, Influence des conditions hivernales sur la stratification des eaux du bassin

, Homogénéité des eaux de surface du bassin

.. .. Discussion,

, 116 6.3.2 Influence de l'épandage des fondants routiers sur la concentration en éléments majeurs

.. .. Discussion,

, Composition des eaux en sortie de bassin

. .. Caractérisation-des-fossés, 133 6.6.5 Influence des fondants routiers sur les ETM présents dans le sédiment 135 6.6.6 Discussion

. .. Conclusion, 08 H1 23/01/18 40,73 30, vol.136, p.6, 2010.

J. A. Bibliographie-acosta, B. Jansen, K. Kalbitz, A. Faz, and S. Martínez-martínez, Salinity increases mobility of heavy metals in soils, Chemosphere, vol.85, issue.8, p.93, 2011.

A. De-l'eau-rhin-meuse, Système d'Information sur l, Eau Rhin-Meuse. xi, vol.40, p.41, 2015.

K. F. Akbar, W. H. Hale, A. D. Headley, and M. Et-athar, Heavy metal contamination of roadside soils of Northern England, Soil and Water Research, vol.1, issue.4, p.21, 2006.

E. M. Alsbou and O. A. Al-khashman, Heavy metal concentrations in roadside soil and street dust from Petra region, Jordan. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, vol.190, issue.1, 2018.

C. Amrhein, J. E. Strong, and P. A. Mosher, Effect of deicing salts on metal and organic matter mobilization in roadside soils, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.26, issue.4, p.107, 1992.

J. Bai, B. Cui, Q. Wang, H. Gao, and Q. Ding, Assessment of heavy metal contamination of roadside soils in Southwest China, Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, vol.23, issue.3, pp.341-347, 2009.

J. Balades, M. Cathelain, P. Marchandise, J. Peybernard, and J. Pilloy, Pollution chronique des eaux de ruissellement d'autoroutes interurbaines. Bulletin de liaison des laboratoires des ponts et chaussées, vol.140, pp.93-100, 1985.

J. Balesdent, C. Chenu, and M. Balabane, Relationship of soil organic matter dynamics to physical protection and tillage, Soil and Tillage Research, vol.53, issue.3, 2000.

J. E. Ball, R. Jenks, and D. Aubourg, An assessment of the availability of pollutant constituents on road surfaces, Science of The Total Environment, vol.209, issue.2, p.90, 1998.

L. Barbier, R. Suaire, I. Durickovic, J. Laurent, and M. Simonnot, Is a Road Stormwater Retention Pond Able to Intercept Deicing Salt ?, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, vol.48, issue.8, pp.229-251, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01844367

D. Bastviken, P. Sandén, T. Svensson, C. Ståhlberg, M. Magounakis et al., Chloride Retention and Release in a Boreal Forest Soil : Effects of Soil Water Residence Time and Nitrogen and Chloride Loads, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.40, issue.9, pp.2977-2982, 2006.

D. F. Bauer, Constructing Confidence Sets Using Rank Statistics, Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol.67, issue.339, 1972.

B. Bauske and D. Goetz, Effects of Deicing-Salts on Heavy Metal Mobility, Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica, vol.21, issue.1, p.130, 1993.

D. Bayard, M. Stähli, A. Parriaux, and H. Flühler, The influence of seasonally frozen soil on the snowmelt runoff at two Alpine sites in southern Switzerland, Journal of Hydrology, vol.309, issue.1, pp.66-84, 2005.

J. Bertrand-krajewski, G. Chebbo, and A. Saget, Distribution of pollutant mass vs volume in stormwater discharges and the first flush phenomenon, Water Research, vol.32, issue.8, pp.2341-2356, 1998.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00779532

X. Bi, G. Sheng, P. Peng, Y. Chen, Z. Zhang et al., Distribution of particulateand vapor-phase n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban atmosphere of Guangzhou, China. Atmospheric Environment, vol.37, issue.2, pp.289-298, 2003.

B. Bian and W. Zhu, Particle size distribution and pollutants in road-deposited sediments in different areas of Zhenjiang, China. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, vol.31, issue.4, p.19, 2009.

R. E. Bilby, K. Sullivan, and S. H. Duncan, The Generation and Fate of Road-Surface Sediment in Forested Watersheds in Southwestern Washington, Forest Science, vol.35, issue.2, pp.453-468, 1989.

. Blanchard, Caractérisation de la mobilisation potentielle des polluants inorganiques dans les sols pollués, vol.22, p.23, 2000.

B. J. Blasius and R. W. Merritt, Field and laboratory investigations on the effects of road salt (NaCl) on stream macroinvertebrate communities, Environmental Pollution, vol.120, issue.2, pp.219-231, 2002.

G. Blomqvist, De-icing salt and the roadside environment : Air-borne exposure, damage to Norway spruce and system monitoring, vol.16, p.69, 2001.

G. Blomqvist and E. Johansson, Airborne spreading and deposition of de-icing salt -a case study, Science of The Total Environment, vol.235, issue.1, p.68, 1999.

A. C. Bourg, Metals in Aquatic and Terrestrial Systems : Sorption, Speciation, and Mobilization, Chemistry and Biology of Solid Waste, pp.3-32, 1988.

D. Bouyer, A. Line, A. Cockx, and Z. Do-quang, Experimental Analysis of Floc Size Distribution and Hydrodynamics in a, Jar-Test. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, vol.79, issue.8, p.105, 2001.

S. J. Broderius, Determination of molecular hydrocyanic acid in water and studies of the chemistry and toxicity to fish of metal-cyanide complexes, p.18, 1973.

R. C. Bubeck, W. H. Diment, B. L. Deck, A. L. Baldwin, and S. D. Et-lipton, Runoff of Deicing Salt : Effect on Irondequoit Bay, Science, vol.172, issue.3988, pp.1128-1132, 1971.

G. Bánfalvi, Heavy Metals, Trace Elements and Their Cellular Effects, éditeur : Cellular Effects of Heavy Metals, p.29, 2011.

M. Bäckström, S. Karlsson, L. Bäckman, L. Folkeson, and B. Lind, Mobilisation of heavy metals by deicing salts in a roadside environment, Water Research, vol.38, issue.3, p.135, 2004.

M. Bäckström, U. Nilsson, K. Håkansson, B. Allard, and S. Et-karlsson, Speciation of Heavy Metals in Road Runoff and Roadside Total Deposition, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol.147, issue.1, p.130, 2003.

R. Calvet, Le sol : propriétés et fonctions, Tome 1 : Constitution et structure, phénomènes aux interfaces, pp.1-22, 2003.

K. M. Camponelli, S. M. Lev, J. W. Snodgrass, E. R. Landa, and R. E. Casey, Chemical fractionation of Cu and Zn in stormwater, roadway dust and stormwater pond sediments, Environmental Pollution, vol.158, p.136, 2010.

M. Carlier, Hydraulique générale et appliquée. Direction des études et recherches d'Electricité de France (EDF). Eyrolles, EDF, vol.49, p.50, 1998.

R. F. Carsel and R. S. Parrish, Developing joint probability distributions of soil water retention characteristics, Water Resources Research, vol.24, issue.5, pp.755-769, 1988.
DOI : 10.1029/wr024i005p00755

J. P. Cassanelli and G. A. Robbins, Effects of Road Salt on Connecticut's Groundwater : A Statewide Centennial Perspective, Journal of Environmental Quality, vol.42, issue.3, pp.737-748, 2013.

. Cerema, Du bon usage des normes NF P98-180 et XP P98-181, 2015.

. Cerema, Le stockage des fondants routiers : Gestion et dimensionnement, 2016.

X. Chen, X. Xia, Y. Zhao, and P. Zhang, Heavy metal concentrations in roadside soils and correlation with urban traffic in Beijing, China. Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol.181, issue.1, p.21, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.05.060

A. Christoforidis and N. Stamatis, Heavy metal contamination in street dust and roadside soil along the major national road in Kavala's region, Geoderma, vol.151, issue.3, pp.257-263, 2009.

B. Clozel, V. Ruban, C. Durand, and P. Conil, Origin and mobility of heavy metals in contaminated sediments from retention and infiltration ponds, Applied Geochemistry, vol.21, issue.10, p.136, 2006.

R. D. Cody, A. M. Cody, P. G. Spry, and G. Gan, Experimental Deterioration of Highway Concrete by Chloride Deicing Salts, Environmental and Engineering Geoscience, vol.15, issue.4, pp.575-588, 1996.

S. R. Corsi, L. A. De-cicco, M. A. Lutz, and R. M. Hirsch, River chloride trends in snow-affected urban watersheds : increasing concentrations outpace urban growth rate and are common among all seasons, Science of The Total Environment, vol.508, pp.488-497, 2015.

S. R. Corsi, D. J. Graczyk, S. W. Geis, N. L. Booth, and K. D. Richards, A Fresh Look at Road Salt : Aquatic Toxicity and Water-Quality Impacts on Local, Regional, and National Scales, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.44, issue.19, pp.7376-7382, 2010.
DOI : 10.1021/es101333u

URL : https://doi.org/10.1021/es101333u

B. Crabtree, F. Moy, M. Whitehead, and A. Roe, Monitoring pollutants in highway runoff, Water and Environment Journal, vol.20, issue.4, pp.287-294, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1747-6593.2006.00054.x

URL : https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2006.00054.x

C. Cristina and J. J. Sansalone, Power Law and Particle Separation Diagrams for Urban Storm-Water Suspended Particulates, Journal of Environmental Engineering, vol.129, issue.4, p.90, 2003.
DOI : 10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2003)129:4(298)

M. A. Cunningham, E. Snyder, D. Yonkin, M. Ross, and T. Et-elsen, Accumulation of deicing salts in soils in an urban environment, Urban Ecosystems, vol.11, issue.1, p.16, 2008.

I. Czerniawska-kusza, G. Kusza, and M. Du?y?ski, Effect of deicing salts on urban soils and health status of roadside trees in the Opole region, Environmental Toxicology, vol.19, issue.4, p.29, 2004.

K. R. Dailey, K. A. Welch, and W. B. Lyons, Evaluating the influence of road salt on water quality of Ohio rivers over time, Applied Geochemistry, vol.47, p.26, 2014.

M. L. Daley, J. D. Potter, and W. H. Mcdowell, Salinization of urbanizing New Hampshire streams and groundwater : effects of road salt and hydrologic variability, Journal of the North American Benthological Society, vol.28, issue.4, pp.929-940, 2009.

S. A. Databook, Snow and ice Databook 2018. PIARC Technical Committee B2 Winter Service Congress Edition XVth International Winter Road COngress, PIARC, vol.9, p.10, 2018.

P. J. Davies, I. A. Wright, O. J. Jonasson, and S. J. Findlay, Impact of concrete and PVC pipes on urban water chemistry, Urban Water Journal, vol.7, issue.4, p.123, 2010.

A. P. Davis, M. Shokouhian, and S. Ni, Loading estimates of lead, copper, cadmium, and zinc in urban runoff from specific sources, Chemosphere, vol.44, issue.5, pp.997-1009, 2001.

. Ddaf, Gestion des eaux pluviales dans les projets d'aménagement, conceptiondes projets et constitution des dossiers d'autorisation et de déclaration au titre de la police de l'eau, vol.2, p.59, 2008.

A. Deletic, Sediment behaviour in grass filter strips, Water Science and Technology, vol.39, issue.9, pp.129-136, 1999.

A. Deletic, Modelling of water and sediment transport over grassed areas, Journal of Hydrology, vol.248, issue.1, pp.168-182, 2001.

C. L. Demers and R. W. Sage, Effects of road deicing salt on chloride levels in four adirondack streams, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol.49, issue.3-4, p.26, 1990.

T. Deschamps, M. Benzaazoua, B. Bussière, T. Belem, and M. Mbonimpa, , 2006.

, Mécanismes de rétention des métaux lourds en phase solide : cas de la stabilisation des sols contaminés et des déchets industriels. VertigO, vol.7, p.23

. Dreal-grand-est, Connaissance et Développement durable : Profil Lorraine, Eaux et milieux aquatiques, p.41, 2016.

P. Duchaufour, Pedology : pedogenesis and classification, pp.1-22, 1982.

C. Durand, V. Ruban, and A. Amblès, Mobility of Trace Metals in Retention Pond Sediments, Environmental Technology, vol.25, issue.8, p.136, 2004.

I. Durickovic, Etude par spectroscopie Raman de la salinité résiduelle issue de l'épandage de fondants routiers sur une chaussée, vol.14, p.120, 2008.

I. Durickovic, R. Suaire, C. Colin, L. Barbier, J. Leblain et al., , 2018.

, Etude des possibilités de phytoremédiation des fondants routiers en France. Routes/Roads, vol.377, pp.45-48

A. C. Edwards and P. J. Withers, Transport and delivery of suspended solids, nitrogen and phosphorus from various sources to freshwaters in the UK, Journal of Hydrology, vol.350, issue.3, p.93, 2008.

K. M. El-moselhy, A. I. Othman, A. El-azem, H. El-metwally, and M. E. , Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in some tissues of fish in the Red Sea, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, vol.1, issue.2, pp.97-105, 2014.

R. Ellis, Incidence of heavy metals in street surface sediments : Solubility and grain size studies, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol.17, issue.1, 1982.

U. Epa, Method OIA-1677, DW Available Cyanide by Flow Injection, Ligand Exchange and Amperometry (Water and Wastewater), vol.18, 2004.

M. A. Equiza, M. Calvo-polanco, D. Cirelli, J. Señorans, M. Wartenbe et al., Long-term impact of road salt (NaCl) on soil and urban trees in Edmonton, Canada. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, vol.21, p.29, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01594890

K. Exall, Q. Rochfort, and J. Marsalek, Measurement of cyanide in urban snowmelt and runoff, Water Quality Research Journal, vol.46, issue.2, p.18, 2011.

N. Eyles, M. Meriano, and P. Chow-fraser, Impacts of European settlement (1840-present) in a Great Lake watershed and lagoon : Frenchman's Bay, Lake Ontario, Canada. Environmental Earth Sciences, vol.68, issue.8, pp.2211-2228, 2013.

P. Faure, P. Landais, L. Schlepp, and R. Michels, Evidence for Diffuse Contamination of River Sediments by Road Asphalt Particles, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.34, issue.7, p.103, 2000.

L. Ferreira-baptista and E. Et-de-miguel, Geochemistry and risk assessment of street dust in Luanda, Angola : A tropical urban environment, Atmospheric Environment, vol.39, issue.25, pp.4501-4512, 2005.

J. C. Fiès and A. Bruand, Particle packing and organization of the textural porosity in clay-silt-sand mixtures, European Journal of Soil Science, vol.49, issue.4, pp.557-567, 1998.

J. Fox and S. Weisberg, An R Companion to Applied Regression, p.83, 2011.

H. Frenkel, J. O. Goertzen, and J. D. Rhoades, Effects of Clay Type and Content, Exchangeable Sodium Percentage, and Electrolyte Concentration on Clay Dispersion and Soil Hydraulic Conductivity 1, Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol.42, issue.1, p.104, 1978.

H. Furumai, H. Balmer, and M. Boller, Dynamic behavior of suspended pollutants and particle size distribution in highway runoff, Water Science and Technology, vol.46, p.93, 2002.

J. M. Gaidis, Chemistry of corrosion inhibitors. Cement and Concrete Composites, vol.26, pp.181-189, 2004.

M. T. Gallagher, J. W. Snodgrass, D. R. Ownby, A. B. Brand, R. E. Casey et al., Watershed-scale analysis of pollutant distributions in stormwater management ponds, Urban Ecosystems, vol.14, issue.3, p.58, 2011.

A. Galuszka, Z. M. Migaszewski, R. Podlaski, S. Do??gowska, and A. Michalik, The influence of chloride deicers on mineral nutrition and the health status of roadside trees in the city of Kielce, Poland. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, vol.176, issue.1, pp.451-464, 2011.

N. Gamermann, Contribution a l'étude de la diagenèse des grès : couleur rouge, argiles authigènes et induration. Formations d'Estrada Nova, de Rosario do Sul et de Botucatu (Brésil) et Buntsandstein des Vosges (France), p.40, 1979.

M. Garcia-serrana, J. S. Gulliver, and J. L. Nieber, Infiltration capacity of roadside filter strips with non-uniform overland flow, Journal of Hydrology, vol.545, p.69, 2017.

G. V. Glass and K. D. Hopkins, Statistical methods in education and psychology, 3d. Statistical methods in education and psychology, p.83, 1996.

D. W. Glenn and J. J. Et-sansalone, Accretion and Partitioning of Heavy Metals Associated with Snow Exposed to Urban Traffic and Winter Storm Maintenance Activities. II, Journal of Environmental Engineering, vol.128, issue.2, pp.167-185, 2002.

K. S. Godwin, S. D. Hafner, and M. F. Buff, Long-term trends in sodium and chloride in the Mohawk River, Environmental Pollution, vol.124, issue.2, pp.273-281, 2003.

V. Golob, A. Vinder, and M. Simoni?, Efficiency of the coagulation/flocculation method for the treatment of dyebath effluents, Dyes and Pigments, vol.67, issue.2, p.105, 2005.

S. M. Green, R. Machin, and M. S. Cresser, Effect of long-term changes in soil chemistry induced by road salt applications on N-transformations in roadside soils, Environmental Pollution, vol.152, issue.1, pp.20-31, 2008.

C. Gunawardana, A. Goonetilleke, P. Egodawatta, L. Dawes, and S. Kokot, Source characterisation of road dust based on chemical and mineralogical composition, Chemosphere, vol.87, issue.2, pp.163-170, 2012.

F. Gurbuz, H. Ciftci, and A. Akcil, Biodegradation of cyanide containing effluents by Scenedesmus obliquus, Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol.162, issue.1, pp.74-79, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.05.008

P. Göbel, C. Dierkes, and W. G. Coldewey, Storm water runoff concentration matrix for urban areas, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, vol.91, issue.1, p.122, 2007.

F. Gülser and E. Et-erdo?an, The effects of heavy metal pollution on enzyme activities and basal soil respiration of roadside soils, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, vol.145, issue.1, pp.127-133, 2008.

D. G. Hall, M. J. Reeve, A. J. Thomasson, and V. F. Wright, Water retention, porosity and density of field soils, p.62, 1977.

M. Hallberg, G. Renman, and T. Lundbom, Seasonal Variations of Ten Metals in Highway Runoff and their Partition between Dissolved and Particulate Matter, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol.181, issue.1-4, p.128, 2007.

J. A. Halstead, S. Kliman, C. W. Berheide, A. Chaucer, and A. Cock-esteb, Urban stream syndrome in a small, lightly developed watershed : a statistical analysis of water chemistry parameters, land use patterns, and natural sources, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, vol.186, issue.6, pp.3391-3414, 2014.

M. L. Harless, C. J. Huckins, J. B. Grant, and T. G. Pypker, Effects of six chemical deicers on larval wood frogs (Rana sylvatica), Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol.30, issue.7, p.29, 2011.

F. Hatert, Minéralogie : connaître et reconnaître les minéraux : cristallographie, cristallochimie, techniques d'identification. Technosup. Paris : Ellipses. DL 2015, cop, p.97, 2015.

B. Helmreich, R. Hilliges, A. Schriewer, and H. Horn, Runoff pollutants of a highly trafficked urban road -Correlation analysis and seasonal influences, Chemosphere, vol.80, issue.9, p.130, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.05.037

W. Herb, B. Janke, and H. Stefan, Study of De-icing Salt Accumulation and Transport Through a Watershed, vol.68, p.69, 2017.

R. Hilliges, A. Schriewer, and B. Helmreich, A three-stage treatment system for highly polluted urban road runoff, Journal of Environmental Management, vol.128, p.93, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.05.024

M. A. Hossain, M. Alam, D. R. Yonge, and P. Et-dutta, Efficiency and Flow Regime of a Highway Stormwater Detention Pond in Washington, USA. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol.164, issue.1-4, p.33, 2005.

K. W. Howard and J. Haynes, Groundwater Contamination Due To Road De-icing Chemicals -Salt Balance Implications, Geoscience Canada, vol.17, issue.1, p.68, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0169-7722(93)90010-p

M. Huber, A. Welker, and B. Helmreich, Critical review of heavy metal pollution of traffic area runoff : Occurrence, influencing factors, and partitioning, Science of The Total Environment, vol.541, p.116, 2016.

K. R. James, B. Cant, and T. Ryan, Responses of freshwater biota to rising salinity levels and implications for saline water management : a review, Australian Journal of Botany, vol.51, issue.6, p.29, 2003.

M. Javed, N. Usmani, . Cu, . Ni, . Fe et al., Zn) pollution in effluent dominated rivulet water and their effect on glycogen metabolism and histology of Mastacembelus armatus, African Journal of Biotechnology, vol.13, issue.3, pp.492-501, 2014.

L. Jeanneau, P. Faure, E. Montarges-pelletier, and M. Ramelli, Impact of a highly contaminated river on a more important hydrologic system : Changes in organic markers, Science of The Total Environment, vol.372, issue.1, p.103, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00163572

B. J. Jokela, Design of Urban Sedimentation Basins in Anchorage, Cold Regions Hydrology and Hydraulics, vol.33, p.34, 1990.

K. E. Judd, H. E. Adams, N. S. Bosch, J. M. Kostrzewski, C. E. Scott et al., A Case History : Effects of Mixing Regime on Nutrient Dynamics and Community Structure in Third Sister Lake, Michigan During Late Winter and Early Spring, Lake and Reservoir Management, vol.21, issue.3, p.124, 2003.

K. Karlsson, M. Viklander, L. Scholes, and M. Revitt, Heavy metal concentrations and toxicity in water and sediment from stormwater ponds and sedimentation tanks, Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol.178, issue.1, p.135, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.01.129

URL : https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/15529/3/JHazMat%202010.pdf

S. S. Kaushal, P. M. Groffman, G. E. Likens, K. T. Belt, W. P. Stack et al., Increased salinization of fresh water in the northeastern United States, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol.102, p.123, 2005.

M. Kavanaugh, A. Deeb, D. Markowitz, A. Dzombak, A. Zheng et al., Cyanide formation and fate in complex effl uents and its relation to water quality criteria, vol.18, 2003.
DOI : 10.2166/9781780404073

V. R. Kelly, G. M. Lovett, K. C. Weathers, S. E. Findlay, D. L. Strayer et al., Long-Term Sodium Chloride Retention in a Rural Watershed : Legacy Effects of Road Salt on Streamwater Concentration, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.42, issue.2, p.123, 2008.

W. R. Kelly, Long-Term Trends in Chloride Concentrations in Shallow Aquifers near Chicago, vol.46, pp.772-781, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2008.00466.x

P. D. Kelsey and R. G. Et-hootman, Deicing salt dispersion and effects on vegetation along highways. Case study : deicing salt deposition on the morton arboretum, Chemical deicers and the environment, vol.16, p.68, 1992.

N. R. Khalili, P. A. Scheff, and T. M. Et-holsen, PAH source fingerprints for coke ovens, diesel and, gasoline engines, highway tunnels, and wood combustion emissions, Atmospheric Environment, vol.29, issue.4, pp.533-542, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/1352-2310(94)00275-p

S. Kim and C. Koretsky, Effects of road salt deicers on sediment biogeochemistry, Biogeochemistry, vol.112, issue.1, p.29, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s10533-012-9728-x

D. W. Kincaid and S. E. Findlay, Sources of Elevated Chloride in Local Streams : Groundwater and Soils as Potential Reservoirs. Water, air, and soil pollution, vol.203, pp.335-342, 2009.

C. E. Kindsvater and R. W. Carter, Discharge Characteristics Of Rectangular Thin-Plate Weirs, Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, vol.124, issue.1, pp.772-801, 1959.

J. Kjensmo, The influence of road salts on the salinity and the meromictic stability of Lake Svinsjøen, southeastern Norway, Hydrobiologia, vol.347, issue.1, pp.151-159, 1997.

M. Kleber, P. S. Nico, A. Plante, T. Filley, M. Kramer et al., Old and stable soil organic matter is not necessarily chemically recalcitrant : implications for modeling concepts and temperature sensitivity, Global Change Biology, vol.17, issue.2, pp.1097-1107, 2011.

A. Kocbach, B. V. Johansen, P. E. Schwarze, and E. Namork, Analytical electron microscopy of combustion particles : a comparison of vehicle exhaust and residential wood smoke, Science of The Total Environment, vol.346, issue.1, pp.231-243, 2005.

C. M. Koretsky, A. Macleod, R. J. Sibert, and C. Snyder, Redox Stratification and Salinization of Three Kettle Lakes in Southwest Michigan, USA. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol.223, issue.3, p.123, 2012.

M. Koryak, L. J. Stafford, R. J. Reilly, and P. M. Magnuson, Highway Deicing Salt Runoff Events and Major Ion Concentrations along a Small Urban Stream, Journal of Freshwater Ecology, vol.16, issue.1, pp.125-134, 2001.
DOI : 10.1080/02705060.2001.9663795

J. Koskiaho, Flow velocity retardation and sediment retention in two constructed wetland-ponds, Ecological Engineering, vol.19, issue.5, pp.325-337, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/s0925-8574(02)00119-2

W. H. Kruskal and W. A. Wallis, Use of Ranks in One-Criterion Variance Analysis, Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol.47, issue.260, pp.583-621, 1952.

D. D. Kuhn and T. C. Young, Photolytic degradation of hexacyanoferrate (II) in aqueous media : The determination of the degradation kinetics, Chemosphere, vol.60, issue.9, 2005.

K. Kuoppamäki, H. Setälä, A. Rantalainen, and D. J. Et-kotze, Urban snow indicates pollution originating from road traffic, Environmental Pollution, vol.195, pp.56-63, 2014.

D. A. Laird, M. A. Chappell, D. A. Martens, R. L. Wershaw, and M. Et-thompson, Distinguishing black carbon from biogenic humic substances in soil clay fractions, Geoderma, vol.143, issue.1, pp.115-122, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.10.025

K. Lamprea and V. Ruban, Pollutant concentrations and fluxes in both stormwater and wastewater at the outlet of two urban watersheds in Nantes (France), Urban Water Journal, vol.8, issue.4, pp.219-231, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00907365

H. Lee, R. D. Cody, A. M. Cody, and P. G. Spry, Effects of various deicing chemicals on pavement concrete deterioration, Mid-continent transportations symposium proceedings, vol.15, pp.151-155, 2000.

P. K. Lee, J. C. Touray, P. Baillif, and J. P. Ildefonse, Heavy Metal Contamination of Settling Particles in a Retention Pond Along The A-71 Motorway in Sologne, France. The Science of the Total Environment, vol.201, p.135, 1997.

P. Lee, Y. Yu, S. Yun, and B. Mayer, Metal contamination and solid phase partitioning of metals in urban roadside sediments, Chemosphere, vol.60, issue.5, p.136, 2005.

M. Legret and C. Pagotto, Evaluation of pollutant loadings in the runoff waters from a major rural highway, Science of The Total Environment, vol.235, issue.1-3, p.130, 1999.

J. Lewis, Turbidity-Controlled Suspended Sediment Sampling for Runoff-Event Load Estimation, Water Resources Research, vol.32, issue.7, pp.2299-2310, 1996.

M. Li and M. E. Barrett, Relationship Between Antecedent Dry Period and Highway Pollutant : Conceptual Models of Buildup and Removal Processes, Water Environment Research, vol.80, issue.8, pp.740-747, 2008.

X. Li, C. Poon, and P. S. Liu, Heavy metal contamination of urban soils and street dusts in Hong Kong, Applied Geochemistry, vol.16, issue.11, pp.1361-1368, 2001.

Y. Li, S. Lau, M. Kayhanian, and M. K. Stenstrom, Particle Size Distribution in Highway Runoff, Journal of Environmental Engineering, vol.131, issue.9, p.88, 2005.

D. R. Lide, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 2009.

M. Lisiewicz, R. Heimburger, and J. Golimowski, Granulometry and the content of toxic and potentially toxic elements in vacuum-cleaner collected, indoor dusts of the city of Warsaw, Science of The Total Environment, vol.263, issue.1, pp.69-78, 2000.

C. Liu and Y. Shen, Flow structure and sediment transport with impacts of aquatic vegetation, Journal of Hydrodynamics, Ser. B, vol.20, issue.4, p.41, 2008.

D. T. Long, T. C. Voice, A. Chen, F. Xing, and S. Li, Temporal and spatial patterns of Cl -and Na + concentrations and Cl/Na ratios in salted urban watersheds, Elementa Science of the Anthropocene, vol.3, issue.0, p.15, 2015.

G. M. Lovett, G. E. Likens, D. C. Buso, C. T. Driscoll, and S. W. Bailey, The biogeochemistry of chlorine at Hubbard Brook, vol.72, pp.191-232, 2005.

S. G. Lu, Y. W. Zheng, and S. Q. Bai, A HRTEM/EDX approach to identification of the source of dust particles on urban tree leaves, Atmospheric Environment, vol.42, issue.26, pp.6431-6441, 2008.

A. Lundmark and P. Jansson, Estimating the Fate of De-icing Salt in a Roadside Environment by Combining Modelling and Field Observations, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol.195, issue.1-4, pp.215-232, 2008.

A. Lundmark and B. Olofsson, Chloride Deposition and Distribution in Soils Along a Deiced Highway -Assessment Using Different Methods of Measurement, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol.182, issue.1-4, p.24, 2007.

. Lusirf, Routes et rues au coeur de toutes les mobilités. Rapport d'activité, L'Union des syndicats de l'industrie routière française, 2018.

S. Löfgren, The Chemical Effects of Deicing Salt on Soil and Stream Water of Five Catchments in Southeast Sweden, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol.130, issue.1-4, p.26, 2001.

M. V. Lützow, I. Kögel-knabner, K. Ekschmitt, E. Matzner, G. Guggenberger et al., Stabilization of organic matter in temperate soils : mechanisms and their relevance under different soil conditions -a review, European Journal of Soil Science, vol.57, issue.4, pp.426-445, 2006.

C. Maksimovic, S. Sveinung, M. Jadranka, and S. Et-thorolfsson, Urban drainage in cold climates. Volume II Urban drainage in specific climates. International hydrological programme, UNESCO/IRTCUD, p.33, 2000.

A. Manceau, M. A. Marcus, and N. Tamura, Quantitative Speciation of Heavy Metals in Soils and Sediments by Synchrotron X-ray Techniques, Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, vol.49, issue.1, p.123, 2002.

I. R. Mangangka, A. Liu, P. Egodawatta, and A. Goonetilleke, Sectional analysis of stormwater treatment performance of a constructed wetland, Ecological Engineering, vol.77, pp.172-179, 2015.

G. Mangani, A. Berloni, F. Bellucci, F. Tatàno, and M. Maione, Evaluation of the Pollutant Content in Road Runoff First Flush Waters, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol.160, issue.1-4, p.130, 2005.

R. Manning, On the flow of water in open channels and pipes. Transactions of the Institution of Civil Engineers of Ireland, vol.20, pp.161-207, 1891.

J. Marsalek, Road salts in urban stormwater : an emerging issue in stormwater management in cold climates, Water Science and Technology, vol.48, issue.9, p.114, 2003.

J. Marsalek and P. M. Marsalek, Characteristics of sediments from a stormwater management pond, Water Science and Technology, vol.36, issue.8, p.135, 1997.
DOI : 10.2166/wst.1997.0653

C. F. Mason, S. A. Norton, I. J. Fernandez, and L. E. Katz, Deconstruction of the Chemical Effects of Road Salt on Stream Water Chemistry, Journal of Environmental Quality, vol.28, issue.1, p.26, 1999.

T. Mayer, Q. Rochfort, U. Borgmann, and W. Snodgrass, Geochemistry and toxicity of sediment porewater in a salt-impacted urban stormwater detention pond. Environmental Pollution, vol.156, pp.143-151, 2008.

T. Mayer, W. J. Snodgrass, and D. Et-morin, Spatial characterizationof the occurrence of road salts and their chlorides in canadian surface waters and benthic sediments, Water Quality Research Journal, vol.34, issue.4, pp.545-574, 1999.

M. Mcbride, Chemisorption and precipitation Reactions, Handbook of soil science, p.24, 2000.

J. C. Meeussen, M. G. Keizer, and F. A. Et-de-haan, Chemical stability and decomposition rate of iron cyanide complexes in soil solutions, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.26, issue.3, pp.511-516, 1992.

J. C. Menneer, C. D. Mclay, and R. Lee, Effects of sodium-contaminated wastewater on soil permeability of two New Zealand soils, Soil Research, vol.39, issue.4, p.104, 2001.

M. Meriano, N. Eyles, and K. W. Howard, Hydrogeological impacts of road salt from Canada's busiest highway on a Lake Ontario watershed (Frenchman's Bay) and lagoon, City of Pickering, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, vol.107, issue.1-2, p.123, 2009.

E. D. Miguel, J. F. Llamas, E. Chacón, T. Berg, S. Larssen et al., Origin and patterns of distribution of trace elements in street dust : Unleaded petrol and urban lead, Atmospheric Environment, vol.31, issue.17, pp.2733-2740, 1997.

D. Milotic, M. Milotic, and J. Koprivnikar, Effects of road salt on larval amphibian susceptibility to parasitism through behavior and immunocompetence, Aquatic Toxicology, vol.8, p.29, 2017.
DOI : 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.05.015

B. Morteau, G. Triffault-bouchet, and L. Martel, Nutrient and Removal Kinetics Impacts on Salt Phytoremediation by Atriplex patula and Typha angustifolia, Journal of Environmental Engineering, vol.141, issue.2, 2015.
DOI : 10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0000889

T. M. Muthanna, M. Viklander, N. Gjesdahl, and S. T. Et-thorolfsson, Heavy Metal Removal in Cold Climate Bioretention, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol.183, issue.1, pp.391-402, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s11270-007-9387-z

P. C. Nagajyoti, K. D. Lee, and T. V. Sreekanth, Heavy metals, occurrence and toxicity for plants : a review, Environmental Chemistry Letters, vol.8, issue.3, pp.199-216, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s10311-010-0297-8

K. Nam, Y. Kim, Y. S. Moon, I. Pack, and C. Kim, Salinity affects metabolomic profiles of different trophic levels in a food chain, Science of The Total Environment, vol.29, pp.198-206, 2017.

P. Natarajan and A. P. Davis, Hydrologic Performance of a Transitioned Infiltration Basin Managing Highway Runoff, Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment, vol.1, issue.3, 2015.

R. Nedjaï, G. Rovera, and M. Bonnet, Les effets des épandages de sel sur la tourbière lacustre du Luitel (massif de Belledonne, France) : la dérivation des eaux du ruisseau du Rambert comme remède à la pollution / The effects of road salting on the Luitel lake peat bog, vol.91, pp.51-66, 2003.

S. Nelson, D. R. Yonge, and M. E. Barber, Effects of Road Salts on Heavy Metal Mobility in Two Eastern Washington Soils, Journal of Environmental Engineering, vol.135, issue.7, p.104, 2009.

A. C. Norrström, Metal mobility by de-icing salt from an infiltration trench for highway runoff, Applied Geochemistry, vol.20, issue.10, p.96, 2005.

A. Norrström and E. Bergstedt, The Impact of Road De-Icing Salts (NaCl) on Colloid Dispersion and Base Cation Pools in Roadside Soils, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol.127, issue.1, p.104, 2001.

A. C. Norrström and G. Jacks, Concentration and fractionation of heavy metals in roadside soils receiving de-icing salts, Science of The Total Environment, vol.218, issue.2, p.136, 1998.

E. V. Novotny, D. Murphy, and H. G. Stefan, Increase of urban lake salinity by road deicing salt, Science of The Total Environment, vol.406, issue.1-2, p.123, 2008.

G. Oberts, Influence of Snowmelt Dynamics on Stormwater Runoff Quality, Watershed Protection Techniques, vol.1, issue.12, p.114, 1994.

G. L. Oberts, Cold climate BMPs : solving the management puzzle, Water Science and Technology, vol.48, issue.9, 2003.

T. Ohno, Levels of total cyanide and NaCl in surface waters adjacent to road salt storage facilities, Environmental Pollution, vol.67, issue.2, pp.123-132, 1990.

C. Pagotto, Etude sur l'émission et le transfert dans les eaux et les sols des éléments traces métalliques et des hydrocarbures, en domaine routier, vol.21, p.129, 1999.

N. Perera, B. Gharabaghi, and K. Howard, Groundwater chloride response in the Highland Creek watershed due to road salt application : A re-assessment after 20years, Journal of Hydrology, vol.479, p.26, 2013.

P. Pernes, Hydraulique unidimensionnelle -Partie 1-Analyse dimensionelle et similitudes -Généralité sur les écoulements unidimensionnels -Ecoulements en chargeEcoulements surfaces libres. Cemagref édition, p.48, 2003.

T. J. Pettersson, Water quality improvement in a small stormwater detention pond, Water Science and Technology, vol.38, issue.10, p.33, 1998.

J. Pokorski, A. Re?ski, and H. Sar, Investigation of adhesion characteristics of different tyre types in different weather conditions, Journal of KONES, vol.19, issue.3, pp.363-369, 2012.

R. Powell, History of Manning's formula, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.65, pp.1310-1311, 1960.

F. Pruckner and O. E. Gjørv, Effect of CaCl2 and NaCl additions on concrete corrosivity, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.34, issue.7, 2004.

J. P. Quirk, Soil permeability in relation to sodicity and salinity, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, vol.316, pp.297-317, 1537.
DOI : 10.1098/rsta.1986.0010

J. P. Quirk and R. K. Schofield, The Effect of Electrolyte Concentration on Soil Permeability, Journal of Soil Science, vol.6, issue.2, pp.163-178, 1955.

. R-core-team, R : A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, p.83, 2016.

D. M. Ramakrishna and T. Et-viraraghavan, Environmental Impact of Chemical Deicers -A Review, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol.166, issue.1-4, p.25, 2005.

D. M. Revitt, R. B. Shutes, R. H. Jones, M. Forshaw, and B. Winter, The performances of vegetative treatment systems for highway runoff during dry and wet conditions, Science of The Total Environment, 2004.

A. L. Rhodes and A. J. Et-guswa, Storage and release of road-salt contamination from a calcareous lake-basin fen, Science of The Total Environment, vol.545, p.136, 2016.

A. L. Rhodes, R. M. Newton, and A. Pufall, Influences of Land Use on Water Quality of a Diverse New England Watershed, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.35, issue.18, p.123, 2001.

J. A. Richburg, W. A. Patterson, and F. Et-lowenstein, Effects of road salt and Phragmites australis invasion on the vegetation of a Western Massachusetts calcareous lake-basin fen, Wetlands, vol.21, issue.2, pp.247-255, 2001.

H. K. Robinson, E. A. Hasenmueller, and L. G. Chambers, Soil as a reservoir for road salt retention leading to its gradual release to groundwater, Applied Geochemistry, vol.83, p.26, 2017.

P. M. Rodrigues, R. M. Rodrigues, B. H. Costa, A. A. Tavares-martins, and J. C. Et-esteves-da-silva, Multivariate analysis of the water quality variation in the Serra da Estrela (Portugal) Natural Park as a consequence of road deicing with salt, vol.102, p.27, 2010.

S. Roger, M. Montrejaud-vignoles, M. C. Andral, L. Herremans, and J. P. Fortune, Mineral, physical and chemical analysis of the solid matter carried by motorway runoff water, Water Research, vol.32, issue.4, p.103, 1998.

C. Rondel, M. Daufresne, and P. Danis, Thermo-mictic typology : Application to a classification of French lakes. Rapport final, ONEMA/IRSTEA. vii, vol.28, p.113, 2012.

D. O. Rosenberry, P. A. Bukaveckas, D. C. Buso, G. E. Likens, A. M. Shapiro et al., Movement of Road Salt to a Small New Hampshire Lake, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol.109, issue.1-4, pp.179-206, 1999.

O. Ruth, The effects of de-icing in Helsinki urban streams, Southern Finland. Water Science and Technology, vol.48, issue.9, pp.33-43, 2003.

J. J. Sansalone, S. G. Buchberger, and S. R. Al-abed, Fractionation of heavy metals in pavement runoff, Science of The Total Environment, vol.18, p.116, 1996.

J. Sartor and G. Boyd, Water pollution aspects of street surface contaminants, p.92, 1972.

D. P. Schachtman, R. J. Reid, and S. M. Et-ayling, Phosphorus Uptake by Plants : From Soil to Cell, Plant Physiology, vol.116, issue.2, 1998.

I. Schoukens, F. Cavezza, J. Cerezo, V. Vandenberghe, V. C. Gudla et al., Influence of de-icing salt chemistry on the corrosion behavior of AA6016, Materials and Corrosion, vol.69, issue.7, pp.881-887, 2018.

D. Schroeder, Structure and weathering of potassium containing minerals, IPI Reasearch Topics, vol.5, p.22, 1978.

A. Semadeni-davies, Winter performance of an urban stormwater pond in southern Sweden, Hydrological Processes, vol.20, p.114, 2006.

. Setra, Assainissement routier. guide technique, SETRA, vol.16, p.62, 2006.

. Setra, Pollution d'origine routière -Conception des ouvrages de traitement des eaux. guide technique, SETRA, vol.31, p.32, 2007.

. Setra, L'impact des fondants routiers sur l'environnement. Etat des connaissances et piste d'action. Note d'information, SETRA, vol.12, p.68, 2011.

. Setra, Viabilité hivernale, Fiche pratiques "aide-mémoire". Rapport technique Série II -fiche 01, SETRA, vol.12, p.15, 2013.

S. S. Shapiro and M. B. Wilk, An Analysis of Variance Test for Normality (Complete Samples), Biometrika, vol.52, issue.3/4, pp.591-611, 1965.

X. Shi, M. Akin, T. Pan, L. Fay, Y. Liu et al., Deicer impacts on pavement materials : Introduction and recent developments, The Open Civil Engineering Journal, vol.3, pp.16-27, 2009.

X. Shi, N. Xie, K. Fortune, and J. Gong, Durability of steel reinforced concrete in chloride environments : An overview. Construction and Building Materials, vol.30, pp.125-138, 2012.

R. Sibert, C. Koretsky, and D. Wyman, Cultural Meromixis : Effects Of Road-Salt On The Chemical Stratification Of An Urban Kettle Lake, Chemical Geology, vol.395, p.131, 2014.

D. Skultety and J. W. Matthews, Urbanization and roads drive non-native plant invasion in the Chicago Metropolitan region, Biological Invasions, vol.19, issue.9, pp.1-14, 2017.

C. Spearman, General Intelligence, Objectively Determined and Measured. The American Journal of Psychology, vol.15, issue.2, pp.201-292, 1904.

K. Sriyaraj and R. B. Shutes, An assessment of the impact of motorway runoff on a pond, wetland and stream, Environment International, vol.26, issue.5, pp.433-439, 2001.

P. Starzec, B. B. Lind, A. Lanngren, A. Lindgren, and T. Svenson, Technical and Environmental Functioning of Detention Ponds for the Treatment of Highway and Road Runoff, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol.163, issue.1-4, pp.153-167, 2005.

J. Sternbeck, A. Sjödin, and K. Et-andréasson, Metal emissions from road traffic and the influence of resuspension-results from two tunnel studies, Atmospheric Environment, vol.36, issue.30, pp.4735-4744, 2002.

R. Suaire, Dynamique de transfert des fondants routiers dans un bassin de rétention des eaux de ruissellement routières : vers une solution d'assainissement par phytoremédiation, vol.11, p.134, 2015.

R. Suaire, I. Durickovic, L. Framont-terrasse, J. Leblain, A. D. Rouck et al., Phytoextraction of Na+ and Cl? by Atriplex halimus L. and Atriplex hortensis L. : A promising solution for remediation of road runoff contaminated with deicing salts, Ecological Engineering, issue.94, pp.182-189, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01813298

R. Suaire, I. Durickovic, M. Simonnot, and M. Marchetti, Monitoring of Road Deicers in a Retention Pond, International Journal of Measurement Technologies and Instrumentation Engineering (IJMTIE), vol.3, issue.1, p.58, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00881544

H. Sun, J. Alexander, B. Gove, and M. Koch, Mobilization of arsenic, lead, and mercury under conditions of sea water intrusion and road deicing salt application, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, vol.180, p.123, 2015.

P. Suraneni, V. J. Azad, O. B. Isgor, and W. J. Weiss, Deicing Salts and Durability of Concrete Pavements and Joints, Concrete International, vol.38, issue.4, pp.48-54, 2016.

T. Svensson, P. Sandén, D. Bastviken, and G. Öberg, Chlorine transport in a small catchment in southeast Sweden during two years, Biogeochemistry, vol.82, issue.2, pp.181-199, 2007.

M. Taka, T. Kokkonen, K. Kuoppamäki, T. Niemi, N. Sillanpää et al., Spatio-temporal patterns of major ions in urban stormwater under cold climate, Hydrological Processes, vol.31, pp.1564-1577, 2017.

P. B. Tchounwou, C. G. Yedjou, A. K. Patlolla, and D. J. Sutton, Heavy Metals Toxicity and the Environment, EXS, vol.101, pp.133-164, 2012.

M. Tejada and J. Gonzalez, Beet vinasse applied to wheat under dryland conditions affects soil properties and yield, European Journal of Agronomy, vol.23, issue.4, pp.336-347, 2005.

E. Thunqvist, Regional increase of mean chloride concentration in water due to the application of deicing salt, Science of The Total Environment, vol.325, issue.1, p.123, 2004.

M. E. Tuccillo, Size fractionation of metals in runoff from residential and highway storm sewers, Science of The Total Environment, vol.355, issue.1, 2006.

D. R. Turner, M. Whitfield, and A. G. Dickson, The equilibrium speciation of dissolved components in freshwater and sea water at 25 ? C and 1 atm pressure, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.45, issue.6, pp.855-881, 1981.

M. Valtanen, N. Sillanpaa, and H. Setala, Effects of land use intensity on stormwater runoff and its temporal occurrence in cold climates, Hydrological Processes, vol.28, pp.2639-2650, 2014.

R. J. Van-meter, C. M. Swan, and J. W. Snodgrass, Salinization alters ecosystem structure in urban stormwater detention ponds, Urban Ecosystems, vol.14, issue.4, p.29, 2011.

C. J. Van-oss, M. K. Chaudhury, and R. J. Good, Interfacial Lifshitz-van der Waals and polar interactions in macroscopic systems, Chemical Reviews, vol.88, issue.6, pp.927-941, 1988.

J. Vargas, Optimisation des ressources en viabilité hivernale. Matérieux et tecnhiques de traitement, p.12, 2014.

G. Verstraeten and J. Et-poesen, Estimating trap efficiency of small reservoirs and ponds : methods and implications for the assessment of sediment yield, Progress in Physical Geography : Earth and Environment, vol.24, issue.2, pp.219-251, 2000.

D. J. Walker, Modelling sedimentation processes in a constructed stormwater wetland, Science of The Total Environment, vol.266, issue.1-3, pp.61-68, 2001.

K. Wang, D. E. Nelsen, and W. A. Et-nixon, Damaging effects of deicing chemicals on concrete materials. Cement and Concrete Composites, vol.28, pp.173-188, 2006.

S. Wang, L. Baxter, and F. Fonseca, Biomass fly ash in concrete : SEM, EDX and ESEM analysis, Fuel, vol.87, issue.3, pp.372-379, 2008.

S. A. Watmough, T. Rabinowitz, and S. Baker, The impact of pollutants from a major northern highway on an adjacent hardwood forest, Science of The Total Environment, vol.579, p.26, 2017.

M. Werkenthin, B. Kluge, and G. Wessolek, Metals in European roadside soils and soil solution -A review, Environmental Pollution, vol.189, p.128, 1920.

C. Westerlund and M. Viklander, Particles and associated metals in road runoff during snowmelt and rainfall, Science of The Total Environment, vol.362, issue.1, p.33, 2006.

C. Westerlund, M. Viklander, and M. Bäckström, Seasonal variations in road runoff quality in Luleå, Sweden. Water Science and Technology, vol.48, issue.9, p.116, 2003.

H. Wickham, ggplot2 : Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis, 2016.

F. Wilcoxon, Individual Comparisons by Ranking Methods, Biometrics Bulletin, vol.1, issue.6, pp.80-83, 1945.

C. Zafra, J. Temprano, and I. Tejero, The physical factors affecting heavy metals accumulated in the sediment deposited on road surfaces in dry weather : a review, Urban Water Journal, vol.14, issue.6, pp.639-649, 2017.

J. M. Zanders, Road sediment : characterization and implications for the performance of vegetated strips for treating road run-off, Science of The Total Environment, vol.339, issue.1, pp.41-47, 2005.

H. Zhao, X. Li, X. Wang, and D. Et-tian, Grain size distribution of road-deposited sediment and its contribution to heavy metal pollution in urban runoff in Beijing, China. Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol.183, issue.1, pp.203-210, 2010.

J. Zítková, J. Hegrová, and P. And?l, Bioindication of road salting impact on Norway spruce (Picea abies), Transportation Research Part D : Transport and Environment, vol.59, pp.58-67, 2018.

G. Öberg and P. Sandén, Retention of chloride in soil and cycling of organic matterbound chlorine, Hydrological Processes, vol.19, pp.2123-2136, 2005.