C. J. Allègre, T. Staudacher, P. Sarda, and M. Kurz, Constraints on evolution of Earth's mantle from rare gas systematics, Nature, vol.303, issue.5920, p.762, 1983.

G. Avice, B. Marty, R. Burgess, A. Hofmann, P. Philippot et al., Evolution of atmospheric xenon and other noble gases inferred from Archean to Paleoproterozoic rocks, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, vol.232, pp.82-100, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01851888

I. Y. Azbel and I. N. Tolstikhin, Accretion and early degassing of the Earth: constraints from Pu-U-I-Xe Isotopic systematics, Meteoritics, vol.28, issue.5, pp.609-621, 1993.

C. J. Ballentine, B. Marty, B. S. Lollar, and M. Cassidy, Neon isotopes constrain convection and volatile origin in the Earth's mantle, Nature, vol.433, issue.7021, p.33, 2005.

K. Bräuer, H. Kämpf, S. Niedermann, and G. Strauch, Indications for the existence of different magmatic reservoirs beneath the Eifel area (Germany): a multi-isotope, Chem. Geol, vol.356, pp.193-208, 2013.

A. Buikin, M. Trieloff, J. Hopp, T. Althaus, E. Korochantseva et al., Noble gas isotopes suggest deep mantle plume source of late Cenozoic mafic alkaline volcanism in Europe, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett, vol.230, issue.1-2, pp.143-162, 2005.

P. Burnard, D. Graham, and G. Turner, Vesicle-specific noble gas analyses of "popping rock": implications for primordial noble gases in Earth, Science, vol.276, issue.5312, pp.568-571, 1997.

M. W. Caffee, G. B. Hudson, C. Velsko, G. R. Huss, E. C. Alexander et al., Primordial noble gases from Earth's mantle: identification of a primitive volatile component, Science, vol.285, issue.5436, pp.2115-2118, 1999.

A. Caracausi, G. Avice, P. G. Burnard, E. Füri, and B. Marty, Chondritic xenon in the Earth's mantle, Nature, vol.533, issue.7601, p.82, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01772382

P. L. Clay, R. Burgess, H. Busemann, L. Ruzié-hamilton, B. Joachim et al., Halogens in chondritic meteorites and terrestrial accretion, Nature, vol.551, issue.7682, p.614, 2017.

A. Colin, M. Moreira, C. Gautheron, and P. Burnard, Constraints on the noble gas composition of the deep mantle by bubble-by-bubble analysis of a volcanic glass sample from Iceland, Chem. Geol, vol.417, pp.173-183, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01731415

H. Craig and J. E. Lupton, Primordial neon, helium, and hydrogen in oceanic basalts, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett, vol.31, issue.3, pp.369-385, 1976.

J. M. Day and D. R. Hilton, Origin of 3 He/ 4 He ratios in HIMU-type basalts constrained from Canary Island lavas, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett, vol.305, issue.1-2, pp.226-234, 2011.

T. J. Dunai and H. Baur, Helium, neon, and argon systematics of the European subcontinental mantle: implications for its geochemical evolution. Geochim. Cosmochim, Acta, vol.59, issue.13, pp.2767-2783, 1995.

W. F. Giggenbach, R. L. Goguel, W. Spakman, and H. Bijwaard, Collection and Analysis of Geothermal and Volcanic Water and Gas Discharges, CD 2401, 81 pp. Goes, vol.286, pp.1928-1931, 1989.

D. W. Graham, Noble gas isotope geochemistry of mid-ocean ridge and ocean island basalts: characterization of mantle source reservoirs, Rev. Mineral. Geochem, vol.47, issue.1, pp.247-317, 2002.

L. J. Hallis, G. R. Huss, K. Nagashima, G. J. Taylor, S. A. Halldórsson et al., Evidence for primordial water in Earth's deep mantle, Science, vol.350, issue.6262, pp.795-797, 2015.

S. R. Hart, E. H. Hauri, L. A. Oschmann, and J. A. Whitehead, Mantle plumes and entrainment-isotopic evidence, Science, vol.256, pp.517-520, 1992.

G. Holland and C. J. Ballentine, Seawater subduction controls the heavy noble gas composition of the mantle, Nature, vol.441, issue.7090, p.186, 2006.

G. Holland, M. Cassidy, and C. J. Ballentine, Meteorite Kr in Earth's mantle suggests a late accretionary source for the atmosphere, Science, vol.326, issue.5959, pp.1522-1525, 2009.

G. Holland, B. S. Lollar, L. Li, G. Lacrampe-couloume, G. F. Slater et al., Deep fracture fluids isolated in the crust since the Precambrian era, Nature, vol.497, issue.7449, p.357, 2013.

M. Honda, I. Mcdougall, D. B. Patterson, A. Doulgeris, and D. A. Clague, Noble gases in submarine pillow basalt glasses from Loihi and Kilauea, Hawaii: a solar component in the Earth, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, vol.57, issue.4, pp.859-874, 1993.

C. R. Jackson, N. R. Bennett, Z. Du, E. Cottrell, and Y. Fei, Early episodes of highpressure core formation preserved in plume mantle, Nature, vol.553, issue.7689, p.491, 2018.

L. H. Kellogg and G. J. Wasserburg, The role of plumes in mantle helium fluxes, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett, vol.99, issue.3, pp.276-289, 1990.

J. Kunz, T. Staudacher, and C. J. Allegre, Plutonium-fission xenon found in Earth's mantle, Science, vol.280, issue.5365, pp.877-880, 1998.

M. W. Loewen, D. W. Graham, I. N. Bindeman, J. E. Lupton, and M. O. Garcia, Hydrogen isotopes in high 3 He/ 4 He submarine basalts: primordial vs. recycled water and the veil of mantle enrichment, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett, vol.508, pp.62-73, 2019.

B. Marty, Neon and xenon isotopes in MORB: implications for the earthatmosphere evolution, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett, vol.94, issue.1-2, pp.45-56, 1989.

A. Meshik, C. Hohenberg, O. Pravdivtseva, and D. Burnett, Heavy noble gases in solar wind delivered by Genesis mission, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, vol.127, pp.326-347, 2014.

M. Moreira, J. Kunz, and C. Allegre, Rare gas systematics in popping rock: isotopic and elemental compositions in the upper mantle, Science, vol.279, issue.5354, pp.1178-1181, 1998.

M. Moreira, V. Rouchon, E. Muller, and S. Noirez, The xenon isotopic signature of the mantle beneath Massif Central, Geochem. Perspect. Lett, vol.6, pp.28-32, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01912704

S. Mukhopadhyay, Early differentiation and volatile accretion recorded in deep-mantle neon and xenon, Nature, vol.486, issue.7401, p.101, 2012.

S. Mukhopadhyay and R. Parai, Noble gases: a record of Earth's evolution and mantle dynamics, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci, vol.47, pp.389-419, 2019.

M. Ozima, F. A. Podosek, R. Parai, and S. Mukhopadhyay, The evolution of MORB and plume mantle volatile budgets: constraints from fission Xe isotopes in Southwest Indian Ridge basalts, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst, vol.16, issue.3, pp.719-735, 2002.

P. Parai, S. Mukhopadhyay, and J. C. Lassiter, New constraints on the HIMU mantle from neon and helium isotopic compositions of basalts from the Cook-Austral Islands, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett, vol.277, pp.253-261, 2009.

R. Parai and S. Mukhopadhyay, Xenon isotopic constraints on the history of volatile recycling into the mantle, Nature, vol.560, issue.7717, p.223, 2018.

S. Péron, M. Moreira, A. Colin, L. Arbaret, B. Putlitz et al., Neon isotopic composition of the mantle constrained by single vesicle analyses, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett, vol.449, pp.145-154, 2016.

S. Péron and M. Moreira, Onset of volatile recycling into the mantle determined by xenon anomalies, Geochem. Perspect. Lett, vol.9, pp.21-25, 2018.

M. K. Pet?, S. Mukhopadhyay, and K. A. Kelley, Heterogeneities from the first 100 million years recorded in deep mantle noble gases from the Northern Lau Backarc Basin, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett, vol.369, pp.13-23, 2013.

T. Pettke, J. Kodolányi, and B. S. Kamber, From ocean to mantle: new evidence for U-cycling with implications for the HIMU source and the secular Pb isotope evolution of Earth's mantle, Lithos, vol.316, pp.66-76, 2018.

F. Aguilera, F. Tassi, T. Darrah, S. Moune, and O. Vaselli, Geochemical model of magmatic-hydrothermal system at the Lastarria volcano, vol.74, pp.119-134, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00682364

M. Agusto, F. Tassi, A. T. Caselli, O. Vaselli, D. Rouwet et al., Gas geochemistry of the magmatic-hydrothermal fluid reservoir in the Copahue-Cavihue Volcanic Complex (Argentina), Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.257, pp.44-56, 2013.

A. Aiuppa, R. Moretti, C. Federico, G. Giudice, S. Gurrieri et al., Forecasting Etna eruptions by real-time observation of volcanic gas composition, Geology, vol.35, issue.12, pp.1115-1118, 2007.

P. Allard, The origin of hydrogen, carbon, suplhur, nitrogen and rare gases in volcanic exhalations: Evidence from isotope geochemisty, pp.337-386, 1983.

P. Allard, J. Carbonelle, D. Dajlevic, J. Le-bronec, P. Morel et al., Eruptive and diffuse emissions of CO 2 from Mount Etna, Nature, vol.351, issue.6325, pp.387-391, 1991.

P. Allard, P. Jean-baptiste, W. D'alessandro, F. Parello, B. Parisi et al., Mantle-derived helium and carbon in groundwaters and gases of Mount Etna, Italy. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.148, issue.3-4, pp.52-58, 1997.

T. Althaus, S. Niedermann, and J. Erzinger, Noble gas studies of fluids and gas exhalations in the East Carpathians, Romania. Chemie der Erde, vol.60, pp.189-207, 2000.

A. Althaust, S. Niedermann, and J. Erzinger, Noble gas in ultramafic mantle xenoliths in the Persani Mountains, vol.62, pp.43-44, 1998.

C. Baciu, A. Caracausi, G. Etiope, and F. Italiano, Mud volcanoes and methane seeps in Romania: Main features and flux, Annals of Geophysics, vol.50, 2007.

C. Baciu, A. Ionescu, and G. Etiope, Hydrocarbon seeps in Romania: Gas origin and release to the atmosphere. Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol.89, pp.130-143, 2017.

I. B?ncil?, Geology of the Eastern Carpathians, 1958.

P. H. Barry, D. R. Hilton, T. P. Fischer, J. M. De-moor, F. Mangasini et al., Helium and carbon isotope systematic of cold "mazucu" CO 2 vents and hydrothermal gases and fluid from Rungwe Volcanic Province, southern Tanzania, Chemical Geology, vol.339, pp.141-156, 2013.

P. H. Barry, D. R. Hilton, E. Füri, S. A. Halldórsson, and K. Grönvold, Carbon isotope and abundance systematics of Icelandic geothermal gases, fluids and subglatial basalts with implications from mantle plume-related CO 2 fluxes, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.134, pp.74-99, 2014.

J. Berszán, J. Cs, K. Jánosi, F. Kristály, É. Péter et al., The mineral waters of Szeklerland, Tipographic: Miercurea Ciuc, 2009.

K. Bräuer, W. H. Geissler, H. Kämpf, S. Niedermann, and N. Rman, Helium and carbon isotope signatures of gas exhalations in the westernmost part of the Pannonian Basin, Evidence for active litospheric mantle degassing, vol.422, pp.60-70, 2016.

G. Geochemistry, K. Geosystems, and . Al,

K. Bräuer, H. Kämpf, S. Niedermann, and G. Strauch, Monitoring of helium and carbon isotopes in the western Eger Rift area, Relationships with the 2014 seismic activity and indications for recent, vol.482, pp.131-145, 2000.

K. Bräuer, H. Kämpf, S. Niedermann, G. Strauch, and J. Tesar, Natural laboratory NW Bohemia: Comprehensive fluid studies between 1992 and 2005 used to trace geodynamic processes, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, vol.9, 2008.

M. R. Burton, G. M. Sawyer, and D. Granieri, Deep carbon emissions from volcanoes, Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, vol.75, issue.1, pp.323-354, 2013.

S. Caliro, F. Viveiros, G. Chiodini, and T. Ferreira, Gas geochemistry of hydrothermal fluids of the S. Miguel and Terceira Islands, Azores. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.168, pp.43-57, 2015.

B. Capaccioni, F. Aguilera, F. Tassi, T. Darrah, R. Poreda et al., Geochemical and isotopic evidences of magmatic inputs in the hydrothermal reservoirs feeding the fumarolic discharges on Tacora volcano (Northern Chile), Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.208, issue.3-4, pp.77-85, 2011.

G. Capasso, M. Carapezza, C. Federico, S. Inguaggiato, and A. Rizzo, Geochemical monitoring of the helium isotopic composition of fumarole gases and thermal waters, vol.68, pp.118-134, 2005.

G. Capasso, R. Favara, F. Grassa, S. Inguaggiato, and M. Longo, On-line technique for preparation and measuring stable carbon isotope of total dissolved inorganic carbon in water samples (? 13 C TDIC ), Annals of Geophysics, vol.48, issue.1, pp.159-166, 2005.

A. Caracausi, R. Favara, S. Giammanco, F. Italiano, A. Paonita et al., Mount Etna: Geochemical signals of magma ascentand unusually extensive plumbing system, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.30, issue.2, p.1057, 2003.

A. Caracausi, M. Martelli, P. M. Nuccio, M. Paternoster, and F. M. Stuart, Active degassing of mantle-derived fluid: A geochemical study along the Vulture line, southern Apenninnes (Italy), Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.253, pp.65-74, 2013.

A. Caracausi, P. M. Nuccio, R. Favara, M. Nicolosi, and M. Paternoster, Gas hazard assessment at the Monticchio crater lakes of Mt. Vulture, a volcano in southern Italy, Terra Nova, vol.21, pp.83-87, 2009.

A. Caracausi, M. Paternoster, and P. M. Nuccio, Mantle CO 2 degassing at Mt. Vulture volcano (Italy): Relationship between CO 2 outgassing of volcanoes and the time of their last eruption, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.411, pp.268-280, 2015.

M. L. Carapezza, B. Badalamenti, L. Cavarra, and A. Scalzo, Gas hazard assessment in a densely inhabited area of Colli Albani Volcano (Cava dei Selci, Roma), Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.123, issue.1-2, pp.29-34, 2003.

M. L. Carapezza, F. Barbieri, M. Ranaldi, T. Ricci, L. Tarchini et al., Hazardous gas emissions from the flanks of the quiescent Colli Albani volcano, Applied Geochemistry, vol.27, issue.9, pp.1767-1782, 2012.

M. L. Carapezza and L. Tarchini, Accidental gas emission from shallow pressurized aquifers at Alban Hills volcano, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.165, issue.1-2, pp.5-16, 2007.

C. Cardellini, G. Chiodini, F. Frondini, R. Avino, E. Bagnato et al., Monitoring diffuse volcanic degassing during volcanic inrest: The case of Campi Flegrei (Italy), Scientific Reports, vol.7, issue.1, 2017.

K. V. Cashman, S. Sparks, and J. D. Blundy, Vertically extensive and unstable magmatic systems: An unified view of igneous processes, Science, vol.355, p.6331, 2017.

G. Chiodini, C. Cardellini, A. Amato, E. Boschi, S. Caliro et al., Carbon dioxide earth degassing and seismogenesis in central and southern Italy, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.31, 2004.

T. Christopher, M. Edmonds, M. C. Humphreys, and R. A. Herd, Volcanic gas emissions from Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat 1995-2009, with implications for mafic magma supply and degassing, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.37, 2010.

T. E. Christopher, J. Blundy, K. Cashman, P. Cole, M. Edmonds et al., Crustal-scale degassing due to magma system destabilization and magma-gas decoupling at Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat. Geohemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, vol.16, pp.2797-2811, 2015.

G. Ciotoli, G. Etiope, F. Florindo, F. Marra, L. Ruggiero et al., Sudden deep gas eruption nearby Rome's airport of Fiumicino, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.40, pp.5632-5636, 2013.

S. A. Cloetingh, E. Burov, L. Matenco, G. Toussaint, G. Bertotti et al., Thermo-mechanical controls on the mode of continental collision in the SE Carpathians (Romania), Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.218, issue.1-2, pp.645-654, 2004.

J. M. Comeau, M. J. Unsworth, and D. Cordell, New constraints on the magma distribution and composition beneath Volcan Uturuncu and the southern Bolivian Altiplano from magnetotelluric data, Geosphere, vol.12, issue.5, pp.1391-1421, 2016.

M. J. Comeau, M. J. Unsworth, F. Ticona, and M. Sunagua, Magnetotelluric images of magma distribution beneath Volcano Uturuncu, Bolivia: Implications for magma dynamics, Geology, vol.43, issue.3, pp.243-246, 2015.

M. Condomines, K. Gronvold, P. J. Hooker, K. Muehlenbachs, R. K. O'nions et al., Helium, oxygen, strontium and neodymium isotopic relationships in Iceland volcanics, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.66, pp.125-136, 1983.

I. Cornides, Magmatic carbon dioxide at the crust's surface in the Carpathian Basin, Geochemical Journal, vol.27, issue.4/5, pp.241-249, 1993.

A. Correale, M. Martelli, A. Paonita, A. Rizzo, L. Brusca et al., New evidence of mantle heterogeneity beneath the Hyblean Plateau (southeast Sicily, Italy) as inferred from noble gases and geochemistry of ultramafic xenoliths, Lithos, pp.70-81, 2012.

L. Csontos, A. Nagymarosy, D. Horváth, and M. Kovác, Tertiary evolution of the intra Carpathian area: A model, Tectonophysics, vol.208, issue.1-3, pp.221-241, 1992.

G. De-leeuw, D. Hilton, T. P. Fischer, and J. Walker, The He-CO 2 isotope and relative abundance characteristics of geothermal fluids in El Salvador and Honduras: New constraints on volatile mass balance of the Central American Volcanic Arc, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.258, issue.1-2, pp.132-146, 2007.

G. Geochemistry, K. Geosystems, and . Al, , vol.21

C. Demetrescu and M. Andreescu, On the thermal regime of some tectonic units in a continental collision environment in Romania, Tectonophysics, vol.230, issue.3-4, pp.90140-90146, 1994.

H. Downes, I. Seghedi, A. Szakács, G. Dobosi, D. E. James et al., Petrology and geochemistry of late Tertiary/Quaternarymafic alkaline volcanism in Romania, Lithos, vol.35, issue.1-2, pp.65-81, 1995.

M. Edmonds, New geochemical insights into volcanic degassing, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, vol.366, pp.4559-4579, 2008.

G. Falus, A. Tommasi, J. Ingrin, and S. Cs, Deformation and seismic anisotropy of the lithospheric mantle in the southeastern Carpathians inferred from the study of mantle xenoliths, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.272, issue.1-2, pp.50-64, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00317303

C. D. Farrar, M. L. Sorey, W. C. Evans, J. F. Howle, B. D. Kerr et al., Forest-killing diffuse CO 2 emission at Mammoth Mountain as a sign of magmatic unrest, Nature, vol.376, issue.6542, pp.675-678, 1995.

R. Favara, S. Giammanco, S. Inguaggiato, G. Pecoraino, T. Fischer et al., Intra-continental earthquake swarms in West-Bohemia and Vogtland: A review, Applied Geochemistry, vol.16, issue.7-8, pp.1-27, 2001.

T. P. Fischer, Fluxes of volatiles (H 2 O, CO 2 , N 2 , Cl, F) from arc volcanoes, Geochemical Journal, vol.42, issue.1, pp.21-38, 2008.

T. P. Fischer, W. F. Giggenbach, Y. Sano, and S. N. Williams, Fluxes and sources of volatiles discharged from Kudryavy, a subduction zone volcano, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.160, issue.1-2, pp.86-93, 1998.

N. Frunzeti, Geogenic emissions of greenhouse gases in the Southern part of the Eastern Carpathians, 2013.

C. Gautheron and M. Moreira, Helium signature of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.199, issue.1-2, pp.39-47, 2002.

C. Grasu, C. Catana, and I. Bobos, Petrology of the flysch formations in the inner Carpathians, 1996.

S. Harangi, T. Sági, I. Seghedi, and T. Ntaflos, Origin of basaltic magmas of Per?ani volcanic field, Romania: A combined whole rock and mineral scale investigation, Lithos, pp.43-57, 2013.

S. Harangi, R. Lukács, A. K. Schmitt, I. Dunkl, K. Molnár et al., Constraints on the timing of Quaternary volcanism and duration of magma residence at Ciomadul volcano, east-central Europe, from combined U-Th/He and U-Th zircon geochronology, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.301, pp.66-80, 2015.

S. Harangi, M. Molnár, A. P. Vinkler, B. Kiss, A. J. Jull et al., Radiocarbon dating of the last volcanic eruptions of Ciomadul volcano, Southeast Carpathians, eastern-central Europe, Radiocarbon, vol.52, issue.3, pp.1498-1507, 2010.

S. Harangi, A. Novák, B. Kiss, I. Seghedi, R. Lukács et al., Combined magnetotelluric and petrologic constrains for the nature of the magma storage system beneath the Late Pleistocene Ciomadul volcano (SE Carpathians), Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.290, pp.82-96, 2015.

D. Hilton, The helium and carbon isotope systematics of a continental geothermal system: Results from monitoring studies at Long Valley caldera, Chemical Geology, vol.127, issue.4, pp.269-295, 1996.

D. R. Hilton, T. P. Fischer, and B. Marty, Noble gases and volatile recycling at subduction zones, Review in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, vol.47, issue.1, pp.319-370, 2002.

D. R. Hilton, J. A. Hoogewerff, M. J. Van-bergen, and K. Hammerschmidt, Mapping magma sources in the east Sunda-Banda arcs, Indonesia: Constraints from helium isotopes, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.56, issue.2, p.90105, 1992.

G. Holland and S. Gilfillan, Application of the noble gases to the variability of CO2 storage, The noble gases as geochemical tracers, pp.177-223, 2013.

F. Horváth, G. Bada, G. Windhoffer, L. Csontos, E. Dombradi et al., The geodynamic atlas of the Pannonian Basin: Euro-conform maps and explanations, Magyar Geofizika, vol.47, issue.4, pp.133-137, 2006.

V. Ianovici and D. R?dulescu, Geological map 1:200000 L-35-XIV, 20 th Sheet-Odorhei, Bucharest: Geological Institute of Romania, 1968.

A. Ismail-zadeh, L. Matenco, M. Radulian, S. Cloetingh, and S. Panza, Geodynamics and intermediate-depth seismicity in Vrancea (the south-eastern Carpathians): Current state-of-the art, pp.50-79, 2012.

F. Italiano, B. M. Kis, C. Baciu, A. Ionescu, S. Harangi et al., Geochemistry of dissolved gases from the Eastern Carpathians-Transylvanian Basin boundary, Chemical Geology, vol.469, pp.117-128, 2017.

L. A. Jaffe, D. R. Hilton, T. P. Fischer, and U. Hartono, Tracing magma sources in an arc-arc collision zone: Helium and carbon isotope and relative abundance systematics of theSanhihe Arc, Indonesia. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, vol.5, 2004.

C. Jánosi, The hydrogeology of the inferior part of the Ciuc Basin, with focus on the mineral water springs. (Doctoral dissertation), 1980.

J. Cs, J. Berszán, and É. Péter, The mineral baths of Ciomadul Mountains, Acta Siculica, pp.41-56, 2011.

D. Karátson, G. ;. Timár, S. Wulf, D. Veres, E. Magyari et al., Comparative volumetric calculations of two segments of the Carpathian Neogene/Quaternary volcanic chain using SRTM elevation data: Implications for erosion and magma output rates. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.140, pp.29-51, 2005.

A. Kato, T. Terakawa, Y. Yamanaka, Y. Maeda, S. Horikawa et al., Preparatory and precursory processes leading up to the 2014 phreatic eruption of Mount Ontake, Japan. Earth, Planets and Space, vol.67, issue.1, p.111, 2015.

B. M. Kennedy and M. C. Van-soest, A helium isotope perspective on the Dixie Valley, Nevada, hydrothermal system, Geothermics, vol.35, issue.1, pp.26-43, 2006.

B. M. Kis, A. Ionescu, C. Cardellini, S. Harangi, C. Baciu et al., Quantification of carbon dioxide emissions of Ciomadul, the youngest volcano of the Carpathian-Pannonian Region, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.341, pp.119-130, 2017.

G. Geochemistry, K. Geosystems, and . Al, , p.22

B. Kiss, S. Harangi, T. Ntaflos, P. Mason, and E. Pál-molnár, Amphibole perspective to unravel pre-eruptive processes and conditions in volcanic plumbing systems beneath intermediate arc volcanoes: A case study from Ciomadul volcano (SE Carpathians), Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, vol.167, issue.3, 2014.

K. I. Konstantinou, C. Lin, and W. Liang, Seismicity characteristics of a potentially active Quaternary volcano: The Tatun Volcano Group, northern Taiwan, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.160, issue.3-4, pp.300-318, 2007.

H. Lee, J. Muirhead, T. P. Fischer, C. J. Ebinger, S. A. Kattenhorn et al., Massive and prolonged deep carbon emissions associated with continental rifting, Nature Geoscience, vol.9, issue.2, pp.145-149, 2016.

J. L. Lewicki, T. Fischer, and S. N. Williams, Chemical and isotopic compositions of fluid at Cumbal Volcani, Colombia: Evidence for magmatic contribution, Bulletin of Volcanology, vol.62, issue.4-5, pp.347-361, 2000.

C. H. Lin and H. C. Pu, Very-long-period seismic signals at the Tatun Volcano Group, northern Taiwan, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.328, pp.230-236, 2016.

M. Liotta and M. Martelli, Dissolved gases in brackish thermal waters: An improved analytical method, Geofluids, vol.12, issue.3, pp.236-244, 2012.

R. Lukács, M. Guillong, A. K. Schmitt, K. Molnár, O. Bachman et al., La-ICP-MS and SIMS U-Pb and U-Th zircon geochronological data of Late Pleistocene lava domes of the Ciomadul Volcanic Dome Complex (Eastern Carpathians), Data in Brief, vol.18, pp.808-813, 2018.

M. Mandarano, A. Paonita, M. Martelli, M. Viccaro, E. Nicotra et al., Revealing magma degassing below closed-conduit active volcanoes: Geochemical features of volcanic rocks versus fumarolic fluids at Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy). Lithos, pp.272-287, 2016.

M. Martelli, P. M. Nuccio, F. M. Stuart, R. Burgessd, R. M. Ellamc et al., Helium-strontium isotope constraints on mantle evolution beneath the Roman Comagmatic Province, Italy. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.224, issue.3-4, pp.295-308, 2004.

B. Marty and W. F. Giggenbach, Major and rare gases at White Island volcano, New Zealand: Origin and flux of volatiles, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.17, issue.3, pp.247-250, 1990.

B. Marty and A. Jambon, C/3He in volatile fluxes from the solid Earth: Implications for carbon geodynamics, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.83, issue.1-4, pp.16-26, 1987.

E. Mason, M. Edmonds, and A. Turchyn, Remobilization of crustal carbon may dominate volcanic arc emissions, Science, vol.357, pp.290-294, 2017.

P. Mason, H. Downes, M. F. Thirlwall, I. Seghedi, A. Szakács et al., Crustal assimilation as a major petrogenetic process in the East Carpathian Neogene and Quaternary Continental Margin Arc, 1996.

L. Ma?enco and G. Bertotti, Tertiary tectonic evolution of the external East Carpthians (Romania), Tectonophysics, vol.316, issue.3-4, pp.261-270, 2000.

L. Ma?enco, G. Bertotti, K. Leever, S. Cloething, S. M. Schmidt et al., Large-scale deformation in a locked collisional boundary: Interplay between subsidence and uplift, intraphase stress, and inherited litospheric structure in the large stage of the SE Carpathian evolution, Tectonics, vol.26, 2007.

A. Mazot, D. Rouwet, Y. Taran, S. Inguaggiato, and N. Varley, CO 2 and He degassing at El Chicón volcano, Gas flux, origin and relationship with local and regional tectonics. Bulletin of Volcanology, vol.73, pp.423-441, 2011.

G. Melián, F. Tassi, N. Pérez, P. Hernández, F. Sortino et al., A magmatic source for fumaroles and diffuse degassing from the summit crater of Teide Volcano, A geochemical evidence for the 2004-2005 seismic-volcanic crisis. Bulletin of Volcanology, vol.74, pp.1465-1483, 2012.

K. Molnár, S. Harangi, R. Lukács, I. Dunkl, A. K. Schmitt et al., The onset of the volcanism in the Ciomadul Volcanic Dome Complex (Eastern Carpathians): Eruption chronology and magma type variation, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.354, pp.39-56, 2018.

K. Molnár, R. Lukács, I. Dunkl, A. K. Schmitt, B. Kiss et al., Episodes of dormancy and eruption of the Late Pleistocene Ciomadul volcanic complex (Eastern Carpathians, Romania) constrained by zircon geochronology, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.373, pp.133-147, 2019.

I. Moriya, M. Okuno, E. Nakamura, A. Szakács, and I. Seghedi, Last eruption and its 14 C age of Ciomadul Volcano, Romania. Summaries of Researches Using AMS at Nagoya University, vol.6, pp.82-91, 1995.

I. Moriya, M. Okuno, T. Nakamura, K. Ono, and I. Seghedi, Radiocarbon ages of charcoal fragments from the pumice flow deposits of the last eruption of Ciomadul Volcano, Romania. Summaries of Researches Using AMS at Nagoya University, vol.3, pp.252-255, 1996.

Y. Moussallam, P. Bani, C. I. Schipper, C. Cardona, L. Franco et al., Unrest and the Nevados de Chillan volcanic complex: A failed or yet to unfold magmatic eruption, vol.1, pp.19-32, 2018.

V. Nicolaescu, Contributions to the knowledge on the Cretaceous flysch of the western part of Bodoc Mts. Studii ?i cercet?ri Geologie Geofizica, Geografie, vol.18, issue.2, pp.479-488, 1973.

R. K. O'nions and E. R. Oxburgh, Helium, volatile fluxes and the development of the continental crust, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.90, issue.3, pp.331-347, 1988.

C. Oppenheimer, T. P. Fischer, and B. Scaillet, Volcanic degassing: Process and impact, Treatise on Geochemistry, pp.111-179, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00904186

M. Ozima and F. A. Podosek, Noble gas geochemistry, 2002.

L. Palcsu, I. Vet?, I. Futó, G. Vodila, L. Papp et al., In-reservoir mixing of mantle-derived CO 2 and metasedimentary CH 4 -N 2 fluids. Noble gas and stable isotope study of two multistached fields (Pannonian Basin System, W-Hungary). Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol.54, pp.216-227, 2014.

C. G. Panaiotu, B. R. Jicha, B. S. Singer, A. Tugui, I. Seghedi et al., , p.40, 2013.

, Ar/ 39 Ar chronology and paleomagnetism of Quaternary basaltic lavas from the Per?ani Mountains (East Carpathians), Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, vol.221, pp.1-24

C. G. Panaiotu, Z. Pécskay, U. Hambach, I. Seghedi, C. E. Panaiotu et al., Short-lived Quaternary volcanism in the Persani Mountains (Romania) revealed by combined K-Ar and paleomagnetic data, Geologica Carpathica, vol.55, issue.4, pp.333-339, 2004.

A. Paonita, A. Caracausi, G. Iacono-marziano, M. Martelli, and A. Rizzo, Geochemical evidence for mixing between fluids exsolved at different depths in the magmatic system of Mt. Etna (Italy), Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.84, pp.380-394, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00671974

G. Geochemistry, K. Geosystems, and . Al,

A. Paonita, M. Longo, S. Bellomo, W. D'alessandro, and L. Brusca, Dissolved inert gases (He, Ne and N 2 ) as markers of groundwater flow and degassing areas at Mt. Etna volcano (Italy), Chemical Geology, vol.443, pp.10-21, 2016.

F. Parello, P. Allard, W. D'alessandro, C. Federico, P. Jean-baptiste et al., Isotope geochemistry of Pantelleria volcanic fluids, Sicily Channel rift: A mantle volatile end-member for volcanism in southern, Europe. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.180, issue.3-4, pp.183-190, 2000.

Z. Pécskay, J. Lexa, A. Szakács, I. Seghedi, K. Balogh et al., Geochronology of Neogene magmatism in the Carpathian arc and intra-Carpathian area, Geologica Carpathica, vol.57, issue.6, pp.511-530, 2006.

A. Pedroni, K. Hammerschidt, and H. Friedrichsen, He, Ne, Ar and C isotope systematics of geothermal emanations in the Lesser Antilles Islands Arc, Geochimicaet Cosmochimica Acta, vol.63, issue.3-4, pp.515-532, 1999.

R. Pik and B. Marty, Helium isotopic signature of modern and fossil fluids associated with the Corinth rift fault zone (Greece): Implication for fault connectivity in the lower crust, Chemical Geology, vol.266, issue.1-2, pp.67-75, 2008.

L. Pizzino, G. Galli, C. Mancini, F. Quattrocchi, and P. Scarlato, Natural gas hazard (CO 2 and 222 Rn) within a quiescent volcanic region and its relations with tectonics: The case of Ciampino-Marino Area, Natural Hazards, vol.27, issue.3, pp.257-287, 2002.

R. Poorter, J. Varekamp, R. Poreda, M. Van-bergen, and R. Kreuen, Chemical and isotopic compositions of volcanic gases from the east Sunda and Banda arcs, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.55, issue.12, p.90075, 1991.

M. Popa, M. Radulian, A. Szakács, I. Seghedi, and B. Zaharia, New seismic and tomography data inthe southern part of the Harghita Mountains (Romania, Southeastern Carpathians): Connection with recent volcanic activity, Pure Applied Geophysics, vol.169, issue.9, pp.1557-1573, 2012.

D. R?dulescu, E. Peter, C. Stanciu, M. Stefanescu, S. Veliciu et al., Discussion on the geothermal anomalies within South Harghita Mountains. Studii si Cercetari Geologie, Evidence from He-Ne-Ar isotopes during the 2011-2012 unrest at, vol.26, pp.798-814, 1981.

E. Roulleau, Y. Sano, N. Takahata, F. T. Yang, and H. A. Takahashi, He, Ar, N and C isotope compositions in Tatun Volcanic Group (TVG), Taiwan: Evidence for an important contribution of pelagic carbonates in the magmatic source, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.303, pp.7-15, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01684706

E. Roulleau, D. Tardani, Y. Sano, N. Takahata, N. Vinet et al., New insight from noble gas and stable isotopes of geothermal/hydrothermal fluids at Caviahue-Copahue Volcanic Complex: Boiling steam separation and water-rock interaction at shallow depth, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.328, pp.70-83, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01684719

D. Rouwet, S. Hidalgo, E. P. Joseph, and G. González-ilama, Fluid geochemistry and volcanic unrest: Dissolving the haze in time and space, Advances in Volcanology, pp.221-239, 2017.

D. Rouwet, L. Sandri, W. Marzocchi, J. Gottsmann, J. Selva et al., Recognizing and tracking volcanic hazards related to non-magmatic unrest: A review, Journal of Applied Volcanology, vol.3, issue.1, pp.1-17, 2014.

L. H. Royden, F. Horváth, and B. C. Burchfiel, Transform faulting, extension and subduction in the Carpathian Pannonian Region, GSA Bulletin, vol.93, issue.8, pp.717-725, 1982.

R. L. Rudnick and S. Gao, Composition of the continental crust, Geochemistry, vol.3, pp.1-64, 2003.

L. Ruzié, M. Moreira, and O. Crispi, Noble gas isotopes in hydrothermal volcanic fluids of La Soufriére volcano, Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles arc, Chemical Geology, pp.158-165, 2012.

Y. Sano, J. Hirabayashi, T. Oba, and T. Gamo, Carbon and helium isotopic ratios at Kusatsu-Shirane volcano, Japan. Applied Geochemistry, vol.9, issue.4, pp.371-377, 1994.

Y. Sano, T. Kagoshima, N. Takahata, Y. Nishio, E. Roulleau et al., Ten-year helium anomaly prior to the, Mt. Ontake eruption. Scientific Reports, vol.5, issue.1, p.13069, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01684700

Y. Sano and B. Marty, Origin of carbon in fumarolic gas from island arcs, Chemical Geology, vol.119, issue.1-4, p.97, 1995.

Y. Sano and H. Wakita, Geographical distribution of 3 He/ 4 He ratios in Japan: Implications for arc tectonics and incipient magmatism, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.90, issue.B10, pp.8729-8741, 1985.

Y. Sano and S. N. Williams, Fluxes of mantle and subducted carbon along convergent plate boundaries, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.23, issue.20, pp.2749-2752, 1996.

S. Sarbu, J. W. Aerts, J. F. Flot, R. J. Van-spanning, C. Baciu et al., Sulfur Cave (Romania), an extreme environment with microbial mats in a CO 2 -H 2 S/O gas chemocline dominated by mycobacteria, International Journal of Speleology, vol.47, issue.2, pp.173-187, 2018.

I. Seghedi, H. Downes, S. Harangi, P. R. Mason, and Z. Pécskay, Geochemical response of magmas to Neogene-Quaternary continental collision in the Carpathian-Pannonian region: A review, Tectonophysics, vol.410, issue.1-4, pp.485-499, 2005.

I. Seghedi, H. Downes, A. Szakács, P. R. Mason, M. F. Thirlwall et al., Neogene-Quaternary magmatism and geodinamics in the Carpathian-Pannonian region: A synthesis, Lithos, vol.72, issue.3-4, pp.117-146, 2004.

I. Seghedi, L. Ma?enco, H. Downes, P. R. Mason, A. Szakács et al., Tectonic significance of changes in post-subduction Pliocene-Quaternary magmatism in the south east part of the Carpathian-Pannonian Region, Tectonophysics, vol.502, issue.1-2, pp.146-157, 2011.

I. Seghedi, R. G. Popa, C. G. Panaiotu, A. Szakács, and Z. Pécskay, Short-lived eruptive episodes during the construction of a Naalkalic basaltic field (Per?ani Mountains, vol.78, p.69, 2016.

I. Seghedi and A. Szakács, The Upper Pliocene-Pleistocene effusive and explosive basalticvolcanism from the Per?ani Mountains, Romanian Journal of Petrology, vol.76, pp.101-107, 1994.

I. Seghedi, A. Szakács, C. Udrescu, M. Stoian, and G. Graban, Trace element geochemistry of the South Harghita volcanic (East Carpathians). Calc-alkaline and shoshinitic associations. Dari de Seama a Sedintelor Institutului Geologic si Geofizic, vol.72, p.1, 1987.

A. M. Shaw, D. R. Hilton, T. P. Fischer, J. A. Walker, and G. E. Alvarado, Contrasting He-C relationships in Nicaragua and Costa Rica: Insights into C cycling through subduction zones, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.214, issue.3-4, pp.499-513, 2003.

G. Geochemistry, K. Geosystems, and . Al, , p.24

B. Sherwood-lollar, C. J. Ballentine, and R. K. Onions, The fate of mantle-derived carbon in a continental sedimentary basin: Intergration of C He relationships and isotope signatures, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, issue.11, pp.83-88, 1997.

G. Snyder, R. Poreda, A. Hunt, and U. Fehn, Regional variations in volatile composition: Isotopic evidence for carbonate recycling in the Central American volcanic arc, Geophysics, Geosystems, vol.2, issue.10, p.1057, 2001.

M. L. Sorey, W. C. Evans, B. M. Kennedy, C. D. Farrar, L. J. Hainsworth et al., Carbon dioxide and helium emission from a reservoir of magmatic gas beneath Mammoth Mountain, California. Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.103, issue.B7, pp.303-318, 1998.

R. S. Sparks, C. B. Folkes, M. C. Humphreys, D. N. Barfod, J. Clavero et al., Uturuncu volcano, Bolivia: Volcanic unrest due to mid-crustal magma intrusion, American Journal of Science, vol.308, issue.6, pp.727-769, 2008.

S. Sparks and K. Cashman, Dynamic magma systems: Implications for forecasting volcanic activity, Elements, vol.13, issue.1, pp.35-40, 2017.

N. C. Sturchio, S. N. Williams, and Y. Sano, The hydrothermal system of Volcan Purace, Colombia. Bulletin of Volcanology, vol.55, pp.289-296, 1993.

R. B. Symonds, R. J. Poreda, W. C. Evans, C. J. Janik, and B. E. Ritchie, Mantle and crustal sources of carbon, nitrogen and noble gases in Cascade-Range and Aleutian-Arc volcanic gases, US Geological Survey Open-File Report, pp.3-436, 2003.

A. Szakács and I. Seghedi, Base surge deposits in the Ciomadul Massif (South Harghita Mountains). Dari de Seama ale sedintelor Institutului Geologic Geofizic, vol.74, pp.175-180, 1987.

A. Szakács and I. Seghedi, The C?limani-Gurghiu-Harghita volcanic chain, Volcanological features. Acta Volcanologica, vol.7, pp.145-153, 1995.

A. Szakács and I. Seghedi, The relevance of volcanic hazard in Romania: Is there any?, Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, vol.12, pp.125-135, 2013.

A. Szakács, I. Seghedi, and Z. Pécskay, Pecularities of South Harghita Mts. as terminal segment of the Carpathian Neogene to Quaternary volcanic chain. Revue Roumaine de Geophysique, vol.37, pp.21-36, 1993.

A. Szakács, I. Seghedi, Z. Pécskay, and V. Mirea, Eruptive history of a low-frequency and low-output rate Pleistocene volcano, Ciomadul, South Harghita Mts, Romania. Bulletin of Volcanology, vol.77, 2015.

F. Tassi, F. Aguilera, O. Benavente, A. Paonita, G. Chiodini et al., Geochemistry of fluid discharges from Peteroa volcano (Argentina-Chile) in 2010-2015: Insights into compositional changes related to the fluid source region(s), Chemical Geology, vol.432, pp.41-53, 2016.

F. Tassi, F. Aguilera, T. Darrah, O. Vaselli, B. Capaccioni et al., Fluid geochemistry of hydrothermal systems in the Arica-Parinacota, Taracapa and Antofagasta regions (northern Chile), Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.192, issue.1-2, pp.1-15, 2010.

F. Tassi, F. Aguilera, O. Vaselli, T. Darrah, and E. Medina, Gas discharges from four remote volcanoes in Chile, Annals of Geophysics, vol.54, 2011.

F. Tassi, B. Nisi, C. Cardellini, F. Capecchiacci, M. Donnini et al., Diffuse soil emission of hydrothermal gases, Solfatara crater, vol.35, pp.142-153, 2013.

D. Tedesco, G. Miele, Y. Sano, and J. P. Tardani, Helium isotopic ratio in Vulcano island fumaroles: Temporal variations in shallow level mixing and deep magmatic supply, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.64, issue.1-2, p.45, 1995.

T. Torgersen, S. Drenkard, M. Stute, P. Schlosser, and A. Shapiro, Mantle helium in-ground waters of eastern North-America-Time and space constraints on sources, Geology, vol.23, issue.8, pp.675-678, 1995.

E. Trasatti, F. Marra, M. Polcari, G. Etiope, G. Ciotoli et al., Coeval uplift and subsidence reveal magma recharging near Rome (Italy). Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, vol.19, pp.1484-1498, 2018.

M. Túri, L. Palcsu, L. Papp, A. Horváth, I. Futó et al., Isotope characterization of the water and sediment in volcanic lake Saint Ana, East-Carpathians, Romania. Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, vol.11, issue.2, pp.475-484, 2016.

M. Van-soest, D. Hilton, and R. Kreulen, Tracing crustal and slab contributions to arc magmatism in the Lesser Antilles island arc using helium and carbon relationships in geothermal fluids, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.62, pp.241-246, 1998.

M. C. Van-soest, D. R. Hilton, C. G. Macpherson, and D. P. Mattey, Resolving sediment subduction and crustal contamination in the Lesser Antilles Island arc: A combined he-O-Sr isotope approach, Journal of Petrology, vol.43, issue.1, pp.143-170, 2002.

J. Varekamp, R. Kreulen, R. Poorter, and M. Bergen, Carbon sources in arc volcanism, with implications for the carbon cycle, Terra nova, vol.4, issue.3, pp.363-373, 1992.

O. Vaselli, H. Downes, M. F. Thirlwall, G. Dobosi, N. Coradossi et al., Ultramafic xenoliths in Plio-Pleistocene alkali basalts from theEastern Transylvanian Basin: Depleted mantle enriched by vein metasomatism, Journalof Petrology, vol.36, issue.1, pp.23-53, 1995.

O. Vaselli, A. Minissale, F. Tassi, G. Magro, I. Seghedi et al., Ageochemical traverse across the Eastern Carpathians (Romania): Constraints on the origin andevolution of the mineral waters and gas discharge, Chemical Geology, vol.182, issue.2-4, pp.637-654, 2002.

A. P. Vinkler, H. Sz, T. Ntaflos, A. Szakács, F. Hungarian-wei et al., Helium and carbon isotopes in the hot spring of Changbaishan Volcano, northeastern China: A material connection between Changbaishan Volcano and the west Pacific plate, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.137, issue.1, pp.398-406, 2007.

F. Wenzel, F. P. Lorenz, B. Sperner, and M. C. Oncescu, Seismotectonics of the Romanian Vrancea Area, Vrancea earthquakes: Tectonics, hazard and risk mitigation, pp.15-25, 1999.

C. Werner, W. C. Evans, M. Poland, D. Tucker, and M. Doukas, Evidence for a staller intrusion in 1975 and connection to a deep magma source, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.186, issue.3-4, pp.379-386, 2009.

M. J. Wortel and W. Spakman, Subduction and slab detachment in the Mediterranean-Carpathian Region, Science, vol.290, issue.5498, pp.1910-1917, 2000.

G. Geochemistry, K. Geosystems, and . Al, , p.25

, HC source rock; (b) reservoir (volcaniclastic sands and sandstones); and (c) seals (intercalating shales) both within the Pucangan Fm. HC generation within the Ngimbang Fm, Deposition of petroleum system elements: (a) Ngimbang Fm

, Late Pleistocene-Holocene HC fluid migration to shallow reservoirs of the Pucangan Fm

, Alteration of the gas and oil via HC biodegradation process

, Magmatic and hydrothermal fluids migration toward the organic-rich shales of the deep-seated Ngimbang Fm. (>3,800-m depth) generated additional HCs and CO 2 , creating overpressure within the Ngimbang Fm., enriching the gas with mantle-derived trace noble gases ( 3 He and 36 Ar)

, These fluids migrated toward the surface through fractured and weak zones and are present today in the producing HC reservoirs and at the Lusi eruption site

. Collignon, The gas geochemistry survey described herein corroborates all the previously collected geophysical, petrographic, geochemical, and modeling evidences, 2017.

, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth ZAPUTLYAEVA ET AL, vol.12

R. Bernard, B. , J. M. Brooks, and W. M. Sackett, A geochemical model for characterization of hydrocarbon gas sources in marine sediments, 1977.

M. Blumenberg, R. Lutz, S. Schlömer, M. Krüger, G. Scheeder et al., Hydrocarbons from near-surface sediments of the Barents Sea north of Svalbard-Indication of subsurface hydrocarbon generation? Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol.76, pp.432-443, 2016.

G. Capasso and S. Inguaggiato, A simple method for the determination of dissolved gases in natural waters. An application to thermal waters from Vulcano Island, Applied Geochemistry, vol.13, issue.5, pp.631-642, 1998.

A. Caracausi, F. Italiano, A. Paonita, A. Rizzo, and P. M. Nuccio, Evidence of deep magma degassing and ascent by geochemistry of peripheral gas emissions at Mount Etna (Italy): Assessment of the magmatic reservoir pressure, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.108, issue.B10, p.2463, 2003.

A. Caracausi, M. Paternoster, and P. M. Nuccio, Mantle CO 2 degassing at Mt. Vulture volcano (Italy): Relationship between CO 2 outgassing of volcanoes and the time of their last eruption, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.411, pp.268-280, 2015.

A. Caracausi and A. Sulli, Outgassing of mantle volatiles in compressional tectonic regime away from volcanism: The role of continental delamination, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, vol.20, 2007.

H. M. Chung, J. R. Gormly, and R. M. Squires, Origin of gaseous hydrocarbons in subsurface environments: Theoretical considerations of carbon isotope distribution, Chemical Geology, vol.71, issue.1-3, pp.97-104, 1988.

I. Clark and P. Fritz, Environmental isotopes in hydrogeology, 1997.

M. Collignon, A. Mazzini, D. W. Schmid, and M. Lupi, Modelling fluid flow in active clastic piercements: Challenges and approaches. Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol.90, pp.157-172, 2018.

A. Correale, M. Martelli, A. Paonita, A. Rizzo, L. Brusca et al., New evidence of mantle heterogeneity beneath the Hyblean Plateau (southeast Sicily, Italy) as inferred from noble gases and geochemistry of ultramafic xenoliths, Lithos, pp.70-81, 2012.

P. Deines, The carbon isotope geochemistry of mantle xenoliths, Earth-Science Reviews, vol.58, issue.3-4, pp.64-72, 2002.

E. A. Devi, F. Rachman, A. H. Satyana, F. Fahrudin, and R. Setyawan, Paleofacies of Eocene Lower Ngimbang source rocks in Cepu Area, East Java Basin based on biomarkers and carbon-13 isotopes, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol.118, 2018.

H. Doust and R. A. Noble, Petroleum systems of Indonesia. Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol.25, pp.103-129, 2008.

G. Etiope, A. Feyzullayev, A. V. Milkov, A. Waseda, K. Mizobe et al., Evidence of subsurface anaerobic biodegradation of hydrocarbons and potential secondary methanogenesis in terrestrial mud volcanoes. Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol.26, pp.1692-1703, 2009.

M. J. Fallahi, A. Obermann, M. Lupi, K. Karyono, and A. Mazzini, The plumbing system feeding the Lusi eruption revealed by ambient noise tomography, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.122, pp.8200-8213, 2017.

W. F. Giggenbach, Y. Sano, and H. Wakita, Isotopic composition of helium, and CO 2 and CH 4 contents in gases produced along the New Zealand part of a convergent plate boundary, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.57, issue.14, p.90549, 1993.

. Global-volcanism-program, Volcanoes of the World, 2013.

L. K. Gutsalo and A. M. Plotnikov, Carbon isotopic composition in the CH 4 -CO 2 system as a criterion for the origin of methane and carbon dioxide in Earth natural gases, paper presented at Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR (Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Science), 1981.

R. Hall, Cenozoic geological and plate tectonic evolution of SE Asia and the SW Pacific: Computer-based reconstructions, model and animations, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, vol.20, issue.4, pp.353-431, 2002.

R. Hall, The palaeogeography of Sundaland and Wallacea since the Late Jurassic, Journal of Limnology, vol.72, 2013.

R. Hall, M. A. Cottam, and M. E. Wilson, Australia-SE Asia collision: Plate tectonics and crustal flow, The SE Asian gateway: history and tectonics of Australia-Asia collision, vol.355, pp.75-109, 2011.

S. A. Halldórsson, D. R. Hilton, V. R. Troll, and T. P. Fischer, Resolving volatile sources along the western Sunda arc, Indonesia. Chemical Geology, vol.339, pp.263-282, 2013.

I. M. Head, D. M. Jones, and S. R. Larter, Biological activity in the deep subsurface and the origin of heavy oil, Nature, vol.426, issue.6964, pp.344-352, 2003.

S. Inguaggiato, A. Mazzini, F. Vita, and A. Sciarra, The Arjuno-Welirang volcanic complex and the connected Lusi system: Geochemical evidences. Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol.90, pp.67-76, 2018.

, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth ZAPUTLYAEVA ET AL, vol.14

J. Ishibashi, M. Sato, Y. Sano, H. Wakita, T. Gamo et al., Helium and carbon gas geochemistry of pore fluids from the sediment-rich hydrothermal system in Escanaba Trough, Applied Geochemistry, vol.17, issue.11, pp.112-121, 2002.

B. Istadi, H. T. Wibowo, E. Sunardi, S. Hadi, and N. Sawolo, Mud volcano and its evolution, Imran Ahmad Dar, IntechOpen, pp.861-888, 2012.

B. P. Istadi, G. H. Pramono, P. Sumintadireja, and S. Alam, Modeling study of growth and potential geohazard for LUSI, vol.26, pp.1724-1739, 2009.

P. D. Jenden, D. R. Hilton, and I. R. Kaplan, Abiogenic hydrocarbons and mantle helium in oil and gas fields, United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper, vol.1570, pp.31-56, 1993.

I. L. Kamenskiy, V. P. Yakutseni, B. A. Mamyrin, S. G. Anufriyev, and I. N. Tolstikhin, Helium isotopes in nature, Geochemistry International, vol.8, pp.575-589, 1971.

A. Kusumastuti, A. B. Darmoyo, W. Suwarlan, and S. P. Sosromihardjo, The Wunut field: Pleistocene volcaniclastic gas sands in East Java, Proceedings, Indonesian Petroleum Association, Twenty Seventh Annual Convention & Exhibition, 1999.

H. Lee, J. D. Muirhead, T. P. Fischer, C. J. Ebinger, S. A. Kattenhorn et al., Massive and prolonged deep carbon emissions associated with continental rifting, Nature Geoscience, vol.9, pp.145-149, 2016.

B. Malvoisin, A. Mazzini, and S. A. Miller, Deep hydrothermal activity driving the Lusi mud eruption, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.497, pp.42-49, 2018.

A. A. Martha, P. Cummins, E. Saygin, W. Sri, and . Masturyono, Imaging of upper crustal structure beneath East Java-Bali, Indonesia with ambient noise tomography, Geoscience Letters, vol.4, issue.1, 2017.

G. Mauri, A. Husein, A. Mazzini, D. Irawan, R. Sohrabi et al., Insights on the structure of Lusi mud edifice from land gravity data. Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol.90, pp.104-115, 2018.

A. Mazzini and G. Etiope, Mud volcanism: An updated review, Earth-Science Reviews, vol.168, pp.81-112, 2017.

A. Mazzini, G. Etiope, and H. Svensen, A new hydrothermal scenario for the 2006 Lusi eruption, Indonesia, Insights from gas geochemistry, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, pp.305-318, 2012.

A. Mazzini, A. Nermoen, M. Krotkiewski, Y. Podladchikov, S. Planke et al., Strike-slip faulting as a trigger mechanism for overpressure release through piercement structures. Implications for the Lusi mud volcano, Indonesia. Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol.26, pp.1751-1765, 2009.

A. Mazzini, F. Scholz, H. H. Svensen, C. Hensen, and S. Hadi, The geochemistry and origin of the hydrothermal water erupted at Lusi, Indonesia. Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol.90, pp.52-66, 2018.

A. Mazzini, H. Svensen, G. G. Akhmanov, G. Aloisi, S. Planke et al., Triggering and dynamic evolution of the LUSI mud volcano, Indonesia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.261, issue.3-4, pp.375-388, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00296707

A. V. Milkov, Methanogenic biodegradation of petroleum in the West Siberian Basin (Russia): Significance for formation of giant Cenomanian gas pools, AAPG Bulletin, vol.94, issue.10, pp.1485-1541, 2010.

A. V. Milkov, Worldwide distribution and significance of secondary microbial methane formed during petroleum biodegradation in conventional reservoirs, Organic Geochemistry, vol.42, issue.2, pp.184-207, 2011.

A. V. Milkov, Secondary microbial gas, Hydrocarbons, oils and lipids: Diversity, origin, chemistry and fate, pp.1-10, 2018.

A. V. Milkov and G. Etiope, Revised genetic diagrams for natural gases based on a global dataset of >20,000 samples, Organic Geochemistry, vol.125, pp.109-120, 2018.

S. A. Miller and A. Mazzini, More than ten years of Lusi: A review of facts, coincidences, and past and future studies, Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol.90, pp.10-25, 2018.

M. A. Moreira and M. D. Kurz, Noble gases as tracers of mantle processes and magmatic degassing, The Noble Gases as Geochemical Tracers, pp.371-391, 2013.

A. Moscariello, D. Do-couto, F. Mondino, J. Booth, M. Lupi et al., Genesis and evolution of the Watukosek fault system in the Lusi area (East Java). Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol.90, pp.125-137, 2018.

A. Obermann, K. Karyono, T. Diehl, M. Lupi, and A. Mazzini, Seismicity at Lusi and the adjacent volcanic complex, vol.90, pp.149-156, 2018.

R. K. O'nions and E. R. Oxburgh, Helium, volatile fluxes and the development of continental crust, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.90, issue.3, pp.331-347, 1988.

M. Ozima and F. A. Podosek, Noble gas ceochemistry, 2002.

F. Panzera, S. D'amico, M. Lupi, G. Mauri, K. Karyono et al., Lusi hydrothermal structure inferred through ambient vibration measurements. Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol.90, pp.116-124, 2018.

K. E. Peters, C. C. Walters, and J. M. Moldowan, The biomarker guide, 2005.

R. J. Poreda, A. W. Jeffrey, I. R. Kaplan, and H. Craig, Magmatic helium in subduction-zone natural gases, Chemical Geology, vol.71, issue.1-3, pp.199-210, 1988.

R. J. Poreda, P. D. Jenden, I. R. Kaplan, and H. Craig, Mantle helium in Sacramento basin natural gas wells, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.50, issue.12, pp.2847-2853, 1986.

A. Prinzhofer, Noble gases in oil and gas accumulations, The noble gases as geochemical tracers, pp.225-248, 2013.

M. Procesi, G. Ciotoli, A. Mazzini, and G. Etiope, Sediment-hosted geothermal systems: Review and first global mapping, Earth-Science Reviews, vol.192, pp.529-544, 2019.

S. Sakata, Y. Sano, T. Maekawa, and S. Igari, Hydrogen and carbon isotopic composition of methane as evidence for biogenic origin of natural gases from the Green Tuff Basin, Organic Geochemistry, vol.26, issue.5-6, pp.5-8, 1997.

E. Samankassou, A. Mazzini, M. Chiaradia, S. Spezzaferri, A. Moscariello et al., Origin and age of carbonate clasts from the Lusi eruption, Java, Indonesia. Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol.90, pp.138-148, 2018.

Y. Sano and T. P. Fischer, The analysis and interpretation of noble gases in modern hydrothermal systems, The noble gases as geochemical tracers, pp.249-317, 2013.

, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth ZAPUTLYAEVA ET AL, vol.15

Y. Sano, T. Gamo, and S. N. Williams, Secular variations of helium and carbon isotopes at Galeras volcano, Colombia, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.77, issue.1-4, pp.255-265, 1997.

Y. Sano and H. Wakita, Geographical distribution of 3 He/ 4 He ratios in Japan: Implications for arc tectonics and incipient magmatism, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.90, issue.B10, pp.8729-8741, 1985.

A. H. Satyana and M. E. Purwaningsih, Geochemistry of the East Java Basin: New observations on oil grouping, genetic gas types and trends of hydrocarbon habitats, Proceedings of the 29th IAGI Annual Convention and Exhibition, 2003.

A. H. Satyana and M. E. Purwaningsih, Oligo-Miocene carbonates of Java: Tectonic setting and effects of volcanism, Proceedings of the 32nd IAGI and 28th HAGI Annual Convention and Exhibition, 2003.

M. Schoell, Genetic characterization of natural gases, 1983.

A. Sciarra, A. Mazzini, S. Inguaggiato, F. Vita, M. Lupi et al., Radon and carbon gas anomalies along the Watukosek Fault System and Lusi mud eruption, Indonesia. Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol.90, pp.77-90, 2018.

E. Sharaf, J. A. Simo, A. R. Carroll, and M. Shields, Stratigraphic evolution of Oligocene-Miocene carbonates and siliciclastics, Indonesia. AAPG Bulletin, vol.89, issue.6, pp.799-819, 2005.

H. R. Smyth, R. Hall, and G. J. Nichols, Cenozoic volcanic arc history of East Java, Indonesia: The stratigraphic record of eruptions on an active continental margin, Formation and Applications of the Sedimentary Record in Arc Collision Zones, pp.199-222, 2008.

G. Snyder, R. Poreda, U. Fehn, and A. Hunt, Sources of nitrogen and methane in Central American geothermal settings: Noble gas and 129I evidence for crustal and magmatic volatile components, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, vol.4, issue.1, 2003.

E. Sutrisna, Can LUSI be stopped?-A case study and lessons learned from the relief wells, Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract NH51A-1053, vol.90, 2009.

H. H. Svensen, K. Iyer, D. W. Schmid, and A. Mazzini, Modelling of gas generation following emplacement of an igneous sill below Lusi, East Java, Indonesia. Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol.90, pp.201-208, 2018.

M. Tingay, Initial pore pressures under the Lusi mud volcano, Indonesia. Interpretation, vol.3, issue.1, pp.33-49, 2015.

R. Van-noorden, Mud volcano floods Java, Nature News. Italy:University of Padua, 2006.

L. Vanderkluysen, M. R. Burton, A. B. Clarke, H. E. Hartnett, and J. Smekens, Composition and flux of explosive gas release at LUSI mud volcano, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, vol.15, pp.2932-2946, 2014.

L. M. Wenger, C. L. Davis, and G. H. Isaksen, Multiple controls on petroleum biodegradation and impact on oil quality, SPE Reservoir Evaluation and Engineering, vol.5, issue.05, pp.375-383, 2002.

M. J. Whiticar, E. Faber, and M. Schoell, Biogenic methane formation in marine and freshwater environments: CO 2 reduction vs. acetate fermentation-Isotope evidence, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.50, issue.5, pp.90346-90353, 1986.

S. Xu, S. I. Nakai, H. Wakita, Y. Xu, and X. Wang, Helium isotope compositions in sedimentary basins in China, Applied Geochemistry, vol.10, issue.6, pp.643-656, 1995.

, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth ZAPUTLYAEVA ET AL, vol.16

D. L. References-anderson, Large igneous provinces: Origin and environmental consequences: Large igneous provinces, delamination, and fertile mantle, Elements, vol.1, issue.5, pp.271-275, 2005.

G. Avellone, M. R. Barchi, R. Catalano, M. Gasparo-morticelli, and A. Sulli, Interference between shallow and deep-seated structures in the Sicilian fold and thrust belt, Italy. Journal of the Geological Society, vol.167, issue.1, pp.109-126, 2010.

E. T. Baker and J. Lupton, Changes in submarine hydrothermal 3 He/heat ratios as an indicator of magmatic/tectonic activity, Nature, vol.346, issue.6284, pp.556-558, 1990.

G. Geochemistry, C. Geosystems, and . Sulli,

C. J. Ballentine and P. Burnard, Production, release and transport of noble gases in the continental crust, Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, vol.47, issue.1, pp.481-538, 2002.

C. J. Ballentine, M. Schoell, D. Coleman, and B. A. Cain, 300-Myr-old magmatic CO 2 in natural gas reservoir of the west Texas Permian basin, Nature, vol.409, issue.6818, pp.327-331, 2001.

M. Bello, A. Franchino, and S. Merlini, Structural model of eastern Sicily, vol.55, pp.61-70, 2000.

A. Billi, D. Presti, B. Orecchio, C. Faccenna, and G. Neri, Incipient extension along the active convergent margin of Nubia in Sicily, Italy: Cefalù-Etna seismic zone, Tectonics, vol.29, 2010.

P. Bird, Continental delamination and the Colorado Plateau, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.84, issue.B13, pp.7561-7571, 1979.

P. Burnard, S. Bourlange, P. H. Blard, L. Geli, M. D. Tryon et al., Constraints on fluid origins and migration velocities along the Marmara Main Fault (Sea of Marmara, Turkey) using helium isotopes, Earth Planetary Science Letters, pp.68-78, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00852267

J. D. Byerle, Model for episodic flow of high-pressure water in fault zones before earthquakes, Geology, vol.21, issue.4, pp.303-306, 1993.

G. Capasso and S. Inguaggiato, A simple method for the determination of dissolved gases in natural waters. An application to thermal waters from Vulcano Island, Applied Geochemistry, vol.13, issue.5, pp.631-642, 1998.

A. Caracausi, R. Favara, F. Italiano, P. M. Nuccio, A. Paonita et al., Active geodynamics of the central mediterranean sea: Tensional tectonic evidences in western Sicily from mantle-derived helium, Geophysical Research Letter, vol.32, 2005.

A. Caracausi, M. Martelli, M. Nuccio, and M. Paternoster, Active degassing of mantle-derived fluids; a geochemical study along the Vulture Line, Southern Appennines, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.253, pp.65-74, 2013.

A. Caracausi, M. Paternoster, and P. M. Nuccio, Mantle CO 2 degassing at Mt. Vulture volcano (Italy): Relationship between CO 2 outgassing of a volcano and the time since its last eruption, Earth Planetary Science Letters, vol.411, pp.268-280, 2015.

M. Carapezza, G. Cusumano, V. Liguori, R. Alaimo, G. Dongarrà et al., Nota Introduttiva allo studio delle sorgenti termali della Sicilia e delle Isole minori, vol.96, pp.813-836, 1987.

R. Cassinis, S. Scarascia, and A. Lozej, The deep crustal structure of Italy and surrounding areas from seismic refraction data. A new synthesis, vol.122, pp.365-376, 2003.

R. Catalano, P. Di-stefano, A. Sulli, and F. P. Vitale, Paleogeography and structure of the central Mediterranean: Sicily and its offshore area, Tectonophysics, vol.260, issue.4, pp.291-323, 1996.

R. Catalano, A. Franchino, S. Merlini, and A. Sulli, A crustal section from North Algerian to the Ionian ocean (central Mediterranean), vol.55, pp.71-85, 2000.

R. Catalano, A. Franchino, S. Merlini, and A. Sulli, Central Western Sicily structural setting interpreted from seismic reflection profiles, vol.55, pp.5-16, 2000.

R. Catalano and A. Sulli, Crustal image of the Ionian basin and accretionary wedge, Bollettino di Geofisica Teorica e Applicata, vol.47, issue.3, pp.343-374, 2006.

R. Catalano, V. Valenti, C. Albanese, F. Accaino, A. Sulli et al., Sicily's fold/thrust belt and slab roll-back: The SI.RI.PRO. seismic crustal transect, Journal of the Geological Society of London, vol.170, issue.3, pp.451-464, 2013.

R. Cataldi, F. Mongelli, P. Squarci, L. Taffi, G. Zito et al., Geothermal ranking of Italian territory, Geothermics, vol.24, issue.1, pp.26-35, 1995.

L. Cernobori, A. Hirn, J. H. Mcbride, R. Nicolich, L. Petronio et al., Crustal image of the Ionian basin and its Calabrian margins, Tectonophysics, vol.264, issue.1-4, pp.125-129, 1996.

C. Chiarabba and G. Chiodini, Continental delamination and mantle dynamics drive topography, extension and fluid discharge in the Apennines, Geology, issue.6, pp.715-718, 2013.

C. Chiarabba, P. De-gori, and F. Speranza, The southern Tyrrhenian subduction zone: Deep geometry, magmatism and Plio-Pleistocene evolution, Earth Planetary Science Letters, vol.268, issue.3-4, pp.408-423, 2008.

C. Chironi, L. De-luca, I. Guerra, D. Luzio, A. Moretti et al., Crustal structures of the southern Tyrrhenian Sea and the Sicily Channel on the basis of the M25, M26, M28, M39WARR profiles, vol.119, pp.189-203, 2000.

B. De-voogd, C. Truffert, N. Chamot-rooke, P. Huchon, S. Lallemant et al., Two-ship deep seismic soundings in the basins of the eastern Mediterranean Sea (Pasiphae cruise), Geophysical Journal International, vol.109, issue.3, pp.536-552, 1992.

D. Vedova, B. Bellani, S. Pellis, G. Squarci, and P. , Deep temperatures and surface heat-flow distribution, Anatomy of an orogen: The Apennines and adjacent Mediterranean basins, pp.65-76, 2001.

F. Di-luccio, G. Chiodini, S. Caliro, C. Cardellini, V. Convertito et al., Seismic signature of active intrusions in mountains chain, Science Advances, vol.4, issue.1, 2018.

C. Doglioni, E. Carminati, M. Cuffaro, and D. Scrocca, Subduction kinematics and dynamic constraints, Earth Science Reviews, vol.83, issue.3-4, pp.125-175, 2007.

C. Doglioni, P. Harabaglia, S. Merlini, F. Mongelli, A. Peccerillo et al., Orogens and slabs vs. their direction of subduction, Earth Science Reviews, vol.45, issue.3-4, pp.167-208, 1999.

C. Doglioni, M. Ligi, D. Scrocca, S. Bigi, G. Bortoluzzi et al., The tectonic puzzle of the Messina area (southern Italy): Insights from new seismic reflection data, Nature ScientificReports, vol.2, issue.1, p.970, 2012.

C. Faccenna, L. Civetta, M. D'antonio, F. Funiciello, L. Margheriti et al., Constraints on mantle circulation around the deforming Calabrian slab, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.32, 2005.

I. Finetti, CROP project: Deep seismic exploration of the central Mediterranean and Italy, Atlases in geoscience 1, pp.1-779, 2005.

S. F. Foley and T. P. Fischer, An essential role for continental rifts and lithosphere in the deep carbon cycle, Nature Geoscience, vol.10, pp.897-902, 2017.

G. Geochemistry, Geosystems CARACAUSI AND SULLI, vol.12

F. Fusseis, K. Regenauer-lieb, J. Liu, R. M. Hough, and F. De-carlo, Creep cavitation can establish a dynamic granular fluid pump in ductile shear zone, Nature, vol.459, issue.7249, pp.974-977, 2009.

M. Gasparo-morticelli, V. Valenti, R. Catalano, A. Sulli, M. Agate et al., Deep controls on foreland basin system evolution along the Sicilian fold and thrust belt, vol.186, pp.273-290, 2015.

C. Gautheron and M. Moreira, Helium signature of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.199, issue.1-2, pp.39-47, 2002.

J. Genser, S. A. Cloetingh, and F. Neubauer, Late orogenic rebound and oblique Alpine convergence: New constraints from subsidence analysis of the Austrian Molasse basin, Global and Planetary Change, vol.58, issue.1-4, pp.214-223, 2007.

G. Giunta, D. Luzio, F. Agosta, M. Calò, F. Di-trapani et al., An integrated approach to investigate the seismotectonics of northern Sicily and southern Tyrrhenian, Tectonophysics, vol.476, issue.1-2, pp.13-21, 2009.

M. Giustiniani, U. Tinivella, and R. Nicolich, Crustal structure of Central Sicily, Tectonophysics, vol.722, pp.299-313, 2018.

S. Goes, D. Giardini, S. Jenny, C. Hollenstein, H. G. Kahle et al., A recent tectonic reorganization in the south-central Mediterranean, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.266, pp.335-345, 2004.

F. Grassa, R. Favara, G. Capasso, and S. Inguaggiato, Chemical and isotopic composition of waters and dissolved gases in some thermal springs of Sicily and adjacent Volcanic Islands, Italy. Pure and Applied Geophysics, vol.163, issue.4, pp.781-807, 2006.

G. Holland and S. Gilfillan, Application of the noble gases to the viability of CO 2 storage, The noble gases as geochemical tracers, pp.177-223, 2013.

F. Italiano, M. Martelli, G. Martinelli, and P. M. Nuccio, Geochemical evidence of melt intrusions along lithospheric faults of the southern Apennines (Italy): Geodynamic and seismogenic implications, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.106, pp.569-582, 2000.

R. W. Kay and S. M. Kay, Delamination and delamination magmatism, Tectonophysics, vol.219, issue.1-3, p.90295, 1993.

B. M. Kennedy, T. Fisher, and D. L. Shuster, Heat and helium in geothermal systems, Twenty-Fifth Workshop on, 2000.

B. M. Kennedy, Y. K. Kharaka, W. C. Evans, A. Ellwood, D. J. De-paolo et al., Mantle fluids in the San Andreas fault system, California. Science, vol.278, issue.5341, pp.1278-1281, 1997.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00681377

B. M. Kennedy and M. C. Van-soest, Flow of mantle fluids through the ductile lower crust: Helium isotope trends, Science, vol.318, issue.5855, pp.1433-1436, 2007.

J. H. Knapp, C. C. Knapp, V. Raileanu, L. Matenco, V. Mocanu et al., Crustal constraints on the origin of mantle seismicity in the Vrancea Zone, Romania: The case for active continental lithospheric delamination, Tectonophysics, vol.410, issue.1-4, pp.311-323, 2005.

J. T. Kulongosky, D. R. Hilton, P. H. Barry, K. E. Bradley, H. Darren et al., Volatile fluxes through the Big Bend section of the San Andreas fault, California: Helium and carbon-dioxide systematics, Chemical Geology, vol.339, pp.92-102, 2013.

F. Lentini, S. Carbone, and S. Catalano, Main structural domains of the central Mediterranean region and their tectonic evolution, Bollettino di Geofisica Teorica e Applicata, vol.36, pp.103-125, 1994.

A. Malinverno and W. B. Ryan, Extension in the Tyrrhenian Sea and shortening in the Apennines as a result of arc migration driven by sinking of the lithosphere, Tectonics, vol.5, issue.2, pp.227-245, 1986.

B. Marty and A. Jambon, C/ 3 He in volatile fluxes from the solid Earth: Implications for carbon geodynamics, Earth Planetary Science Letters, vol.83, pp.16-26, 1995.

B. Marty, T. Torgersen, V. Meynier, R. K. O'nions, and G. De-marsily, Helium isotope fluxes and groundwater ages in the Dogger aquifer, Water Resources Research, vol.29, issue.4, pp.1025-1035, 1993.

R. Meissner and W. Mooney, Weakness of the lower continental crust: A condition for delamination, uplift, and escape, Tectonophysics, vol.296, issue.1-2, pp.47-60, 1998.

C. Morelli, An historical perspective to the CROP Project, CROP Atlas: Seismic reflection profiles of the Italian crust. Mem. Descr. Carta Geol. d'It, vol.62, pp.1-7, 2003.

H. Mutlu, N. Gülec, and D. R. Hilton, Helium-carbon relationships in geothermal fluids of western Anatolia, Turkey. Chemical Geology, vol.247, issue.1-2, pp.305-321, 2008.

R. K. O'nions and E. R. Oxburgh, Helium, volatile fluxes and the development of continental crust, Earth Planetary Science Letters, vol.90, issue.3, pp.331-347, 1988.

E. R. Oxburgh, R. K. O'nions, and R. I. Hill, Helium isotopes in sedimentary basins, Nature, vol.324, pp.18-25, 1986.

M. Ozima and F. A. Podosek, Noble gas geochemistry, p.286, 2002.

G. F. Panza, R. B. Raykova, E. Carminati, and C. Doglioni, Upper mantle flow in the western Mediterranean, Earth Planetary Science Letters, vol.257, issue.1-2, pp.200-214, 2007.

S. Pondrelli, S. Salimbeni, G. Ekstrom, A. Morelli, P. Gasperini et al., The Italian CMT dataset from 1977 to the present, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, vol.159, issue.3-4, pp.286-303, 2006.

A. Prinzhofer, Noble gas in oil and gas accumulations, The Noble gases as Geochemical Tracers, pp.225-247, 2013.

F. Roure, P. Casero, and B. Addoum, Alpine inversion of the North African margin and delamination of its continental lithosphere, Tectonics, vol.31, 2012.

F. Roure, D. G. Howell, C. Muller, and I. Moretti, Late Cenozoic subduction complex of Sicily, Journal of Structural Geology, vol.12, issue.2, pp.259-266, 1990.

R. Rudnick and D. M. Fountain, Nature and composition of the continental crust: A lower crustal perspective, Reviews of Geophysics, vol.33, issue.3, pp.267-309, 1995.

Y. Sano, T. Tominaga, and S. N. Williams, Secular variations of helium and carbon isotopes at Galeras volcano, Colombia, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.77, issue.1-4, pp.255-265, 1997.

S. Scarascia, A. Lozej, and R. Cassinis, Crustal structures of the Ligurian, Thyrrenian and Ionian seas and adjacent onshore areas interpreted from wide-angle seismic profiles, Bollettino di Geofisica Teorica e Applicata, vol.36, pp.141-144, 1994.

G. Geochemistry, C. Geosystems, and . Sulli,

J. H. Schön, Physical properties of rocks: Fundamentals and principles of petrophysics, 1996.

N. H. Sleep and M. L. Blampied, Creep, compaction and the weak rheology of the major faults, Nature, vol.359, issue.6397, pp.687-692, 1992.

T. Torgersen, 3 He fluxes in extensional basins: Limits on the role of magmatism in extensional basins, Journal Geophysical Research, vol.98, issue.B9, pp.257-273, 1993.

E. B. Watson and J. M. Brenan, Fluids in the lithosphere 1: Experimentally-determined wetting characteristics of CO 2 -H 2 O fluids and their implications for fluids transport, host-rock physical properties, and fluid inclusion formation, Earth Planetary Science Letters, vol.85, issue.4, pp.497-515, 1987.

G. Geochemistry, C. Geosystems, and . Sulli,

T. Torgersen, Continental degassing flux of 4He and its variability, Geochem. Geophys. Geosystems, vol.11, pp.1-15, 2010.

B. Shen, J. Qin, W. Hu, Z. Huang, and J. Wang, Noble Gas Geochemistry of CO2 Gas Pool in Gaoqing-Pingnan Fault Zone, Jiyang Depression. Geol. J. China Univ, pp.537-546, 2009.

T. Torgersen and W. B. Clarke, Geochemical constraints on formation fluid ages, hydrothermal heat flux, and crustal mass transport mechanisms at Cajon Pass, J. Geophys. Res, vol.97, 1992.

M. A. Etheridge, V. J. Wall, S. F. Cox, and R. H. Vernon, High fluid pressures during regional metamorphism and deformation: Implications for mass transport and deformation mechanisms, J. Geophys. Res, vol.89, pp.4344-4358, 1984.

G. Tamburello, S. Pondrelli, G. Chiodini, and D. Rouwet, Global-scale control of extensional tectonics on CO 2 earth degassing, Nat. Commun, vol.9, 2018.

G. Chiodini, Carbon dioxide Earth degassing and seismogenesis in central and southern Italy, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.31, 2004.

F. Girault, Persistent CO2emissions and hydrothermal unrest following the 2015 earthquake in Nepal, Nat. Commun, vol.9, pp.1-10, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/cea-01880809

D. Maestrelli, Dynamic Triggering of Mud Volcano Eruptions During the 2016-2017 Central Italy Seismic Sequence, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, vol.122, pp.9149-9165, 2017.

M. Manga, M. Brumm, and M. L. Rudolph, Earthquake triggering of mud volcanoes, Mar. Pet. Geol, vol.26, pp.1785-1798, 2009.

G. Holland and S. Gilfillan, Application of Noble Gases to the Viability of CO2 Storage. Noble Gases as Geochem, 2013.

R. Parai and S. Mukhopadhyay, Xenon isotopic constraints on the history of volatile recycling into the mantle, 2018.

G. Avice, B. Marty, and R. Burgess, The origin and degassing history of the Earth's atmosphere revealed by Archean xenon, Nat. Commun, vol.8, pp.1-9, 2017.

C. J. Ballentine, P. G. Burnard, and . Production, Release and Transport of Noble Gases in the Continental Crust, Rev. Miner. Geochem, vol.47, pp.481-538, 2002.

M. Ozima, F. Podosek, . Noble-gas, and . Geochemistry, , 2002.

B. A. Mamyrin and I. N. Tolstikhin, Helium isotopes in nature, DEVELOPMENTS IN GEOCHEMISTRY, 1984.

C. J. Ballentine, M. Schoell, D. Coleman, and B. A. Cain, 300-Myr-old magmatic CO2 in natural gas reservoirs of the west Texas Permian basin, Nature, vol.409, pp.327-331, 2001.

R. K. O'nions and E. R. Oxburgh, Helium, volatile fluxes and the development of continental crust, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett, vol.90, pp.331-347, 1988.

J. T. Kulongoski, Volatile fluxes through the Big Bend section of the San Andreas Fault, California: Helium and carbon-dioxide systematics, Chem. Geol, vol.339, pp.92-102, 2013.

A. Caracausi and M. Paternoster, Radiogenic helium degassing and rock fracturing: A case study of the southern Apennines active tectonic region, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 1-12, 2015.

B. M. Kennedy, Mantle Fluids in the San Andreas Fault System, California. Sci, vol.278, pp.1278-1281, 1997.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00681377

B. M. Kennedy and M. C. Van-soest, Flow of Mantle Fluids Through the Ductile Lower Crust: Helium Isotope Trends, vol.318, pp.1433-1436, 2007.

C. J. Ballentine, R. Burgess, and M. Bernard, Tracing Fluid Origin, Transport and Interaction in the Crust, Rev. Miner. Geochem, vol.47, pp.539-614, 2002.

K. Bräuer, W. H. Geissler, H. Kämpf, S. Niedermannn, and N. Rman, Helium and carbon isotope signatures of gas exhalations in the westernmost part of the Pannonian Basin, Evidence for active lithospheric mantle degassing, vol.422, pp.60-70, 2016.

T. Torgersen and J. O'donnell, The degassing flux from the solid earth: Release by fracturing, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.18, pp.951-954, 1991.

Y. Sano, Groundwater helium anomaly reflects strain change during the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake in Southwest Japan, Sci. Rep, vol.6, 2016.

Y. Sano, N. Takahata, G. Igarashi, N. Koizumi, and N. C. Sturchio, Helium degassing related to the Kobe earthquake, Chem. Geol, vol.150, pp.171-179, 1998.

G. Martinelli and A. Judd, Mud volcanoes of Italy, Geol. J, vol.39, pp.49-61, 2004.

G. Martinelli, D. Alberto, and M. Mucciarelli, Radon emissions from mud volcanoes in Northern Italy: possible connection with local seismicity, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.22, pp.1989-1992, 1995.

M. L. Rudolph and M. Manga, Frequency dependence of mud volcano response to earthquakes, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.39, pp.1-5, 2012.

G. Martinelli, B. M. Panahi, and . Volcanoes, Geodynamics and Seismicity, vol.51, 2005.

G. Martinelli and A. Dadomo, Mud Volcano Monitoring and Seismic Events, Mud Volcanoes, pp.187-199, 2005.

G. Etiope, A. Feyzullayev, and C. L. Baciu, Terrestrial methane seeps and mud volcanoes: A global perspective of gas origin, Mar. Pet. Geol, vol.26, pp.333-344, 2009.

M. Bonini, Interrelations of mud volcanism, fluid venting, and thrust-anticline folding: Examples from the external northern Apennines, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, vol.112, pp.1-21, 2007.

R. Capozzi and V. Picotti, Fluid migration and origin of a mud volcano in the Northern Apennines (Italy): The role of deeply rooted normal faults, Terra Nov, vol.14, pp.363-370, 2002.

G. Etiope, G. Martinelli, A. Caracausi, and F. Italiano, Methane seeps and mud volcanoes in Italy: Gas origin, fractionation and emission to the atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.34, pp.1-5, 2007.

A. Sciarra, B. Cantucci, T. Ricci, Y. Tomonaga, and A. Mazzini, Geochemical characterization of the Nirano mud volcano, Italy. Appl. Geochem, vol.102, pp.77-87, 2019.

D. Oppo, R. Capozzi, and V. Picotti, A new model of the petroleum system in the Northern Apennines, Italy. Mar. Pet. Geol, vol.48, pp.57-76, 2013.

A. V. Milkov and G. Etiope, Revised genetic diagrams for natural gases based on a global dataset of >20,000 samples, Org. Geochem, vol.125, 2018.

T. Torgersen and W. B. Clarke, Helium accumulation in groundwater, I: An evaluation of sources and the continental flux of crustal4He in the Great Artesian Basin, Australia. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, vol.49, pp.1211-1218, 1985.

C. H. Scholz, L. R. Sykes, and Y. P. Aggarwal, Earthquake Prediction: A Physical Basis. Sci. (80-. ), vol.181, 1973.

M. Honda, K. Kurita, Y. Hamano, and M. Ozima, Experimental studies of He and Ar degassing during rock fracturing, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett, vol.59, pp.429-436, 1982.

D. Thomas, Geochemical precursors to seismic activity, Pure Appl. Geophys. PAGEOPH, vol.126, pp.241-266, 1988.

P. Tapponier and W. F. Brace, Development of stress induced microcracks in {W}esterly granite, Int. J. Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr, vol.13, pp.103-112, 1976.

. Bauer, Real Time Degassing of Rock during Deformation, pp.2016-1483, 2016.

S. J. Bauer, W. P. Gardner, and J. E. Heath, Helium release during shale deformation: Experimental validation, Geochem. Geophys. Geosystems, vol.17, pp.2612-2622, 2016.

N. Takahata and Y. Sano, Helium flux from a sedimentary basin, Appl. Radiat. Isot, vol.52, pp.985-992, 2000.

W. Liu, Formation time of gas reservoir constrained by the time-accumulation effect of 4He: Case study of the Puguang gas reservoir, Chem. Geol, 2017.

M. Coltorti, U and Th content in the Central Apennines continental crust: A contribution to the determination of the geo-neutrinos flux at LNGS, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, vol.75, pp.2271-2294, 2011.

Z. Zhou and C. J. Ballentine, 4He dating of groundwater associated with hydrocarbon reservoirs, Chem. Geol, vol.226, pp.309-327, 2006.

H. Craig and J. E. Lupton, Primordial neon, helium, and hydrogen in oceanic basalts, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett, vol.31, pp.369-385, 1976.

R. L. Rudnick and D. M. Fountain, Nature and composition of the continental crust: A lower-crustal perspective, Rev. Geophys, vol.33, pp.267-309, 1995.

G. Lavecchia, P. Boncio, N. Creati, and F. Brozzetti, Some aspects of the Italian geology not fitting with a subduction scenario, J. Virtual Explor, vol.10, pp.1-14, 2003.

B. Castello, M. Olivieri, and G. Selvaggi, Local and duration magnitude determination for the Italian earthquake catalog, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am, vol.97, pp.128-139, 1981.

G. Selvaggi, B. Castello, and R. Azzara, Spatial distribution of scalar seismic moment release in Italy (1983-1996): seismotectonics implications for the Apennines, 1997.

Y. Shimazu, Physics of the Earth, 1971.

M. Manga and M. Bonini, Large historical eruptions at subaerial mud volcanoes, Italy. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci, vol.12, pp.3377-3386, 2012.

A. L. Rizzo, New mafic magma refilling a quiescent volcano: Evidence from He-Ne-Ar isotopes during the 2011-2012 unrest at Santorini, Greece. Geochem. Geophys. Geosystems, vol.16, pp.798-814, 2015.

Y. Sano and H. Wakita, Geographical distribution of He3/He4 ratios in Japan: implications for arc tectonics and incipient magmatism, J. Geophys. Res, vol.90, pp.8729-8741, 1985.

A. Battaglia, The Magmatic Gas Signature of Pacaya Volcano, With Implications for the Volcanic CO 2 Flux From Guatemala, Geochem. Geophys. Geosystems, vol.19, pp.667-692, 2018.

M. E. Gennaro, F. Grassa, M. Martelli, A. Renzulli, and A. L. Rizzo, Carbon isotope composition of CO2-rich inclusions in cumulate-forming mantle minerals from Stromboli volcano (Italy), J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res, vol.346, pp.95-103, 2017.

P. M. Nuccio, A. Caracausi, and M. Costa, Mantle-derived fluids discharged at the Bradanic foredeep/Apulian foreland boundary: The Maschito geothermal gas emissions (southern Italy), Mar. Pet. Geol, vol.55, pp.309-314, 2014.

M. L. Carapezza, Gas blowout from shallow boreholes near Fiumicino International Airport (Rome): Gas origin and hazard assessment, Chem. Geol, pp.54-65, 2015.

D. R. Tobergte and S. Curtis, ASSESSMENT OF UNCERTAINTIES IN OIL AND GAS RESERVES ESTIMATION BY VARIOUS EVALUATION METHODS. J. Chem. Inf. Model, vol.53, pp.1689-1699, 2013.

F. Demirmen, Reserves Estimation: The Challenge for the Industry, J. Pet. Technol, vol.59, pp.80-89, 2007.

R. Mazzei, Calcolo volumetrico degli idrocarburi originariamente in posto, vol.07, 2001.

R. Mireault, L. Dean, . Engineering, and . Geologists, , 2012.

A. Timur, An Investigation Of Permeability, Porosity, & Residual Water Saturation Relationships For Sandstone Reservoirs, Log Anal, vol.9, p.10, 1968.

L. D. Piper, W. D. Mccain, and J. H. Corredor, Compressibility factors for naturally occurring petroleum gases, SPE Repr. Ser, pp.23-33, 1999.

C. Gautheron and M. Moreira, Helium signature of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett, vol.199, pp.39-47, 2002.

M. Bonini, Interrelations of mud volcanism, fluid venting, and thrust-anticline folding: Examples from the external northern Apennines, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, vol.112, pp.1-21, 2007.

G. Etiope, G. Martinelli, A. Caracausi, and F. Italiano, Methane seeps and mud volcanoes in Italy: Gas origin, fractionation and emission to the atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.34, pp.1-5, 2007.

D. Oppo, R. Capozzi, and V. Picotti, A new model of the petroleum system in the Northern Apennines, Italy. Mar. Pet. Geol, vol.48, pp.57-76, 2013.

J. Choi, P. Edwards, K. Ko, and Y. Kim, Definition and classification of fault damage zones: A review and a new methodological approach, Earth-Science Rev, vol.152, pp.70-87, 2016.

J. P. Evans, Brevia SHORT NOTES Thickness-displacement relationships for fault zones, J. Struct. Geol, vol.12, pp.1061-1065, 1990.

C. H. Scholz, N. H. Dawers, J. Yu, M. H. Anders, and P. A. Cowie, Fault growth and fault scaling laws: Preliminary results, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, vol.98, pp.21951-21961, 1993.

H. M. Savage and E. E. Brodsky, Collateral damage: Evolution with displacement of fracture distribution and secondary fault strands in fault damage zones, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, vol.116, 2011.

A. Torabi and S. S. Berg, Scaling of fault attributes: A review, Mar. Pet. Geol, vol.28, pp.1444-1460, 2011.

C. Childs, A. Nicol, J. J. Walsh, and J. Watterson, Growth of vertically segmented normal faults, J. Struct. Geol, vol.18, pp.1389-1397, 1996.

S. D. Knott, Spatial and mechanical controls on normal fault populations, J. Struct. Geol, vol.18, pp.80056-80059, 1996.

J. M. Vermilye and C. H. Scholz, The process zone: A microstructural view of fault growth, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, vol.103, pp.12223-12237, 1998.

A. Beach, A. I. Welbon, P. J. Brockbank, and J. E. Mccallum, Reservoir damage around faults; outcrop examples from the Suez Rift, Pet. Geosci, vol.5, pp.109-116, 1999.

H. Fossen and J. Hesthammer, Possible absence of small faults in the Gullfaks Field, northern North Sea: implications for downscaling of faults in some porous sandstones, J. Struct. Geol, vol.22, pp.851-863, 2000.

Z. K. Shipton, A. M. Soden, J. D. Kirkpatrick, A. M. Bright, and R. J. Lunn, How Thick is a Fault? Fault Displacement-Thickness Scaling Revisited, pp.193-198, 2006.

T. M. Mitchell and D. R. Faulkner, The nature and origin of off-fault damage surrounding strike-slip fault zones with a wide range of displacements: A field study from the Atacama fault system, northern Chile, J. Struct. Geol, vol.31, pp.802-816, 2009.

D. R. Faulkner, T. M. Mitchell, E. Jensen, and J. Cembrano, Scaling of fault damage zones with displacement and the implications for fault growth processes, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, vol.116, 2011.

A. G. Mcgrath and I. Davison, Damage zone geometry around fault tips, J. Struct. Geol, vol.17, p.116, 1995.