Rols, Electropermeabilization of cell membranes, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev, vol.35, pp.3-19, 1999.

M. Tarek, ;. Properties-of, A. Electropores, . Molecular-characterization-/-propriétés-des, U. Électropores et al., Membrane Electroporation: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation, Biophys. CHAPTER, vol.88, pp.4045-4053, 2005.

T. Kotnik, G. Pucihar, and D. Miklav?i?, Induced Transmembrane Voltage and Its Correlation with Electroporation-Mediated Molecular Transport, J. Membr. Biol, vol.236, 2010.

M. Szabo and M. I. Wallace, Imaging potassium-flux through individual electropores in droplet interface bilayers, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2015.

T. Kotnik, P. Kramar, G. Pucihar, D. Miklav?i?, and M. Tarek, Cell membrane electroporationPart 1: The phenomenon, IEEE Electr. Insul. Mag, vol.28, pp.14-23, 2012.

S. Lakshmanan, G. K. Gupta, P. Avci, R. Chandran, M. Sadasivam et al., Physical energy for drug delivery; poration, concentration and activation, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev, vol.71, pp.98-114, 2014.

J. Villemejane and L. M. Mir, Physical methods of nucleic acid transfer: general concepts and applications, Br. J. Pharmacol, vol.157, pp.207-219, 2009.

J. Teissie, Electrically Mediated Gene Delivery: Basic and Translational Concepts, 2013.

M. Breton and L. M. Mir, Microsecond and nanosecond electric pulses in cancer treatments, Bioelectromagnetics, vol.33, pp.106-123, 2012.

M. L. Yarmush, A. Golberg, G. Ser?a, T. Kotnik, and D. Miklav?i?, Electroporation-Based Technologies for Medicine: Principles, Applications, and Challenges -Annual Review of, Biomedical Engineering, vol.16, issue.1, p.295

R. Cadossi, M. Ronchetti, and M. Cadossi, Locally enhanced chemotherapy by electroporation: clinical experiences and perspective of use of electrochemotherapy, Future Oncol, vol.10, pp.877-890, 2014.

D. Miklav?i?, B. Mali, B. Kos, R. Heller, and G. Ser?a, Electrochemotherapy: from the drawing board into medical practice, Biomed. Eng. OnLine, vol.13, p.29, 2014.

S. Kalinowski, G. Ibron, K. Bryl, and Z. Figaszewski, Chronopotentiometric studies of electroporation of bilayer lipid membranes, Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA -Biomembr, vol.1369, pp.204-212, 1998.

S. Koronkiewicz, S. Kalinowski, and K. Bryl, Programmable chronopotentiometry as a tool for the study of electroporation and resealing of pores in bilayer lipid membranes, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, vol.1561, pp.222-229, 2002.

S. Koronkiewicz and S. Kalinowski, Influence of cholesterol on electroporation of bilayer lipid membranes: chronopotentiometric studies, Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA -Biomembr, vol.1661, pp.196-203, 2004.

A. Properties-of-electropores, . Molecular-characterization-/-propriétés-des, U. Électropores, and . Caractérisation-moléculaire,

M. Pavlin, M. Kandu?er, M. Rebersek, G. Pucihar, F. X. Hart et al., Effect of Cell Electroporation on the Conductivity of a Cell Suspension, Biophys. J, vol.88, pp.4378-4390, 2005.

M. Kotulska, Natural Fluctuations of an Electropore Show Fractional Lévy Stable Motion, Biophys. J, vol.92, pp.2412-2421, 2007.

H. Krassen, U. Pliquett, and E. Neumann, Nonlinear current-voltage relationship of the plasma membrane of single CHO cells, Bioelectrochemistry, vol.70, pp.71-77, 2007.

P. Kramar, L. Delemotte, A. M. Lebar, M. Kotulska, M. Tarek et al., MolecularLevel Characterization of Lipid Membrane Electroporation using Linearly Rising Current, J. Membr. Biol, vol.245, pp.651-659, 2012.

A. M. Bowman, O. M. Nesin, O. N. Pakhomova, and A. G. Pakhomov, Analysis of plasma membrane integrity by fluorescent detection of Tl(+) uptake, J. Membr. Biol, vol.236, pp.15-26, 2010.

O. M. Nesin, O. N. Pakhomova, S. Xiao, and A. G. Pakhomov, Manipulation of cell volume and membrane pore comparison following single cell permeabilization with 60-and 600-ns electric pulses, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, vol.1808, pp.792-801, 2011.

A. Silve, I. Leray, and L. M. Mir, Demonstration of cell membrane permeabilization to medium-sized molecules caused by a single 10 ns electric pulse, Bioelectrochemistry, vol.87, pp.260-264, 2012.

A. G. Pakhomov, E. Gianulis, P. T. Vernier, I. Semenov, S. Xiao et al., Multiple nanosecond electric pulses increase the number but not the size of long-lived nanopores in the cell membrane, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, vol.1848, pp.958-966, 2015.

J. Deng, K. H. Schoenbach, E. Stephen, P. S. Buescher, P. M. Hair et al., The Effects of Intense Submicrosecond Electrical Pulses on Cells, Biophys. J, vol.84, pp.2709-2714, 2003.

P. T. Vernier, Y. Sun, L. Marcu, S. Salemi, C. M. Craft et al., Calcium bursts induced by nanosecond electric pulses, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, vol.310, pp.286-295, 2003.

P. T. Vernier, Y. Sun, and M. A. Gundersen, Nanoelectropulse-driven membrane perturbation and small molecule permeabilization, BMC Cell Biol, issue.7, p.37, 2006.

F. Salomone, M. Breton, I. Leray, F. Cardarelli, C. Boccardi et al., HighYield Nontoxic Gene Transfer through Conjugation of the CM 18 -Tat 11 Chimeric Peptide with Nanosecond Electric Pulses, Mol. Pharm, vol.11, pp.2466-2474, 2014.

J. Kapla, J. Wohlert, B. Stevensson, O. Engström, G. Widmalm et al., Molecular dynamics simulations of membrane-sugar interactions, J. Phys. Chem. B, vol.117, pp.6667-6673, 2013.

A. Barnett, The current-voltage relation of an aqueous pore in a lipid bilayer membrane, Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA -Biomembr, vol.1025, pp.10-14, 1990.

S. Kakorin and E. Neumann, Ionic conductivity of electroporated lipid bilayer membranes, Bioelectrochemistry Amst. Neth, vol.56, pp.163-166, 2002.

J. Li and H. Lin, The current-voltage relation for electropores with conductivity gradients, Biomicrofluidics, issue.4, 2010.

G. Moy, B. Corry, S. Kuyucak, and S. Chung, Tests of Continuum Theories as Models of Ion Channels. I. Poisson-Boltzmann Theory versus Brownian Dynamics, Biophys. J, vol.78, pp.2349-2363, 2000.

B. Corry, S. Kuyucak, and S. Chung, Tests of Continuum Theories as Models of Ion Channels. II. Poisson-Nernst-Planck Theory versus Brownian Dynamics, Biophys. J, vol.78, pp.2364-2381, 2000.

L. Rems, M. Casciola, M. Tarek, and D. Miklav?i?, Properties of lipid electropores II: Comparison of continuum-level modeling of pore conductance to molecular dynamics simulations, Bioelectrochemistry Submitt. Rev

D. P. Tieleman, The molecular basis of electroporation, BMC Biochem, vol.5, p.10, 2004.

Q. Hu, S. Viswanadham, R. Joshi, K. Schoenbach, S. Beebe et al., Simulations of transient membrane behavior in cells subjected to a high-intensity ultrashort electric pulse, Phys. Rev. E, vol.71, p.31914, 2005.

R. A. Böckmann, B. L. De-groot, S. Kakorin, E. Neumann, and H. Grubmüller, Kinetics, Statistics, and Energetics of Lipid Membrane Electroporation Studied by Molecular Dynamics Simulations, Biophys. J, vol.95, pp.1837-1850, 2008.

M. J. Ziegler and P. T. Vernier, Interface Water Dynamics and Porating Electric Fields for Phospholipid Bilayers, J. Phys. Chem. B, vol.112, pp.13588-13596, 2008.

Z. A. Levine and P. T. Vernier, Life cycle of an electropore: field-dependent and fieldindependent steps in pore creation and annihilation, J. Membr. Biol, vol.236, pp.27-36, 2010.

M. L. Fernández, G. Marshall, F. Sagués, and R. Reigada, Structural and Kinetic Molecular Dynamics Study of Electroporation in Cholesterol-Containing Bilayers, J. Phys. Chem. B, vol.114, pp.6855-6865, 2010.

M. Ho, M. Casciola, Z. A. Levine, and P. T. Vernier, Molecular Dynamics Simulations of

, Ion Conductance in Field-Stabilized Nanoscale Lipid Electropores, J. Phys. Chem. B, vol.117, pp.11633-11640, 2013.

A. Properties-of-electropores, . Molecular-characterization-/-propriétés-des, U. Électropores, and . Caractérisation-moléculaire,

J. N. Sachs, P. S. Crozier, and T. B. Woolf, Atomistic simulations of biologically realistic transmembrane potential gradients, J. Chem. Phys, vol.121, pp.10847-10851, 2004.

A. A. Gurtovenko and I. Vattulainen, Pore Formation Coupled to Ion Transport through

, Lipid Membranes as Induced by Transmembrane Ionic Charge Imbalance: Atomistic Molecular Dynamic Study, J. Am. Chem. Soc, vol.127, pp.17570-17571, 2205.

S. K. Kandasamy and R. G. Larson, Cation and anion transport through hydrophilic pores in lipid bilayers, J. Chem. Phys, vol.125, p.74901, 2006.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2217737

URL : https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/87872/2/074901_1.pdf

L. Delemotte, F. Dehez, W. Treptow, and M. Tarek, Modeling Membranes under a Transmembrane Potential, J. Phys. Chem. B, vol.112, pp.5547-5550, 2008.
DOI : 10.1021/jp710846y

L. Delemotte and M. Tarek, Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Lipid Membrane Electroporation, J. Membr. Biol, vol.245, pp.531-543, 2012.

C. Kutzner, H. Grubmüller, B. L. De-groot, and U. Zachariae, Computational Electrophysiology: The Molecular Dynamics of Ion Channel Permeation and Selectivity in Atomistic Detail, Biophys. J, vol.101, pp.809-817, 2011.

A. Polak, M. Tarek, M. Tomsic, J. Valant, N. P. Ulrih et al., Electroporation of archaeal lipid membranes using MD simulations, Bioelectrochemistry, vol.100, pp.18-26, 2014.

M. Casciola, D. Bonhenry, M. Liberti, F. Apollonio, and M. Tarek, A molecular dynamic study of cholesterol rich lipid membranes: comparison of electroporation protocols, Bioelectrochemistry, vol.100, pp.11-17, 2014.

F. Dehez, L. Delemotte, P. Kramar, D. Miklav?i?, and M. Tarek, Evidence of Conduct

, ing Hydrophobic Nanopores Across Membranes in Response to an Electric Field, J. Phys. Chem. C, vol.118, pp.6752-6757, 2014.

J. B. Klauda, R. M. Venable, J. A. Freites, J. W. O'connor, D. J. Tobias et al.,

. Ramirez, Update of the CHARMM all-atom additive force field for lipids: validation on six lipid types, J. Phys. Chem. B, vol.114, pp.7830-7843, 2010.

W. L. Jorgensen, J. Chandrasekhar, J. D. Madura, R. W. Impey, and M. L. Klein, Comparison of simple potential functions for simulating liquid water, J. Chem. Phys, vol.79, pp.926-935, 1983.

B. Hess, C. Kutzner, D. Van-der-spoel, and E. , Algorithms for Highly Efficient, Load-Balanced, and Scalable Molecular Simulation, J. Chem. Theory Comput, vol.4, pp.435-447, 2008.
DOI : 10.1021/ct700301q

N. Kucerka, S. Tristram-nagle, and J. F. Nagle, Structure of Fully Hydrated Fluid Phase

, Lipid Bilayers with Monounsaturated Chains, J. Membr. Biol, vol.208, pp.193-202, 2006.

J. N. Israelachvili, ;. Properties-of, A. Electropores, . Molecular-characterization-/-propriétés-des, U. Électropores et al., Intermolecular and Surface Forces: Revised Third Edition, 2011.

T. J. Lewis, A model for bilayer membrane electroporation based on resultant electromechanical stress, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul, vol.10, pp.769-777, 2003.

O. S. Smart, J. G. Neduvelil, X. Wang, B. A. Wallace, and M. S. Sansom, HOLE: A program for the analysis of the pore dimensions of ion channel structural models, J. Mol. Graph, vol.14, pp.354-360, 1996.

N. Castillo, L. Monticelli, J. Barnoud, and D. P. Tieleman, Free energy of WALP23 dimer association in DMPC, DPPC, and DOPC bilayers, Chem. Phys. Lipids, vol.169, pp.95-105, 2013.

T. V. Tolpekina, W. K. Otter, and W. J. Briels, Nucleation free energy of pore formation in an amphiphilic bilayer studied by molecular dynamics simulations, J. Chem. Phys, vol.121, pp.12060-12066, 2004.

V. F. Pastushenko and Y. A. Chizmadzhev, Stabilization of conducting pores in BLM by electric current, Gen. Physiol. Biophys, vol.1, pp.43-52, 1982.

J. C. Neu and W. Krassowska, Asymptotic model of electroporation, Phys. Rev. E, vol.59, pp.3471-3482, 1999.

K. C. Smith, R. S. Son, T. R. Gowrishankar, and J. C. Weaver, Emergence of a large pore subpopulation during electroporating pulses, Bioelectrochemistry, vol.100, pp.3-10, 2014.

M. L. Fernández, M. Risk, R. Reigada, and P. T. Vernier, Size-controlled nanopores in lipid membranes with stabilizing electric fields, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, vol.423, 2012.

A. Properties-of-electropores, . Molecular-characterization-/-propriétés-des, U. Électropores, and . Caractérisation-moléculaire,

J. C. Weaver and Y. A. Chizmadzhev, Theory of electroporation: A review, Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg, vol.41, pp.135-160, 1996.

T. Kotnik, G. Pucihar, and D. Miklav?i?, Induced Transmembrane Voltage and Its Correlation with Electroporation-Mediated Molecular Transport, J. Membr. Biol, vol.236, pp.3-13, 2010.

I. G. Abidor, V. B. Arakelyan, L. V. Chernomordik, Y. A. Chizmadzhev, and V. F. Pastushenko,

M. P. Tarasevich, Electric breakdown of bilayer lipid membranes: I. The main experimental facts and their qualitative discussion, J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem, vol.104, pp.37-52, 1979.

J. Teissié, N. Eynard, B. Gabriel, and M. P. Rols, Electropermeabilization of cell membranes, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev, vol.35, pp.3-19, 1999.

L. M. Mir, S. Orlowski, J. Belehradek, and C. Paoletti, Electrochemotherapy potentiation of antitumour effect of bleomycin by local electric pulses, Eur. J. Cancer Clin. Oncol, vol.27, pp.68-72, 1991.

S. Koronkiewicz and S. Kalinowski, Influence of cholesterol on electroporation of bilayer lipid membranes: chronopotentiometric studies, Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA -Biomembr, vol.1661, pp.196-203, 2004.

M. Kotulska, Natural Fluctuations of an Electropore Show Fractional Lévy Stable Motion, Biophys. J, vol.92, pp.2412-2421, 2007.

P. Kramar, L. Delemotte, A. M. Lebar, M. Kotulska, M. Tarek et al., MolecularLevel Characterization of Lipid Membrane Electroporation using Linearly Rising Current, J. Membr. Biol, vol.245, pp.651-659, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s00232-012-9487-6

D. P. Tieleman, The molecular basis of electroporation, BMC Biochem, vol.5, p.10, 2004.

M. Tarek, Membrane Electroporation: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation
DOI : 10.1529/biophysj.104.050617

URL : https://doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.104.050617

, J, vol.88, pp.4045-4053, 2005.

Z. A. Levine and P. T. Vernier, Life cycle of an electropore: Field dependent and field-indepedent steps in pore creation and annihilation, J. Membr. Biol, vol.236, pp.27-36, 2010.

M. Szabo and M. I. Wallace, Imaging potassium-flux through individual electropores in droplet interface bilayers, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.07.009

URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.07.009

J. Deng, K. H. Schoenbach, E. Stephen, P. S. Buescher, P. M. Hair et al., The Effects of Intense Submicrosecond Electrical Pulses on Cells, Biophys. J, vol.84, pp.2709-2714, 2003.

P. T. Vernier, Y. Sun, and M. A. Gundersen, Nanoelectropulse-driven membrane pertur-CHAPTER 4. PROPERTIES OF ELECTROPORES, A MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION / PROPRIÉTÉS DES ÉLECTROPORES, UNE CARACTÉRISATION MOLÉCULAIRE bation and small molecule permeabilization, BMC Cell Biol, issue.7, p.37, 2006.
DOI : 10.1109/bmn.2006.330927

L. Chopinet and M. Rols, Nanosecond electric pulses: a mini-review of the present state of the art, Bioelectrochemistry Amst. Neth, vol.103, pp.2-6, 2015.

M. Marty, G. Ser?a, J. R. Garbay, J. Gehl, C. G. Collins et al., Electrochemotherapy -An easy, highly effective and safe treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneous metastases: Results of ESOPE (European Standard Operating Procedures of Electrochemotherapy) study, Eur. J. Cancer, issue.4, pp.3-13, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00093693

M. S. Venslauskas and S. ?atkauskas, Mechanisms of transfer of bioactive molecules through the cell membrane by electroporation, Eur. Biophys. J, vol.44, pp.277-289, 2015.

E. L. Hansen, E. B. Sozer, S. Romeo, S. K. Frandsen, P. T. Vernier et al., Dose-dependent ATP depletion and cancer cell death following calcium electroporation, relative effect of calcium concentration and electric field strength, PloS One, vol.10, 2015.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0122973

URL : https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0122973&type=printable

M. Breton and L. M. Mir, Microsecond and nanosecond electric pulses in cancer treatments, Bioelectromagnetics, vol.33, pp.106-123, 2012.
DOI : 10.1002/bem.20692

D. Miklav?i?, B. Mali, B. Kos, R. Heller, and G. Serå¡a, Electrochemotherapy: from the drawing board into medical practice, Biomed. Eng. OnLine, vol.13, p.29, 2014.

M. Sällberg, L. Frelin, G. Ahlen, and M. Sällberg-chen, Electroporation for therapeutic DNA vaccination in patients, Med. Microbiol. Immunol. (Berl.), vol.204, pp.131-135, 2014.

G. Ser?a, J. Teissie, M. Cemazar, E. Signori, U. Kamensek et al., Electrochemotherapy of tumors as in situ vaccination boosted by immunogene electrotransfer, Cancer Immunol. Immunother. CII, vol.64, pp.1315-1327, 2015.

L. C. Heller and R. Heller, In Vivo Electroporation for Gene Therapy, Hum. Gene Ther, vol.17, pp.890-897, 2006.

S. Chabot, J. Teissié, and M. Golzio, Targeted electro-delivery of oligonucleotides for RNA interference: siRNA and antimiR, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev, vol.81, pp.161-168, 2015.

R. W. Carthew and E. J. Sontheimer, Origins and Mechanisms of miRNAs and siRNAs, Cell, vol.136, pp.642-655, 2009.

M. Ho, M. Casciola, Z. A. Levine, and P. T. Vernier, Molecular Dynamics Simulations of

, Ion Conductance in Field-Stabilized Nanoscale Lipid Electropores, J. Phys. Chem. B, vol.117, pp.11633-11640, 2013.

A. Polak, D. Bonhenry, F. Dehez, P. Kramar, D. Miklav?i? et al., On the Electroporation Thresholds of Lipid Bilayers: Molecular Dynamics Simulation Investigations, vol.246, pp.843-850, 2013.

A. Properties-of-electropores, . Molecular-characterization-/-propriétés-des, U. Électropores, and . Caractérisation-moléculaire,

R. Reigada, Electroporation of heterogeneous lipid membranes, Biochim. Biophys

B. Acta, , vol.1838, pp.814-821, 2014.

F. Dehez, L. Delemotte, P. Kramar, D. Miklav?i?, and M. Tarek, Evidence of Conduct

, ing Hydrophobic Nanopores Across Membranes in Response to an Electric Field, J. Phys. Chem. C, vol.118, pp.6752-6757, 2014.

M. Casciola, D. Bonhenry, M. Liberti, F. Apollonio, and M. Tarek, A molecular dynamic study of cholesterol rich lipid membranes: comparison of electroporation protocols, Bioelectrochemistry, vol.100, pp.11-17, 2014.

A. A. Gurtovenko and A. S. Lyulina, Electroporation of Asymmetric Phospholipid Membranes, J. Phys. Chem. B, vol.118, pp.9909-9918, 2014.

A. Polak, A. Velikonja, P. Kramar, M. Tarek, and D. Miklav?i?, Electroporation Threshold of POPC Lipid Bilayers with Incorporated Polyoxyethylene Glycol (C12E8), J. Phys. Chem

B. , , vol.119, pp.192-200, 2015.

L. Delemotte and M. Tarek, Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Lipid Membrane Electroporation, J. Membr. Biol, vol.245, pp.531-543, 2012.

M. L. Fernández, M. Risk, R. Reigada, and P. T. Vernier, Size-controlled nanopores in lipid membranes with stabilizing electric fields, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, vol.423, 2012.

M. Casciola, M. A. Kasimova, S. Zullino, F. Apollonio, and M. Tarek, Properties of lipid electropores I: Molecular dynamics simulations of stabilized pores by constant charge imbalance, Bioelectrochemistry Submitt. Rev

M. Breton, L. Delemotte, A. Silve, L. M. Mir, and M. Tarek,

, Lipid Membranes Driven by Nanosecond Electric Pulses: An Experimental and Computational Study, J. Am. Chem. Soc, vol.134, pp.13938-13941, 2012.

F. Salomone, M. Breton, I. Leray, F. Cardarelli, C. Boccardi et al., HighYield Nontoxic Gene Transfer through Conjugation of the CM 18 -Tat 11 Chimeric Peptide with Nanosecond Electric Pulses, Mol. Pharm, vol.11, pp.2466-2474, 2014.

P. T. Vernier, M. J. Ziegler, Y. Sun, M. A. Gundersen, and D. P. Tieleman, Nanopore-facilitated, voltage-driven phosphatidylserine translocation in lipid bilayers-in cells and in silico, Phys. Biol, vol.3, p.233, 2006.

J. B. Klauda, R. M. Venable, and J. A. Freites, Update of the CHARMM all-atom additive force field for lipids: Validation on six lipid types, J. Phys .Chem. B, vol.114, pp.7830-7843, 2010.

W. L. Jorgensen, J. Chandrasekhar, J. D. Madura, R. W. Impey, M. L. Klein et al., Comparison of simple potential functions for simulating liquid water, J. Chem. Phys, vol.79, pp.926-935, 1983.

P. Lundberg and Ü. Langel, A brief introduction to cell-penetrating peptides, J. Mol

. Recognit, , vol.16, pp.227-233, 2003.

H. D. Herce and A. E. Garcia, Molecular dynamics simulations suggest a mechanism for translocation of the HIV-1 TAT peptide across lipid membranes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, vol.104, pp.20805-20810, 2007.

B. Hess, C. Kutzner, and D. Van-der-spoel, GROMACS 4: algorithms for highly efficient, load-balanced, and scalable molecular simulation, J. Comp. Theor. Chem, vol.4, 2008.

N. Ku?erka, S. Tristram-nagle, and J. F. Nagle, Structure of Fully Hydrated Fluid Phase

, Lipid Bilayers with Monounsaturated Chains, J. Membr. Biol, vol.208, pp.193-202, 2006.

C. Kutzner, H. Grubmüller, B. L. De-groot, and U. Zachariae, Computational Electrophysiology: The Molecular Dynamics of Ion Channel Permeation and Selectivity in Atomistic Detail, Biophys. J, vol.101, pp.809-817, 2011.

O. S. Smart, J. G. Neduvelil, X. Wang, B. A. Wallace, and M. S. Sansom, HOLE: A program for the analysis of the pore dimensions of ion channel structural models, J. Mol. Graph, vol.14, pp.354-360, 1996.

A. Paganin-gioanni, E. Bellard, J. M. Escoffre, M. P. Rols, J. Teissié et al., Direct visualization at the single-cell level of siRNA electrotransfer into cancer cells, Proc. Natl

. Acad and . Sci, , vol.108, pp.10443-10447, 2011.

J. Teissié, M. P. Rols, and ;. S. Li, An experimental evaluation of the critical potential difference inducing cell membrane electropermeabilization, Electroporation Protocols: Preclinical and Clinical Gene Medicine, vol.65, pp.409-413, 1993.

L. C. Benov, P. A. Antonov, and S. R. Ribarov, Oxidative damage of the membrane lipids after electroporation, Gen. Physiol. Biophys, vol.13, pp.85-97, 1994.

M. Maccarrone, N. Rosato, and A. F. Agro, Electroporation Enhances Cell Membrane Peroxidation and Luminescence, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, vol.206, pp.238-245, 1995.

Y. Zhou, C. K. Berry, P. A. Storer, and R. M. Raphael, Peroxidation of polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine lipids during electroformation, Biomaterials, vol.28, pp.1298-1306, 2007.

E. Schnitzer, I. Pinchuk, and D. Lichtenberg, Peroxidation of liposomal lipids, Eur. Biophys. J, vol.36, pp.499-515, 2007.

A. W. Girotti, Mechanisms of lipid peroxidation, J. Free Radic. Biol. Med, vol.1, 1985.

G. Stark, ;. Properties-of, A. Electropores, . Molecular-characterization-/-propriétés-des, U. Électropores et al., The effect of ionizing radiation on lipid membranes, Biochim. Biophys. CHAPTER

, Acta BBA -Rev. Biomembr, vol.1071, pp.103-122, 1991.

B. Tavazzi, D. D. Pierro, A. M. Amorini, G. Fazzina, M. Tuttobene et al., Energy metabolism and lipid peroxidation of human erythrocytes as a function of increased oxidative stress, Eur. J. Biochem, vol.267, pp.684-689, 2000.

L. C. Benov, P. A. Antonov, and S. R. Ribarov, Oxidative damage of the membrane lipids after electroporation, Gen. Physiol. Biophys, vol.13, pp.85-97, 1994.

M. Maccarrone, N. Rosato, and A. F. Agro, Electroporation Enhances Cell Membrane Peroxidation and Luminescence, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, vol.206, pp.238-245, 1995.
DOI : 10.1006/bbrc.1995.1033

Y. Zhou, C. K. Berry, P. A. Storer, and R. M. Raphael, Peroxidation of polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine lipids during electroformation, Biomaterials, vol.28, pp.1298-1306, 2007.

E. Schnitzer, I. Pinchuk, and D. Lichtenberg, Peroxidation of liposomal lipids, Eur. Biophys. J, vol.36, pp.499-515, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s00249-007-0146-2

A. W. Girotti, Mechanisms of lipid peroxidation, J. Free Radic. Biol. Med, vol.1, 1985.

G. Stark, The effect of ionizing radiation on lipid membranes, Biochim. Biophys

, Acta BBA -Rev. Biomembr, vol.1071, pp.103-122, 1991.

B. Tavazzi, D. D. Pierro, A. M. Amorini, G. Fazzina, M. Tuttobene et al., Energy metabolism and lipid peroxidation of human erythrocytes as a function of increased oxidative stress, Eur. J. Biochem, vol.267, pp.684-689, 2000.

A. Kuthi, P. Gabrielsson, M. R. Behrend, P. T. Vernier, and M. A. Gundersen,

, Pulse Generator Using Fast Recovery Diodes for Cell Electromanipulation, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci, vol.33, pp.1192-1197, 2005.

J. F. Kolb, S. Kono, and K. H. Schoenbach, Nanosecond pulsed electric field generators for the study of subcellular effects, Bioelectromagnetics, issue.27, pp.172-187, 2006.

J. M. Sanders, A. Kuthi, Y. Wu, P. T. Vernier, and M. A. Gundersen, A linear, single-stage, nanosecond pulse generator for delivering intense electric fields to biological loads, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul, vol.16, pp.1048-1054, 2009.
DOI : 10.1109/tdei.2009.5211853

C. Merla, S. E. Amari, M. Kenaan, M. Liberti, F. Apollonio et al., A 10-High-Voltage Nanosecond Pulse Generator, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech, vol.58, pp.4079-4085, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00587757

M. Fromm, L. P. Taylor, and V. Walbot, Expression of genes transferred into monocot and dicot plant cells by electroporation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, vol.82, pp.5824-5828, 1985.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.82.17.5824

URL : http://www.pnas.org/content/82/17/5824.full.pdf

R. A. Gilbert, M. J. Jaroszeski, and R. Heller, Novel electrode designs for electrochemotherapy, Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA -Gen. Subj, vol.1334, pp.9-14, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/s0304-4165(96)00119-5

. Cliniporator,

M. Rebersek, S. Corovi´ccorovi´c, G. Sersa, and D. Miklav?i?, Electrode commutation sequence for honeycomb arrangement of electrodes in electrochemotherapy and corresponding electric field distribution, Bioelectrochemistry Amst. Neth, vol.74, pp.26-31, 2008.

S. Mazéres, D. Sel, M. Golzio, G. Pucihar, Y. Tamzali et al., Non invasive contact electrodes for in vivo localized cutaneous electropulsation and associated drug and nucleic acid delivery, J. Control. Release Off. J. Control. Release Soc, vol.134, pp.125-131, 2009.

W. G. Lee, U. Demirci, and A. Khademhosseini, Microscale electroporation: challenges and perspectives for clinical applications, Integr. Biol, vol.1, pp.242-251, 2009.
DOI : 10.1039/b819201d

URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3771519?pdf=render

N. Hu, J. Yang, S. W. Joo, A. N. Banerjee, and S. Qian, Cell electrofusion in microfluidic devices: A review, Sens. Actuators B Chem, vol.178, pp.63-85, 2013.

J. C. Weaver and Y. A. Chizmadzhev, Theory of electroporation: A review, Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg, vol.41, pp.135-160, 1996.

L. Chopinet and M. P. Rols, Nanosecond electric pulses: a mini-review of the present state of the art, Bioelectrochemistry Amst. Neth, vol.103, pp.2-6, 2015.

K. H. Schoenbach, S. Katsuki, R. H. Stark, E. S. Buescher, and S. J. Beebe, Bioelectrics-new applications for pulsed power technology, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci, vol.30, pp.293-300, 2002.

A. Silve, J. Villemejane, V. Joubert, A. Ivorra, and L. M. Mir, Nanosecond pulsed electric field delivery to biological samples: Difficulties and potential solutions, Adv. Electroporation Tech. Biol. Med, 2011.

Y. Sun, P. T. Vernier, M. Behrend, L. Marcu, and M. A. Gundersen, Electrode microchamber for noninvasive perturbation of mammalian cells with nanosecond pulsed electric fields, IEEE Trans. NanoBioscience, vol.4, pp.277-283, 2005.

P. Krishnaswamy, A. Kuthi, M. Chen, S. Chen, P. T. Vernier et al., Gundersen, Compact high voltage subnanosecond pulsed power delivery system for biological applications, Pulsed Power Conf. 2007 16th IEEE Int, pp.476-480, 2007.

C. Dalmay, J. Villemejane, V. Joubert, O. Français, L. M. Mir et al., Design and realization of a microfluidic device devoted to the application of ultra-short pulses of electrical field to living cells, Sens. Actuators B Chem, vol.160, pp.1573-1580, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00738711

C. Dalmay, J. Villemejane, V. Joubert, A. Silve, D. Arnaud-cormos et al., A microfluidic biochip for the nanoporation of living cells, Biosens. Bioelectron, vol.26, pp.4649-4655, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00674584

D. Arnaud-cormos, P. Leveque, Y. Wu, J. M. Sanders, M. A. Gundersen et al., Microchamber Setup Characterization for Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field Exposure, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng, vol.58, pp.1656-1662, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00674576

Y. Wu, D. Arnaud-cormos, M. Casciola, J. M. Sanders, P. Leveque et al., Moveable Wire Electrode Microchamber for Nanosecond Pulsed Electric-Field Delivery, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng, vol.60, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00906767

H. Li and R. Bashir, Dielectrophoretic separation and manipulation of live and heattreated cells of Listeria on microfabricated devices with interdigitated electrodes, Sens. Actuators B Chem, vol.86, pp.215-221, 2002.

G. Mernier, N. Piacentini, T. Braschler, N. Demierre, and P. Renaud, Continuous-flow electrical lysis device with integrated control by dielectrophoretic cell sorting, Lab. Chip, vol.10, pp.2077-2082, 2010.

H. Gou, X. Zhang, N. Bao, J. Xu, X. Xia et al., Label-free electrical discrimination of cells at normal, apoptotic and necrotic status with a microfluidic device, J. Chromatogr. A, vol.1218, pp.5725-5729, 2011.

R. Nuccitelli, K. Tran, S. Sheikh, B. Athos, M. Kreis et al., Optimized nanosecond pulsed electric field therapy can cause murine malignant melanomas to self-destruct with a single treatment, Int. J. Cancer J. Int. Cancer, vol.127, pp.1727-1736, 2010.

L. M. Mir, H. Banoun, and C. Paoletti, Introduction of definite amounts of nonpermeant molecules into living cells after electropermeabilization: direct access to the cytosol, Exp. Cell Res, vol.175, pp.15-25, 1988.

M. Casciola, D. Bonhenry, M. Liberti, F. Apollonio, and M. Tarek, A molecular dynamic study of cholesterol rich lipid membranes: comparison of electroporation protocols, Bioelectrochemistry, vol.100, pp.11-17, 2014.

M. Szabo and M. I. Wallace, Imaging potassium-flux through individual electropores in droplet interface bilayers, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2015.

. H. Sk, S. Schoenbach, R. P. Xiao, J. T. Joshi, T. Camp et al., The Effect of Intense Subnanosecond Electrical Pulses on Biological Cells, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci, vol.36, pp.414-422, 2008.

R. P. Joshi and K. H. Schoenbach, Bioelectric Effects of Intense Ultrashort Pulses, Crit. Rev

, Biomed. Eng, vol.38, pp.255-304, 2010.

I. Semenov, S. Xiao, D. Kang, K. H. Schoenbach, and A. G. Pakhomov, Cell stimulation and calcium mobilization by picosecond electric pulses, Bioelectrochemistry, vol.105, pp.65-71, 2015.

L. Chopinet and M. Rols, Nanosecond electric pulses: a mini-review of the present state of the art, Bioelectrochemistry Amst. Neth, vol.103, pp.2-6, 2015.

C. Merla, S. E. Amari, M. Kenaan, M. Liberti, F. Apollonio et al., A 10-High-Voltage Nanosecond Pulse Generator, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech, vol.58, pp.4079-4085, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00587757

A. Silve, J. Villemejane, V. Joubert, A. Ivorra, and L. M. Mir, Nanosecond pulsed electric CHAPTER 5. EXPOSURE DEVICES FOR NSPEFS / DISPOSITIFS D'EXPOSITION POUR LES NSPEFS field delivery to biological samples: Difficulties and potential solutions, Adv. Electroporation Tech. Biol. Med, 2011.

C. Merla, A. Paffi, F. Apollonio, P. Leveque, G. Inzeo et al., Microdosimetry for Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field Applications: A Parametric Study for a Single Cell, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng, vol.58, pp.1294-1302, 2011.

C. Merla, A. Denzi, A. Paffi, M. Casciola, G. Inzeo et al., Novel Passive Element Circuits for Microdosimetry of Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng, vol.59, pp.2302-2311, 2012.

M. Liberti, F. Apollonio, A. Paffi, M. Pellegrino, and G. , A coplanar-waveguide system for cells exposure during electrophysiological recordings, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech, vol.52, pp.2521-2528, 2004.

A. Paffi, M. Pellegrino, R. Beccherelli, F. Apollonio, M. Liberti et al.,

, Real-Time Exposure System for Electrophysiological Recording in Brain Slices, IEEE Trans

, Microw. Theory Tech, vol.55, pp.2463-2471, 2007.

A. Paffi, F. Apollonio, G. A. Lovisolo, C. Marino, R. Pinto et al., Considerations for Developing an RF Exposure System: A Review for in vitro Biological Experiments, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech, vol.58, pp.2702-2714, 2010.

Y. Sun, P. T. Vernier, M. Behrend, L. Marcu, and M. A. Gundersen, Electrode microchamber for noninvasive perturbation of mammalian cells with nanosecond pulsed electric fields, IEEE Trans. NanoBioscience, vol.4, pp.277-283, 2005.

P. Krishnaswamy, A. Kuthi, M. Chen, S. Chen, P. T. Vernier et al., Gundersen, Compact high voltage subnanosecond pulsed power delivery system for biological applications, Pulsed Power Conf. 2007 16th IEEE Int, pp.476-480, 2007.

C. Dalmay, J. Villemejane, V. Joubert, O. Français, L. M. Mir et al., Design and realization of a microfluidic device devoted to the application of ultra-short pulses of electrical field to living cells, Sens. Actuators B Chem, vol.160, pp.1573-1580, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00738711

C. Dalmay, J. Villemejane, V. Joubert, A. Silve, D. Arnaud-cormos et al., A microfluidic biochip for the nanoporation of living cells, Biosens. Bioelectron, vol.26, pp.4649-4655, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00674584

D. Arnaud-cormos, P. Leveque, Y. Wu, J. M. Sanders, M. A. Gundersen et al., Microchamber Setup Characterization for Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field Exposure, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng, vol.58, pp.1656-1662, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00674576

Y. Wu, D. Arnaud-cormos, M. Casciola, J. M. Sanders, P. Leveque et al., Moveable Wire Electrode Microchamber for Nanosecond Pulsed Electric-Field Delivery, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng, vol.60, pp.489-496, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00906767

L. G. Maloratsky, Reviewing the basics of microstrip, Microw. RF, vol.39, pp.79-88, 2000.

R. Garg, I. Bahl, and M. Bozzi, Microstrip Lines and Slotlines, 2013.

C. Merla, M. Liberti, F. Apollonio, and G. , Quantitative assessment of dielectric parameters for membrane lipid bi-layers from RF permittivity measurements, Bioelectromagnetics, vol.30, pp.286-298, 2009.

E. Piuzzi, C. Merla, G. Cannazza, A. Zambotti, F. Apollonio et al., A Comparative Analysis Between Customized and Commercial Systems for Complex Permittivity Measurements on Liquid Samples at Microwave Frequencies, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas, vol.62, pp.1034-1046, 2013.

, Perspectives / Perspectives Ce chapitre décrit brièvement comment inspiré par nos résultats de simulations, nous travaillons actuellement d'une part pour étudier certaines propriétés des bicouches lipidiques (par exemple, la permittivité de l'interface eau / lipides) et le transport de molécules bioactives (par exemple colorants, médicaments, ...) afin de mieux caractériser les effets des champs pulsés électriques sur des cellules vivantes et de contribuer à l'élaboration de nouveaux protocoles qui permettent de mieux exploiter le

, D'autre part un effort accru est en cours pour réaliser une micro chambre selon les modèles préétablis afin de vérifier ses performances et, à terme, de valider les résultats obtenus

D. P. Tieleman, The molecular basis of electroporation, BMC Biochem, vol.5, p.10, 2004.

M. Tarek, Membrane Electroporation: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation

, J, vol.88, pp.4045-4053, 2005.

M. J. Ziegler and P. T. Vernier, Interface Water Dynamics and Porating Electric Fields for Phospholipid Bilayers, J. Phys. Chem. B, vol.112, pp.13588-13596, 2008.

M. Tokman, J. H. Lee, Z. A. Levine, M. Ho, M. E. Colvin et al., Electric FieldDriven Water Dipoles: Nanoscale Architecture of Electroporation, vol.8, pp.1-9, 2013.

M. Breton, L. Delemotte, and A. Silve, Transport of siRNA through lipid membranes driven by nanosecond electric pulses: An experimental and computational study, J. Am. Chem. Soc, vol.134, pp.13938-13941, 2012.

M. Ho, M. Casciola, Z. A. Levine, and P. T. Vernier, Molecular dynamics simulations of ion conductance in field-stabilized nanoscale lipid electropores, J. Phys .Chem. B, vol.117, pp.11633-11640, 2013.

L. Chopinet and M. P. Rols, Nanosecond electric pulses: a mini-review of the present state of the art, Bioelectrochemistry Amst. Neth, vol.103, pp.2-6, 2015.

M. Simeonova and J. Gimsa, The influence of the molecular structure of lipid membranes on the electric field distribution and energy absorption, Bioelectromagnetics, vol.27, pp.652-666, 2006.

S. R. Wassall, Pulsed field-gradient-spin echo NMR studies of water diffusion in a phospholipid model membrane, Biophys. J, vol.71, pp.2724-2732, 1996.

R. P. Rand and V. A. Parsegian, Hydration forces between phospholipids bilayers, vol.988, pp.351-376, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-4157(89)90010-5

W. Hübner and A. Blume, Interactions at the lipid-water interface, Chem. Phys. Lipids, pp.99-123, 1998.

K. J. Tielrooij, D. Paparo, L. Piatkowski, H. J. Bakker, and M. Bonn, Dielectric Relaxation Dynamics of Water in Model Membranes Probed by Terahertz Spectroscopy, Biophys. J, vol.97, pp.2484-2492, 2009.

H. A. Stern and S. E. Feller, Calculation of the dielectric permittivity profile for a nonuniform system: Application to a lipid bilayer simulation, J. Chem. Phys, vol.118, pp.3401-3412, 2003.

R. P. Joshi, V. Sridhara, and K. H. Schoenbach, Microscopic calculations of local lipid membrane permittivities and diffusion coefficients for application to electroporation analyses, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, vol.348, pp.643-648, 2006.

, PERSPECTIVES / PERSPECTIVES

S. Gekle and R. R. Netz, Nanometer-Resolved Radio-Frequency Absorption and Heating in Biomembrane Hydration Layers, J. Phys. Chem. B, vol.118, pp.4963-4969, 2014.

F. Apollonio, M. Liberti, A. Paffi, C. Merla, P. Marracino et al., Feasibility for Microwaves Energy to Affect Biological Systems Via Nonthermal Mechanisms: A Systematic Approach, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech, vol.61, pp.2031-2045, 2013.

O. M. Nesin, O. N. Pakhomova, S. Xiao, and A. G. Pakhomov, Manipulation of cell volume and membrane pore comparison following single cell permeabilization with 60-and 600-ns electric pulses, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, vol.1808, pp.792-801, 2011.

A. Silve, I. Leray, and L. M. Mir, Demonstration of cell membrane permeabilization to medium-sized molecules caused by a single 10 ns electric pulse, Bioelectrochemistry, vol.87, pp.260-264, 2012.

A. M. Bowman, O. M. Nesin, O. N. Pakhomova, and A. G. Pakhomov, Analysis of plasma membrane integrity by fluorescent detection of Tl(+) uptake, J. Membr. Biol, vol.236, pp.15-26, 2010.

A. G. Pakhomov, E. Gianulis, P. T. Vernier, I. Semenov, S. Xiao et al., Multiple nanosecond electric pulses increase the number but not the size of long-lived nanopores in the cell membrane, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, vol.1848, pp.958-966, 2015.

J. Deng, K. H. Schoenbach, E. Stephen, P. S. Buescher, P. M. Hair et al., The Effects of Intense Submicrosecond Electrical Pulses on Cells, Biophys. J, vol.84, pp.2709-2714, 2003.

P. T. Vernier, Y. Sun, L. Marcu, S. Salemi, C. M. Craft et al., Calcium bursts induced by nanosecond electric pulses, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, vol.310, pp.286-295, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.08.140

P. T. Vernier, Y. Sun, and M. A. Gundersen, Nanoelectropulse-driven membrane perturbation and small molecule permeabilization, BMC Cell Biol, issue.7, p.37, 2006.
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2121-7-37

URL : https://bmccellbiol.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1471-2121-7-37

F. Salomone, M. Breton, I. Leray, F. Cardarelli, C. Boccardi et al., HighYield Nontoxic Gene Transfer through Conjugation of the CM18-Tat11 Chimeric Peptide with Nanosecond Electric Pulses, Mol. Pharm, vol.11, pp.2466-2474, 2014.

K. Vanommeslaeghe, E. Hatcher, C. Acharya, S. Kundu, S. Zhong et al., CHARMM general force field: A force field for drug-like molecules compatible with the CHARMM all-atom additive biological force fields, J. Comput. Chem, vol.31, pp.671-690, 2010.

E. Neumann, A. E. Sowers, and C. A. Jordan, Electroporation and Electrofusion in Cell Biology, 1989.

M. Tarek, Membrane Electroporation: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation

, J, vol.88, pp.4045-4053, 2005.

M. Breton and L. M. Mir, Microsecond and nanosecond electric pulses in cancer treatments, Bioelectromagnetics, vol.33, pp.106-123, 2012.

D. Miklav?i?, B. Mali, B. Kos, R. Heller, and G. Ser?a, Electrochemotherapy: from the drawing board into medical practice, Biomed. Eng. OnLine, vol.13, p.29, 2014.

M. Sällberg, L. Frelin, G. Ahlen, and M. Sällberg-chen, Electroporation for therapeutic DNA vaccination in patients, Med. Microbiol. Immunol. (Berl.), vol.204, pp.131-135, 2014.

G. Ser?a, J. Teissie, M. Cemazar, E. Signori, U. Kamensek et al., Electrochemotherapy of tumors as in situ vaccination boosted by immunogene electrotransfer, Cancer Immunol. Immunother. CII, vol.64, pp.1315-1327, 2015.

L. C. Heller and R. Heller, In Vivo Electroporation for Gene Therapy, Hum. Gene Ther, vol.17, pp.890-897, 2006.

S. Chabot, J. Teissié, and M. Golzio, Targeted electro-delivery of oligonucleotides for RNA interference: siRNA and antimiR, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev, vol.81, pp.161-168, 2015.

C. Jiang, R. V. Davalos, and J. C. Bischof, A Review of Basic to Clinical Studies of Irreversible Electroporation Therapy, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng, vol.62, pp.4-20, 2015.

L. Chopinet and M. P. Rols, Nanosecond electric pulses: a mini-review of the present state of the art, Bioelectrochemistry Amst. Neth, vol.103, pp.2-6, 2015.

Y. Sun, P. T. Vernier, M. Behrend, L. Marcu, and M. A. Gundersen, Electrode microchamber for noninvasive perturbation of mammalian cells with nanosecond pulsed electric fields, IEEE Trans. NanoBioscience, vol.4, pp.277-283, 2005.

P. Krishnaswamy, A. Kuthi, M. Chen, S. Chen, P. T. Vernier et al., Gundersen, Compact high voltage subnanosecond pulsed power delivery system for biological applications, Pulsed Power Conf. 2007 16th IEEE Int, pp.476-480, 2007.

C. Dalmay, J. Villemejane, V. Joubert, O. Français, L. M. Mir et al., Design and realization of a microfluidic device devoted to the application of ultra-short pulses of electrical field to living cells, Sens. Actuators B Chem, vol.160, pp.1573-1580, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00738711

C. Dalmay, J. Villemejane, V. Joubert, A. Silve, D. Arnaud-cormos et al., A microfluidic biochip for the nanoporation of living cells, Biosens. Bioelectron, vol.26, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00674584

D. Arnaud-cormos, P. Leveque, Y. Wu, J. M. Sanders, M. A. Gundersen et al., Microchamber Setup Characterization for Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field Exposure, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng, vol.58, pp.1656-1662, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00674576

Y. Wu, D. Arnaud-cormos, M. Casciola, J. M. Sanders, P. Leveque et al., Moveable Wire Electrode Microchamber for Nanosecond Pulsed Electric-Field Delivery, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng, vol.60, pp.489-496, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00906767

M. L. Fernández, G. Marshall, F. Sagués, and R. Reigada, Structural and Kinetic Molecular Dynamics Study of Electroporation in Cholesterol-Containing Bilayers, J. Phys. Chem. B, vol.114, pp.6855-6865, 2010.

M. Ho, M. Casciola, Z. A. Levine, and P. T. Vernier, Molecular Dynamics Simulations of

, Ion Conductance in Field-Stabilized Nanoscale Lipid Electropores, J. Phys. Chem. B, vol.117, pp.11633-11640, 2013.

M. Breton, L. Delemotte, and A. Silve, Transport of siRNA through lipid membranes driven by nanosecond electric pulses: An experimental and computational study, J. Am. Chem. Soc, vol.134, pp.13938-13941, 2012.

F. Salomone, M. Breton, I. Leray, F. Cardarelli, C. Boccardi et al., HighYield Nontoxic Gene Transfer through Conjugation of the CM 18 -Tat 11 Chimeric Peptide with Nanosecond Electric Pulses, Mol. Pharm, vol.11, pp.2466-2474, 2014.

R. Garg, I. Bahl, and M. Bozzi, Microstrip Lines and Slotlines, 2013.