, Equation of motion and implementation in the simulation, p.102

. .. Forces-acting-on-particles,

.. .. Introducing,

. .. Aerosol-deposition, 112 4.6.1 Domain geometry and simulation conditions, p.113

. .. Dynamics, , p.119

. .. , Simulation parameters of forced isotropic turbulence (in lattice units), p.56

, Extracted global parameters from simulation results and relative errors, p.59

, 61 3.1 LBM and physical parameters for wall bounded turbulence simulation in the smaller domain

, 2 LBM and physical parameters for wall bounded turbulence without artificial forcing simulation at constant density all over the domain, p.85

, LBM and physical parameters for wall bounded turbulence with artificial forcing at turbulent intensity of 20%

, LBM and physical parameters for wall bounded turbulence with artificial forcing at turbulent intensity of 10%

, Physical properties and turbulent flow conditions used for tracer simulation 112

, 2 Physical properties and turbulent flow conditions used for aerosol simulation, vol.114

A. , Physical properties and turbulent flow conditions used for hydrosol simulation132 List of Figures 1.1 Main steps in the ladle furnace, Schematics of a ladle refining facility with degassing, vol.18

, Size distribution of alumina inclusions in ladle and tundish, p.20

, Schematic of the inclusion behavior in the ladle furnace, p.21

. .. , Predicted turbulent flow by CFD (a): velocity of the liquid steel along with the argon plumes (isosurface of the 1% gas volume fraction) (b): Dissipation of the turbulent kinetic energy (m 2 s ?3 ), p.22

]. and B. , Effect of stirring power on deoxidation rate according to Zhang and Thomas

, Mechanisms involved in deposition of aerosols by (1) sedimentation, (2) inertial impaction, (3) interception and (4) Brownian diffusion, p.24

, Plot showing different deposition regimes when compared to dimensionless particulate Stokes number (? + p )[27]

. Rashidi, Plot of (a) Particle transport phenomenon close to the wall

. .. , Idealised flow including the sublayer (main flow is normal to the figure) (in accordance with Cleaver and Yates [29]), p.27

, Particle-laden turbulent gas flow in a channel: schematics of the simulation domain and near-wall turbulent coherent structures. Strong causal relationship links low-speed streaks to ejections generated by quasi-streamwise vortices, which also generate in-sweeps of high streamwise momentum fluid to the wall in the high velocity regions

. Narayanan, Average concentration profile along the wall normal direction

. Narayanan, 35]), x is the streamwise direction, p.29

. .. , Cross section and front view of particle location and streamwise velocity (a) color isocontour of the streamwise velocity component (Soldati and Marchioli [34]), (b) schematic interpretation of figure (a), p.29

, Dimensionless mean velocity profile in a turbulent channel at Re T =, 20000.

. .. , Structures of streaks in wall-bounded turbulence (a) tracing of particle near the wall [81]; (b) measurement by PIV in outer region [104], p.70

]. .. , Formation of a horseshoe vortical structure [106, p.71

]. .. ,

, Features of vortex structure when passed through light plane at angle (a) 45 ? upstream and (b) 45 ? downstream [115]

. .. , 76 3.10 Implementation of (a) periodic and (b) pseudo-periodic boundary conditions, red and green arrows represent velocity vectors in some nodes and how they are communicated to the image node

, Color maps in spanwise normal plane of (a) pressure and (b) velocity magnitude for 0 phys = 280 m 2 s ?3 , T w = 2.2 Pa and ? f = 1.5 × 10 ?5 m 2 s ?1, p.82

, Mean velocity profiles for the DNS simulation (blue) and comparison with traditional law of wall, u + = z + represents viscous sublayer(red line), u + = 2.44 ln y + + 5.5 represents log-law turbulent profile, p.83

, 14 Schematics showing how mass and momentum is transfer between states for pseudo-periodic boundary condition, vol.84

, Dimensionless Mean velocity and RMS of fluctuation velocity according to time (physical units)

, Profiles from this work's DNS (line) and comparison with Moser et al. [125] (points) for (a) mean velocity and (b) RMS of fluctuation velocity, p.86

, Instantaneous velocity field in the plane z + = 4 from DNS without turbulence forcing as (a) color map of its streamwise component and (b) vector field, vol.87

, 21) colored by instantaneous streamwise velocity component in the viscous sublayer region with no turbulence forcing: (a) 3D view and (b) top view, q + = 0.00085

, Isocontour of second invariant of velocity gradient tensor, Q + = 0.028 (a) with no turbulence forcing and (b) for open channel flow from Yamamoto et al. [128]

, Streamwise velocity maps (u i + ) in various cross-sections at (a) x + = 195.5, (b) x + = 580.2, (c) x + = 964, vol.9, p.90

, Velocity profiles along the wall-normal direction from simulation performed at 20% turbulent intensity

, Profiles at turbulent intensity 20% from this work's DNS (line) and comparison with Moser et al. [125] (points) for (a) mean velocity and (b) RMS of fluctuation velocity

, Instantaneous velocity field in the plane z + = 4 from DNS with turbulence intensity 20% as (a) color map of its streamwise component and (b) vector field

, 21) colored by instantaneous streamwise velocity component in the viscous sublayer region at turbulent intensity 20%: (a) 3D view and (b) top view, q + = 0.00085

, Isocontour of second invariant of velocity gradient tensor, Q + = 0.028 at turbulent intensity 20%

, Streamwise velocity maps (u i + ) in various cross-sections at (a) x + = 195.5, (b) x + = 580.2, (c) x + = 964, d) x + = 1349.7, (e) x + = 1734.45 and (f) x + = 2112.7 at turbulent intensity 20%, vol.9

, Velocity profiles along the wall-normal direction from simulation performed at 10% turbulent intensity

, Profiles at turbulent intensity 10% from this work's DNS (line) and comparison with Moser et al. [125] (points) for (a) mean velocity and (b) RMS of fluctuation velocity

, Instantaneous velocity field in the plane z + = 4 from DNS with turbulence intensity 10% as (a) color map of its streamwise component and (b) vector field

, 21) colored by instantaneous streamwise velocity component in the viscous sublayer region at turbulent intensity 10%: (a) 3D view and (b) top view, q + = 0.00085

, Isocontour of second invariant of velocity gradient tensor, Q + = 0.028 at turbulent intesity 10%

, Streamwise velocity maps (u i + ) in various cross-sections at (a) x + = 195.5, (b) x + = 580.2, (c) x + = 964, d) x + = 1349.7, (e) x + = 1734.45 and (f) x + = 2112.7 at turbulent intensity 10%, vol.9

, LBM with corresponding vertices with a particle inside the cube

, and (b) pseudo-periodic boundary conditions

. .. , Schematics of initial tracers distribution in the domain, p.111

, Schematics of tracers distribution in the domain

. .. , Schematics of initial aerosol distribution in the domain, p.113

. .. , Dimensionless plot of deposition velocity vs. Stokes number. Comparison between our simulation results with literature data, p.116

. .. , Dimensionless mean particle concentration plotted in (a) logscale and (b) cartesian scales, for high Stokes numbers (? p + = 25 and 6), p.117

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