, Il serait intéressant d'améliorer cette sélection en mettant en place un système de sélection automatique de la méthode optimale d'extraction de caractéristiques basée sur la modélisation des connaissances du contexte. Cela permettrait de proposer une méthodologie semi-supervisée de montage automatique. Néanmoins, ce point pose le problème de l'évaluation de la qualité d'un traitement d'image, teur du système à sélectionner les méthodes d'extraction de caractéristiques adéquates

, Pour ce faire, il est nécessaire d'extraire des connaissances sur les sources d'intérêts. Lors de l'indexation de vidéo, le flux vidéo monté est découpé en séquence puis analysé afin d'extraire les informations sémantiques de la séquence vidéo. Il semble alors intéressant que l'indexation des vidéos soit réalisée dès la création du flux vidéo monté. De plus, un des objectifs de l'indexation est la recherche de contenu vidéo à partir de données sémantiques. Les méthodes de recherche pourraient contribuer à la création de flux vidéo personnalisés en sélectionnant les séquences vidéo répondant aux desiderata des spectateurs. Ainsi, l'indexation vidéo se positionne comme un outil adéquat afin de proposer un montage automatique multi-évènements. La méthodologie que nous proposons s'appuie sur l'acquisition de connaissances afin d'identifier, Enfin, des perspectives portent sur l'extension de notre méthodologie au montage automatique multi-événements. Les modélisations proposées dans cette thèse se concentrent sur la réalisation de montage automatique pour un seul événement

A. , Indexation de vidéo

, Le découpage d'une vidéo peut se faire à différents niveaux. Les découpages les plus récurrents dans la littérature sont aux niveaux des scènes, des plans et des images. Il existe cependant d'autre décomposition dans la littérature comme la décomposition en histoires, vol.56

, Une scène est un groupement de plans temporellement adjacents et sémantiquement proches

, Grâce à un assemblage logique de plans, la scène permet d'exprimer une idée, ce qui la rend particulièrement intéressante pour une indexation sémantique. Cependant le problème de segmentation d'une vidéo en scènes n'est pas complètement résolu et son approche repose généralement sur le découpage en plans. Un plan est défini par une séquence d'images présentant une action continue qui est capturée par une seule caméra, vol.109

, Deux approches se distinguent pour découper une vidéo brute en plans. La première compare les caractéristiques d'images successives. La différence calculée entre deux images permet de détecter les changements de plan. La seconde approche utilise des modèles mathématiques afin de modéliser les transitions entre plans

, A.1.2 Réduction de la taille des données

, En effet, il n'est pas judicieux d'utiliser toutes les images d'un plan car il peut être composé d'un grand nombre d'images dont le contenu est redondant. Afin de réduire le nombre d'images à traiter, une image clé est extraite, La seconde étape de l'indexation consiste à réduire la taille des données à traiter

, réalisent cette extraction en comparant les niveaux de gris des pixels d'images successivement et sélectionnent les images présentant la plus grande différence. Plus récemment, [122] ont utilisé une classificateur à vaste marges (SVM) afin d

, Pour ce faire, les images clés sont analysées afin d'extraire des caractéristiques sur les plans. Le contenu d'une image clé peut être décrit à deux niveaux : numériquement (caractéristiques de couleurs, formes, textures, ...) ou sémantiquement (interprétation textuelle de la vidéo). Les méthodologies de recherche de vidéo basées sur le contenu (CBVR) utilisent les caractéristiques numériques pour trouver une image similaire / dissimilaire, Enfin la dernière étape vise à générer les métadonnées pour chaque plan

, Il est difficile de trouver une vidéo précise à partir de caractéristiques. Il est plus simple pour un utilisateur de formuler une requête textuelle afin d'effectuer une recherche. Ainsi une indexation sémantique du contenu d'une vidéo permet une recherche plus simple. Les descripteurs sémantiques s'appuient généralement sur les caractéristiques numériques. Des classificateurs sont utilisés afin d, Cependant ces descripteurs ne correspondent pas à tous les besoins des utilisateurs

, Les relations entre ces concepts peuvent également être prises en compte afin de fournir une description haut niveau sur la scène

S. Albayati, An Overview of Visible Light Communication Systemps, International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, vol.8, issue.6, pp.51-56, 2019.

B. Almecija, V. Bombardier, and P. Charpentier, Modeling Quality knowledge to design log sorting system by X rays tomography, IFAC Proceedings Volumes, vol.45, pp.1190-1195, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00720542

I. Arev, H. S. Park, Y. Sheikh, J. Hodgins, and A. Shamir, Automatic Editing of Footage from Multiple Social Cameras, ACM Trans. Graph, vol.33, issue.4, pp.1-11, 2014.

Y. Ariki, S. Kubota, and M. Kumano, Automatic Production System of Soccer Sports Video by Digital Camera Work Based on Situation Recognition, Proceedings of the Eigth IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia, pp.851-860, 2006.

F. Radhian-ferel-armansyah, S. Dzil-ikram, T. Satira-nolika, and . Adiono, Efficient Sound-Source Localization system using low cost TDOA computation, 2016 International Symposium on Electronics and Smart Devices (ISESD), pp.315-319, 2016.

B. Babenko, M. Yang, and S. Belongie, Visual tracking with online Multiple Instance Learning, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp.983-990, 2009.

D. Benarab, Automatic Swimmer Tracking Using Video Sequences : Application to Performance Analysis. Theses, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01493439

M. Bianchi, AutoAuditorium : A fully automatic, multi-camera system to televise auditorium presentations, Proc. of Joint DARPA/NIST Smart Spaces Technology Workshop, 1998.

M. Bianchi, Automatic video production of lectures using an intelligent and aware environment, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia, pp.117-123, 2004.

S. Bocconi, F. Nack, and L. Hardman, Automatic generation of matter-ofopinion video documentaries, Web Semantics : Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web, vol.6, issue.2, pp.139-150, 2008.

V. Bombardier and O. Nartz, Robot -Vision au Pôle AIP-Priméca Lorraine, 2007.

J. Boreczky and L. Wilcox, A hidden markov model framework for video segmentation using audio and image features, Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, vol.6, pp.3741-3744, 1998.

R. Boubezari, H. L. Minh, Z. Ghassemlooy, and A. Bouridane, Smartphone Camera Based Visible Light Communication, Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.34, issue.17, pp.4121-4127, 2016.

R. Bouillot and G. Galès, Cours de Vidéo. Dunod, 2008.

C. Busso, S. Hernanz, C. Chu, S. Kwon, S. Lee et al., Smart room : Participant and speaker localization and identification, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, vol.2, pp.1117-1120, 2005.

T. Callemein, T. Wiebe-van-ranst, and . Goedeme, The autonomous hidden camera crew. ( :unav), 2017.

P. Carr, M. Mistry, and I. Matthews, Hybrid Robotic/Virtual Pan-tilt-zom Cameras for Autonomous Event Recording, Proceedings of the 21st ACM International Conference on Multimedia, MM '13, pp.193-202, 2013.

P. Carr, Y. Sheikh, and I. Matthews, Monocular Object Detection Using 3D Geometric Primitives, Computer Vision -ECCV 2012, vol.7572, pp.864-878

H. Springer-berlin, , 2012.

J. Carranza, C. Theobalt, M. A. Magnor, and H. Seidel, Freeviewpoint Video of Human Actors, ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Papers, SIGGRAPH '03, pp.569-577, 2003.

C. Chen, O. Wang, S. Heinzle, P. Carr, A. Smolic et al., Computational sports broadcasting : Automated director assistance for live sports, 2013 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME), pp.1-6, 2013.

F. Chen and C. D. Vleeschouwer, Personalized production of basketball videos from multi-sensored data under limited display resolution. Computer Vision and Image Understanding, vol.114, pp.667-680, 2010.

F. Chen, D. Delannay, and C. D. Vleeschouwer, An Autonomous Framework to Produce and Distribute Personalized Team-Sport Video Summaries : A Basketball Case Study, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, vol.13, issue.6, pp.1381-1394, 2011.

J. Chen, Towards Automatic Broadcast of Team Sports, 2018.

J. Chen and P. Carr, Autonomous Camera Systems : A Survey, Workshop on Intelligent Cinematography and Editing, pp.18-22, 2014.

J. Chen and P. Carr, Mimicking Human Camera Operators, 2015 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision, pp.215-222, 2015.

J. Chen and J. J. Little, Where should cameras look at soccer games : Improving smoothness using the overlapped hidden Markov model, Computer Vision and Image Understanding, vol.159, pp.59-73, 2017.

Y. Chung, J. Wang, and S. Chen, A Vision-Based Traffic Light Detection System at Intersections, Journal of Taiwan Normal University : Mathematics, Science & Technology, vol.47, issue.1, pp.67-86, 2017.

T. Coianiz and L. Torresani, Analysis and encoding of lip movements. In Audio-and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp.51-60, 1997.

R. Cutler and L. Davis, Look who's talking : Speaker detection using video and audio correlation, 2000 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, vol.3, pp.1589-1592, 2000.

S. Daigo and S. Ozawa, Automatic pan control system for broadcasting ball games based on audience's face direction, 21st ACM International Conference on Multimedia, p.444, 2004.

C. Danakis, M. Afgani, G. Povey, I. Underwood, and H. Haas, Using a CMOS camera sensor for visible light communication, 2012 IEEE Globecom Workshops, pp.1244-1248, 2012.

F. Daniyal, M. Taj, and A. Cavallaro, Content and task-based view selection from multiple video streams, Multimedia Tools and Applications, vol.46, issue.2-3, pp.235-258, 2010.

N. M. Eleonora-d'arca, J. R. Robertson, and . Hopgood, Look who's talking : Detecting the dominant speaker in a cluttered scenario, 2014 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), pp.1532-1536, 2014.

J. Davis and M. Goadrich, The Relationship Between Precision-Recall and ROC Curves, Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Machine Learning, vol.06, 2006.

A. Dearden, Y. Demiris, and O. Grau, Learning models of camera control for imitation in football matches, 4th International Symposium on Imitation in Animals and Artifacts, pp.227-231, 2007.

D. Delannay, N. Danhier, and C. D. Vleeschouwer, Detection and recognition of sports(wo)men from multiple views, Third ACM/IEEE International Conference on Distributed Smart Cameras (ICDSC), pp.1-7, 2009.

S. Desa and Q. Salih, Image substraction for real time moving object extraction, Proceedings. International Conference on Computer Graphics, Imaging and Visualization, pp.41-45, 2004.

J. H. Dibiase, H. F. Silverman, and M. S. Brandstein, Robust Localization in Reverberant Rooms, Microphone Arrays : Signal Processing Techniques and Applications, pp.157-180, 2001.

G. Doddington, Speaker recognition-Identifying people by their voices, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol.73, issue.11, pp.1651-1664, 1985.

P. Doubek, I. Geys, T. Svoboda, and L. Van-gool, Cinematographic Rules Applied to a Camera Network, The Fifth Workshop on Omnidirectional Vision, Camera Networks and Non-Classical Cameras, pp.17-29, 2004.

K. Elagouni, C. Garcia, F. Mamalet, and P. Sebillot, Combining Multi-scale Character Recognition and Linguistic Knowledge for Natural Scene Text OCR, 10th IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems, pp.120-124, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00753908

A. K. Jianping-fan, X. Elmagarmid, W. G. Zhu, L. Aref, and . Wu, ClassView : Hierarchical video shot classification, indexing, and accessing, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, vol.6, issue.1, pp.70-86, 2004.

A. Mr, V. Fegade, and . Dalal, A Survey on Content Based Video Retrieval. international journal of, Modern Trends in Engineering and Research, vol.3, issue.7, p.9, 2014.

. Fiba, . Reglement, and . De-basketball, , 2018.

C. Fiorio and J. Gustedt, Two linear time Union-Find strategies for image processing, Theoretical Computer Science, vol.154, issue.2, pp.165-181, 1996.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00549539

R. Vamsidhar-reddy-gaddam, R. Eg, C. Langseth, P. Griwodz, and . Halvorsen, The Cameraman Operating My Virtual Camera is Artificial : Can the Machine Be as Good as a Human ?, ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, vol.11, issue.4, pp.1-20, 2015.

V. Gandhi, Automatic Rush Generation with Application to Theatre Performances, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01119207

D. Gatica-perez, J. Odobez, K. Smith, and G. Lathoud, Tracking People In Meetings With Particles, Proc. Int. Workshop on Image Analysis for Multimedia Interactive Services, p.10, 2005.

M. Gleicher, Towards Virtual Videography, Proceedings of the Eighth ACM International Conference on Multimedia, pp.375-378, 2000.

H. Grabner, M. Grabner, and H. Bischof, Real-Time Tracking via On-line Boosting, Procedings of the British Machine Vision Conference, pp.6-7, 2006.

T. Halpin, ORM/NIAM Object-Role Modeling, Handbook on Architectures of Information Systems, International Handbooks on Information Systems, pp.81-101, 1998.

T. A. Halpin, UML Data Models From An ORM Perspective, Journal of Conceptual Modeling, p.12, 1998.

P. Halvorsen, S. S\a-egrov, A. Mortensen, K. C. David, A. Kristensen et al., Bagadus : An Integrated System for Arena Sports Analytics : A Soccer Case Study, Proceedings of the 4th ACM Multimedia Systems Conference, MMSys '13, pp.48-59, 2013.

A. Hampapur, R. Jain, and T. E. Weymouth, Production model based digital video segmentation. Multimedia tools and applications, vol.1, pp.9-46, 1995.

H. L. John, T. Hansen, and . Hasan, Speaker Recognition by Machines and Humans : A tutorial review, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol.32, issue.6, pp.74-99, 2015.

A. G. Hauptmann and M. J. Witbrock, Story segmentation and detection of commercials in broadcast news video, IEEE International Forum on Research and Technology Advances in Digital Libraries, pp.168-179, 1998.

B. Heisele, T. Serre, and T. Poggio, A Component-based Framework for Face Detection and Identification, International Journal of Computer Vision, vol.74, issue.2, pp.167-181, 2007.

F. João, R. Henriques, P. Caseiro, J. Martins, and . Batista, Exploiting the Circulant Structure of Tracking-by-Detection with Kernels, Computer Vision -ECCV 2012, vol.7575, pp.702-715, 2012.

F. João, R. Henriques, P. Caseiro, J. Martins, and . Batista, High-Speed Tracking with Kernelized Correlation Filters, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol.37, issue.3, pp.583-596, 2015.

H. Hermansky, Perceptual linear predictive (PLP) analysis of speech, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol.87, issue.4, pp.1738-1752, 1990.

C. S. Herrmann, Human EEG responses to 1-100 Hz flicker : Resonance phenomena in visual cortex and their potential correlation to cognitive phenomena, Experimental Brain Research, vol.137, issue.3-4, pp.346-353, 2001.

R. Hodrob and M. Jarrar, ORM to OWL 2 DL Mapping, Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Semantic Web -Applications and Services, pp.131-137, 2010.

T. Horprasert, D. Harwood, and L. S. Davis, A robust background subtraction and shadow detection, Proceedings of the Asian Conference on Computer Vision, 2000.

D. Hulens, T. Goedemé, and T. Rumes, Autonomous Lecture Recording with a PTZ Camera While Complying with Cinematographic Rules, 4 Canadian Conference on Computer and Robot Vision, pp.371-377, 2014.

H. Hung, O. Sileye, and . Ba, Speech/non-speech detection in meetings from automatically extracted low resolution visual features, 2010 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, pp.830-833, 2010.

, ISO 11664-4. ISO 11664-4 : 1976 L* a* b* Colour Space. Joint ISO/CIE Standard, ISO, pp.11664-11668, 2008.

E. Jain, Y. Sheikh, A. Shamir, and J. Hodgins, Gaze-Driven Video Re-Editing, ACM Trans. Graph, vol.34, issue.2, 2015.

P. Janku, K. Koplik, T. Dulík, and I. Szabo, Comparison of tracking algorithms implemented in OpenCV, MATEC Web of Conferences, vol.76, p.4031, 2016.

H. George, D. Joblove, and . Greenberg, Color Spaces for Computer Graphics, Proceedings of the 5th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, SIGGRAPH '78, pp.20-25, 1978.

P. Kaewtrakulpong and R. Bowden, An Improved Adaptive Background Mixture Model for Real-time Tracking with Shadow Detection, Video-Based Surveillance Systems, pp.135-144, 2002.

Z. Kalal, K. Mikolajczyk, and J. Matas, Forward-Backward Error : Automatic Detection of Tracking Failures, 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, pp.2756-2759, 2010.

Y. Kameda, S. Nishiguchi, and M. Minoh, CARMUL : Concurrent automatic recording for multimedia lecture, 2003 International Conference on Multimedia and Expo. ICME '03. Proceedings, pp.677-680, 2003.

M. Manisha, D. Kasar, T. Bhattacharyya, and . Kim, Face Recognition Using Neural Network : A Review, International Journal of Security and Its Applications, vol.10, issue.3, pp.81-100, 2016.

.. S. Laxmikant, M. M. Kate, A. Waghmare, and . Priyadarshi, An approach for automated video indexing and video search in large lecture video archives, 2015 International Conference on Pervasive Computing (ICPC), pp.1-5, 2015.

D. Kato, K. Yamada, A. Abe, K. Ishikawa, M. Ishiyama et al., Analysis of the Camerawork of Broadcasting Cameramen, SMPTE Journal, vol.106, issue.2, pp.108-116, 1997.

K. Kira and L. A. Rendell, The Feature Selection Problem : Traditional Methods and a New Algorithm, Proceedings Tenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp.129-134, 1992.

R. Kohavi, A Study of Cross-Validation and Bootstrap for Accuracy Estimation and Model Selection, IJCAI'95 Proceedings of the 14th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence, vol.2, pp.1137-1143, 1995.

R. Kohavi and G. H. John, Wrappers for feature subset selection, Artificial Intelligence, vol.97, issue.1-2, pp.273-324, 1997.

D. Kosmopoulos, A. , and S. E. Middleton, Alexandros Makris, Nikolaos Doulamis, Sotirios Chatzis, Signal Processing : Image Communication, vol.24, issue.3, pp.158-176, 2009.

R. Kubicek, P. Zak, P. Zemcik, and A. Herout, Automatic Video Editing for Multimodal Meetings, Computer Vision and Graphics, pp.260-269, 2008.

O. Henry and . Lancaster, The Chi-squared Distribution, iometrical Journal, vol.13, issue.5, pp.363-364, 1971.

G. Lathoud, J. Odobez, and D. Gatica-perez, AV16.3 : An Audio-Visual Corpus for Speaker Localization and Tracking, Machine Learning for Multimodal Interaction, pp.182-195, 2004.

J. Moigne, La Modélisation Des Systèmes Complexes. Dunod, p.552032089, 1999.

C. L. Nost, F. Lefevre, V. Bombardier, P. Charpentier, N. Krommenacker et al., Automatic video editing : Original tracking method applied to basketball players in video sequences, 8th International Conference on Image and Signal Processing, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01835037

Q. Liu, Y. Rui, A. Gupta, and J. J. Cadiz, Automating camera management for lecture room environments, Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp.442-449, 2001.

P. Luo, M. Zhang, Z. Ghassemlooy, S. Zvanovec, S. Feng et al., Undersampled-Based Modulation Schemes for Optical Camera Communications, IEEE Communications Magazine, vol.56, issue.2, pp.204-212, 2018.

L. Maddalena and A. Petrosino, Self Organizing and Fuzzy Modelling for Parked Vehicles Detection, Advanced Concepts for Intelligent Vision Systems, pp.422-433, 2009.

N. Madhu and R. Martin, A Versatile Framework for Speaker Separation Using a Model-Based Speaker Localization Approach, IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing, vol.19, issue.7, pp.1900-1912, 2011.

N. Madhu and R. Martin, A scalable framework for multiple speaker localization and tracking, Proceedings of the International Workshop for Acoustic Echo Cancellation and Noise Control, 2008.

A. Makandar and D. Mulimani, Key frame extraction and Object Detection in the Sports Video, International Conference on Soft Computing Techniques in Engineering and Technology, p.4, 2016.

M. Manafifard, H. Ebadi, and H. A. Moghaddam, A survey on player tracking in soccer videos, Computer Vision and Image Understanding, vol.159, pp.19-46, 2017.

A. David, C. L. Marca, and . Mcgowan, SADT : Structured Analysis and Design Technique, 1987.

T. Marill and . Green, On the effectiveness of receptors in recognition systems, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol.9, issue.1, pp.11-17, 1963.

S. Mate, Automatic Mobile Video Remixing and Collaborative Watching Systems, 2017.

A. Mavlankar, P. Agrawal, D. Pang, S. Halawa, N. Cheung et al., An interactive region-of-interest video streaming system for online lecture viewing, 18th International Packet Video Workshop, pp.64-71, 2010.

M. Muhammad-owais, People Detection Methods for Intelligent Multi-Camera Surveillance Systems, 2015.

A. Mendez-villanueva, M. Buchheit, B. Simpson, and P. Bourdon, Match Play Intensity Distribution in Youth Soccer, International journal of sports medicine, vol.34, 2012.

P. Mermelstein, Distance measures for speech recognition, psychological and instrumental. Pattern recognition and artificial intelligence, vol.116, pp.374-388, 1976.

. Shivappa-m-metagar, S. Anil, V. Naijk, and . Chavan, A survey on Content Based Video Retrieval and Analysis using Image Processing, International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research, vol.03, issue.02, pp.48-52, 2016.

P. Motlicek, S. Duffner, D. Korchagin, H. Bourlard, C. Scheffler et al., Real-Time Audio-Visual Analysis for Multiperson Videoconferencing, Advances in Multimedia, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01339256

S. Mukhopadhyay and B. Smith, Passive Capture and Structuring of Lectures, Proceedings of the Seventh ACM International Conference on Multimedia, pp.477-487, 1999.

K. Nakadai, K. Hidai, H. G. Okuno, and H. Kitano, Real-time speaker localization and speech separation by audio-visual integration, Proceedings 2002 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, vol.1, pp.1043-1049, 2002.

R. Neerja and W. Ekta, Face recognition using improved fast PCA algorithm, Congress on Image and Signal Processing, pp.554-558, 2008.

V. Nguyen, Y. Tang, A. Ashok, M. Gruteser, K. Dana et al., High-rate flicker-free screen-camera communication with spatially adaptive embedding, IEEE INFOCOM 2016 -The 35th Annual IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications, pp.1-9, 2016.

M. Gerardus, T. A. Nijssen, and . Halpin, Conceptual Schema and Relational Database Design, 1989.

J. Owens, Television Sports Production, 2007.

D. Pang, S. Madan, S. Kosaraju, and T. Singh, Automatic Virtual Camera View Generation for Lecture Videos, 2010.

P. Parisot and C. D. Vleeschouwer, Scene-specific classifier for effective and efficient team sport players detection from a single calibrated camera, Computer Vision and Image Understanding, vol.159, pp.74-88, 2017.

B. V. Patel and B. B. Meshram, Content based video retrieval, The International journal of Multimedia & Its Applications, vol.4, issue.5, pp.77-98, 2012.

V. Pinel and C. Pinel, Dictionnaire technique du cinéma -3e éd, 2016.

C. Pinhanez and A. F. Bobick, Intelligent Studios : Using Computer Vision to Control TV Cameras, IJCAI'95 Workshop on Entertainment and AI/Alife, 1995.

C. Pinhanez and A. F. Bobick, Approximate World Models : Incorporating Qualitative and Linguistic Information into Vision Systems, AAAI Conference, p.8, 1996.

P. Pudil, J. Novovi?ová, and J. Kittler, Floating search methods in feature selection, Pattern Recognition Letters, vol.15, issue.11, pp.1119-1125, 1994.

F. Quek, D. Mcneill, X. Ashid-ansari, R. Ma, S. Bryll et al., Gesture cues for conversational interaction in monocular video, Proceedings International Workshop on Recognition, Analysis, and Tracking of Faces and Gestures in Real-Time Systems, pp.119-126, 1999.

J. and R. Quinlan, Introduction of decision trees, Machine Learning, vol.1, issue.1, pp.81-106, 1986.

V. Ramanathan, J. Huang, S. Abu-el-haija, A. Gorban, K. Murphy et al., Detecting events and key actors in multi-person videos, IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2016.

J. Ren, M. Xu, J. Orwell, and G. A. Jones, Multi-camera video surveillance for real-time analysis and reconstruction of soccer games. Machine Vision and Applications, vol.21, pp.855-863, 2010.

R. D. Roberts, Undersampled frequency shift ON-OFF keying (UFSOOK) for camera communications (CamCom), 22nd Wireless and Optical Communication Conference, pp.645-648, 2013.

Y. Rui, A. Gupta, J. Grudin, and L. He, Automating lecture capture and broadcast : Technology and videography, Multimedia Systems, vol.10, issue.1, pp.3-15, 2004.

N. Saha, S. Ifthekhar, N. Le, . Yeong-min, and . Jang, Survey on optical camera communications : Challenges and opportunities, IET Optoelectronics, vol.9, issue.5, pp.172-183, 2015.

C. B. Santiago, A. Sousa, and L. P. Reis, Vision system for tracking handball players using fuzzy color processing. Machine Vision and Applications, vol.24, pp.1055-1074, 2013.

N. Shruthi and S. Priyamvada, Dominant frame extraction for video indexing, 2017 2nd IEEE International Conference on Recent Trends in Electronics, Information Communication Technology (RTEICT), pp.1799-1803, 2017.

S. Siatras, N. Nikolaidis, M. Krinidis, and I. Pitas, Visual Lip Activity Detection and Speaker Detection Using Mouth Region Intensities, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol.19, pp.133-137, 2009.

N. Mohamad-hoseyn-sigari, H. R. Mozayani, and . Pourreza, Fuzzy Running Average and Fuzzy Background Subtraction : Concepts and Application, IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Sercurity, vol.8, issue.2, pp.138-143, 2008.

P. Smets and R. Kennes, The transferable belief model, Artificial Intelligence, vol.66, issue.2, pp.191-234, 1994.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01185821

C. Snoek, M. Worring, J. Geusebroek, D. Koelma, F. Seinstra et al., Semantic Video Indexing, Multimedia Retrieval, pp.225-249, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01479387

D. Sodoyer, B. Rivet, L. Girin, J. Schwartz, and C. Jutten, An Analysis of Visual Speech Information Applied to Voice Activity Detection, 2006 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speed and Signal Processing Proceedings, vol.1, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00361750

F. Souvannavong, Indexation et recherche de plans vidéo par le contenu sémantique, Télécom ParisTech, 2005.

C. Stauffer, W. , and E. L. Grimson, Adaptive background mixture models for real-time tracking, Proceedings. 1999 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, vol.2, pp.246-252, 1999.

S. Stillittano, V. Girondel, and A. Caplier, Lip contour segmentation and tracking compliant with lip-reading application constraints. Machine Vision and Applications, vol.24, pp.1-18, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00741453

S. Suzuki and K. Abe, Topological structural analysis of digitized binary images by border following. Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing, vol.30, pp.32-46, 1985.

J. Hwang-tae-hyun, C. In-hak, and . Seong-ik, Detection of Traffic Lights for Vision-Based Car Navigation System, Advances in Image and Video Technology, pp.682-691

. Springer, , 2006.

Y. Takemae, K. Otsuka, and J. Yamato, Automatic Video Editing System Using Stereo-based Head Tracking for Multiparty Conversation, CHI '05 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI EA '05, pp.1817-1820, 2005.

D. Sudeep, A. A. Thepade, and . Tonge, An optimized key frame extraction for detection of near duplicates in content based video retrieval, 2014 International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing, pp.1087-1091, 2014.

H. Vajaria, T. Islam, S. Sarkar, R. Sankar, and R. Kasturi, Audio Segmentation and Speaker Localization in Meeting Videos, 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR'06), vol.2, pp.1150-1153, 2006.

N. Vishwakarma, Face Recognition System Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering (IJARECE), vol.5, issue.6, pp.1759-1766, 2016.

J. Wang, C. Xu, E. Chng, H. Lu, and Q. Tian, Automatic composition of broadcast sports video, Multimedia Systems, vol.14, issue.4, pp.179-193, 2008.

X. Wei, W. Shen, and S. Jiang, A Novel Algorithm for Video Retrieval Using Video Metadata Information, First International Workshop on Education Technology and Computer Science, vol.2, pp.1059-1062, 2009.

A. W. Whitney, A Direct Method of Nonparametric Measurement Selection, IEEE Transactions on Computers, C, vol.20, issue.9, pp.1100-1103, 1971.

C. R. Wren, A. Azarbayejani, T. Darrell, and A. P. Pentland, Pfinder : Real-time tracking of the human body, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol.19, issue.7, pp.780-785, 1997.

M. Xu, L. Duan, C. Xu, M. Kankanhalli, and Q. Tian, Event detection in basketball video using multiple modalities, Fourth International Conference on Information, Communications and Signal Processing, 2003 and the Fourth Pacific Rim Conference on Multimedia. Proceedings of the 2003 Joint, vol.3, pp.1526-1530, 2003.

T. Yamada, S. Nakamura, and K. Shikano, Robust speech recognition with speaker localization by a microphone array, Procedings of the Fourth International Conference on Spoken Language, vol.3, pp.1317-1320, 1996.

Z. Yang, Z. Wang, J. Zhang, C. Huang, and Q. Zhang, Wearables Can Afford : Light-weight Indoor Positioning with Visible Light, Proceedings of the 13th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services -MobiSys '15, pp.317-330, 2015.

T. Yokoi and H. Fujiyoshi, Virtual camerawork for generating lecture video from high resolution images, 2005 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, 2005.

R. Yus, E. Mena, S. Ilarri, A. Illarramendi, and J. Bernad, Mul-tiCAMBA : A system for selecting camera views in live broadcasting of sport events using a dynamic 3D model, Multimedia Tools and Applications, vol.74, issue.11, pp.4059-4090, 2015.

Z. Zeng, J. Jia, D. Yu, Y. Chen, and Z. Zhu, Pixel Modeling Using Histograms Based on Fuzzy Partitions for Dynamic Background Subtraction, IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, vol.25, issue.3, pp.584-593, 2017.

Y. Zhang, C. Xu, Y. Rui, J. Wang, and H. Lu, Semantic Event Extraction from Basketball Games using Multi-Modal Analysis, 2007 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, pp.2190-2193, 2007.

W. Zhao, P. J. Rama-chellappa, A. Phillips, and . Rosenfeld, Face recognition : A literature survey, ACM Computing Surveys, vol.35, issue.4, pp.399-458, 2003.

Z. Zivkovic and F. Van-der-heijden, Efficient adaptive density estimation per image pixel for the task of background subtraction, Pattern Recognition Letters, vol.27, 2006.