Bacteria isolated from Mimosa nodules in Taiwan, Papua New Guinea, Mexico and Puerto Rico were identified as belonging to either the a-or b-proteobacteria. The b-proteobacterial Burkholderia and Cupriavidus strains formed effective sym-bioses with the common invasive species Mimosa diplotricha, M. pigra and M. pudica, but the a-proteobacterial Rhizobium etli and R. tropici strains produced a range of symbiotic phenotypes from no nodulation through ineffective to effective nodula-tion, depending on Mimosa species. Competition studies were performed between three of the a-proteobacteria (R. etli TJ167, R. tropici NGR181 and UPRM8021) and two of the b-rhizobial symbionts (Burkholderia mimosarum PAS44 and Cupriavidus taiwanensis LMG19424) for nodulation of these inva-sive Mimosa species. Under flooded conditions, B. mimosarum PAS44 out-competed LMG19424 and all three a-proteobacteria to the point of exclusion. This advantage was not explained by initial inoculum levels, rates of bacterial growth, rhizobia-rhizobia growth inhibition or individual nodulation rate. However, the competitive domination of PAS44 over LMG19424 was reduced in the presence of nitrate for all three plant hosts. The largest significant effect was for M. pudica, in which LMG19424 formed 57% of the nodules in the presence of 0.5 mM potassium nitrate. In this host, ammonium also had a similar, but lesser, effect. Comparable results were also found using an N-containing soil mixture, and environmental N levels are therefore suggested as a factor in the competitive success of the bacterial symbiont in vivo.