The diversity among rust fungi is simply astounding: over 7000 species that evolved to colonize niches all over the plant kingdom. This diversification likely involved major host jumps, especially considering that the life cycles of heteroecious rusts, such as the cereal rusts, involve sexual and asexual stages that take place on completely unrelated host plants (Savile, 1976; McTaggart et al., 2015), but also co-evolution in diverse natural settings, establishing equilibrium (e.g., Thrall et al., 2012). These interactions resulted in complex life styles including for many rusts, the production of up to five different spore types, each requiring very different developmental programs and hence gene expression.