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, Charente area and in the Rhin-Meuse area (Fig.6)

, Although the decline rate was significantly higher in the Rhin-Meuse area compared to the Charente area (F = 6.30, pvalue = 0.014) the temporal trend was similar in the 2 areas (time * area interaction not significant, F = 0.99, pvalue = 0.38). The difference in recovery rate between the Rhin-Meuse area and the Charente area was much larger, The possibility of P. alni induced decline to develop in past climatic conditions was studied by simulation

, The use of the SIR-like model to simulate retrospectively the ability of P. alni induced

. Charente, SW France

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. Blamont-(meurte-et-moselle,

. Ars-sur-moselle,

. Autrey, , p.28275

. Blies-guersviller,

. Damelevières,

. Moulin-de-hesse,

. Pierre-la-treiche,

L. Syndicat,

. Haguenau,

. Keskastel,

. Mignéville,

. Niedermodern,

, Annual evolution of Alder decline prevalence on the 2 monitored plots networks. Empty bars, network of the Charente area, located in SW France, solid bars, network of the Rhin-Meuse area

, Decline and recovery of alders on the monitored plots in relation with temperature of the previous winter (A and C, November to March) or previous summer (B and D

, Black empty symbols, Charente area, Red filled symbols, Rhin-Meuse area. A. Annual evolution of the decline rate p. B. Annual evolution of the recovery rate q (B). C. Frequency of years that enable an increase in the decline prevalence for 5-years period. D. simulated evolution of the decline prevalence for the 1970-08 period. For each simulation period, an alder stand with 200 trees among which one is declining is used as initial conditions and estimates the evolution of decline prevalence, Simulation of the retrospective evolution of alder decline for the 38 monitored sites (16 in NE France and 22 in SW France)

, Titre : Étude des conditions de l'émergence de Phytophthora alni sur l'aulne glutineux

, Depuis les années 1990, l'aulne glutineux, espèce clé des ripisylves, est affecté par un oomycète qui cause son dépérissement : Phytophthora alni subsp. alni (Paa), improprement nommées P. alni subsp. uniformis (Pau) et P. alni subsp. multiformis (Pam)

, Par une approche de génétique des populations, nous avons montré que Pau est une espèce invasive en Europe, probablement originaire d'Amérique du Nord. Après son introduction, l'hybridation de Pau avec Pam serait l'un des facteurs essentiels de l'apparition de Paa. Nos résultats confirment que Paa aurait été généré suite à des hybridations récurrentes

. L'analyse-de-la-variabilité-génétique-de-paa, En particulier l'incidence de la maladie augmente lors des hivers doux, qui pourraient favoriser la survie du mycélium de Paa, celui-ci ne présentant pas de structure de survie hivernale (chlamydospores ou oospores). La température estivale joue également un rôle, plus complexe à interpréter. On constate en effet que l'incidence de la maladie diminue avec l'augmentation des températures estivales, mais ce phénomène pourrait dépendre d'autres facteurs tels que l'état physiologique des arbres ou le type de communautés microbiologiques présentes dans les sols. Inversement, le phénomène de guérison des arbres est favorisé par des températures hivernales basses et par des températures estivales élevées. L'émergence de la maladie ne peut pas être expliquée par le changement climatique, révélée par des marqueurs microsatellites, a toutefois montré un faible polymorphisme, avec un génotype dominant largement répandu en Europe

, Mots clés : maladies émergentes, changement climatique, hybridation interspécifique, épidémiologie, génétique des populations, Phytophthora alni