National trends in total cholesterol obscure heterogeneous changes in HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio: a pooled analysis of 458 population-based studies in Asian and Western countries
(1)
,
(2)
,
(1)
,
(1)
,
(3)
,
(4)
,
(5)
,
(6)
,
(7)
,
(1)
,
(8)
,
(9)
,
(10)
,
(11)
,
(12)
,
(13)
,
(14)
,
(5)
,
(15)
,
(16)
,
,
(17)
,
(18)
,
,
(19, 20)
,
,
(21)
,
,
(22)
,
(23)
,
(24)
,
(25)
,
(25)
,
(25)
,
(25)
,
(1)
,
(26)
,
(27)
,
(28)
,
(29)
,
(30)
,
(31)
,
(32)
,
(33)
,
(34)
,
(35)
,
(36)
,
(23)
,
(19)
,
(37)
,
(38)
,
(39)
,
(2)
,
,
,
(40)
,
(41)
,
(42)
,
(43)
,
(44)
,
(45)
,
,
,
(46)
,
(47)
,
(42)
,
(48)
,
(49)
,
,
(50)
,
(51)
,
,
,
,
,
(20)
,
(14)
,
,
(52)
,
(53)
,
,
(11)
,
(54)
,
(44)
,
(55)
,
(39)
,
,
,
,
(56)
,
(11)
,
(11)
,
(44)
,
(11)
,
(11)
,
(54)
,
(57)
,
,
(58)
,
(12)
,
(17)
,
,
(48)
,
(36)
,
(41)
,
(30)
,
(59)
,
(5)
,
(60)
,
(61)
,
,
,
,
(62)
,
(63)
,
(21)
,
(21)
,
,
(64)
,
(65)
,
(66)
,
,
(20)
,
(39)
,
(67)
,
(20)
,
,
(68)
,
(26)
,
(56)
,
(69)
,
(70)
,
(71)
,
(31)
,
(72)
,
(38)
,
(73)
,
(66)
,
(42)
,
,
(19)
,
(13)
,
(67)
,
(13)
,
(61)
,
(51)
,
(18)
,
(74)
,
(39)
,
(75)
,
(76)
,
(77)
,
(1)
,
(78)
,
,
(20)
,
(79)
,
(44)
,
,
,
(80)
,
(26)
,
(81)
,
(1, 34)
,
(73)
,
(13)
,
,
,
(82)
,
(34)
,
,
,
(5)
,
(83)
,
(84)
,
(77)
,
,
(85)
,
(85)
,
,
,
,
(85)
,
(40)
,
(30)
,
(34)
,
(5)
,
(64)
,
(86)
,
(61)
,
(81)
,
(87)
,
,
(88)
,
(72)
,
(89)
,
(81)
,
,
(90, 91)
,
(3)
,
(92)
,
(93)
,
(94)
,
(41)
,
(24)
,
(19)
,
(95)
,
,
,
(5)
,
,
(94)
,
(96)
,
(97)
,
,
(98)
,
(99)
,
(22)
,
(100)
,
(15)
,
,
(28)
,
(17)
,
(2)
,
,
(15)
,
(101)
,
(69)
,
(102)
,
(103)
,
(83)
,
(104)
,
(35)
,
(95)
,
(20)
,
(92)
,
(73)
,
(5, 105)
,
(106)
,
,
,
(37)
,
(63)
,
(60)
,
,
(13)
,
,
(73)
,
(12)
,
,
(15)
,
(5)
,
(17)
,
(95)
,
(27)
,
,
,
,
,
(100)
,
(16)
,
(34)
,
,
(105)
,
,
,
,
,
(107)
,
,
(108)
,
,
(109)
,
,
(110)
,
(111)
,
(112)
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
(47)
,
,
(113)
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
(114)
,
(115)
,
,
(116)
,
(117)
,
(118)
,
,
,
,
(119)
,
,
,
,
(120)
,
,
,
,
,
,
(121)
,
,
,
,
,
(122)
,
(123)
,
(124)
,
(125)
,
(126)
,
,
(127)
,
,
(128)
,
,
,
(129)
,
,
(130)
,
(131)
,
(132)
,
(133)
,
(134)
,
(5)
,
,
(135)
,
,
,
,
,
(136)
,
,
(137)
,
(138)
,
,
(139)
,
,
,
,
,
(140)
,
,
,
,
,
,
(76)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
Jean Dallongeville
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 909750
George A Mensah
- Function : Author
Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 773566
- ORCID : 0000-0003-3793-5910
Janina Petkeviciene
- Function : Author
Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 909747
Jennifer Servais
- Function : Author
Bill Stavreski
- Function : Author
Philippe Amouyel
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 902570
Gailute Bernotiene
- Function : Author
Yufang Bi
- Function : Author
Rossana Borchini
- Function : Author
Herman Borghs
- Function : Author
Vincenzo Capuano
- Function : Author
Carmelo A Caserta
- Function : Author
Laura Censi
- Function : Author
Fangfang Chen
- Function : Author
Shuohua Chen
- Function : Author
María-Dolores Chirlaque
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 925882
Yumi Cho
- Function : Author
Janine Clarke
- Function : Author
Ana B Crujeiras
- Function : Author
Liufu Cui
- Function : Author
Graziella d'Arrigo
- Function : Author
Valérie Deschamps
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 838632
Augusto Di Castelnuovo
- Function : Author
Wojciech Drygas
- Function : Author
Ulf Ekelund
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 902237
Francisco J Felix-Redondo
- Function : Author
Daniel Fernández-Bergés
- Function : Author
Marika Ferrari
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 905559
Jean Ferrières
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 756842
- ORCID : 0000-0001-6144-1297
- IdRef : 061532940
Guillermo Frontera
- Function : Author
Fabio Galvano
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 896418
Jingli Gao
- Function : Author
Louise Gates
- Function : Author
Giuseppe Grosso
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 800119
- ORCID : 0000-0003-3930-5285
- IdRef : 061122459
Dongfeng Gu
- Function : Author
Wilma M Hopman
- Function : Author
Inge Huybrechts
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 894802
Anna G Iannone
- Function : Author
Nayu Ikeda
- Function : Author
Seung-Lyeal Jeong
- Function : Author
Chao Qiang Jiang
- Function : Author
Jost B Jonas
- Function : Author
Jacek Jóźwiak
- Function : Author
Ulrich Keil
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 923600
Mathilde Kersting
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 909847
Jeongseon Kim
- Function : Author
Yeon-Yong Kim
- Function : Author
Jurate Klumbiene
- Function : Author
Pawel Kurjata
- Function : Author
Jeonghee Lee
- Function : Author
Lars Lind
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 773565
- ORCID : 0000-0003-2335-8542
José Eugenio Lozano
- Function : Author
Dalia Luksiene
- Function : Author
Robert Lundqvist
- Function : Author
Stefania Maggi
- Function : Author
Scott B Mclean
- Function : Author
Jie Mi
- Function : Author
Marianna Noale
- Function : Author
Sawada Norie
- Function : Author
Kyungwon Oh
- Function : Author
Fred Michel Paccaud
- Function : Author
Luigi Palmieri
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 762590
- ORCID : 0000-0002-6503-2922
Francesco Panza
- Function : Author
Annette Peters
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 764072
- ORCID : 0000-0001-6645-0985
Lorenza Pilotto
- Function : Author
Aleksandra Piwonska
- Function : Author
Pedro Plans-Rubió
- Function : Author
Miquel Porta
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 919698
Ricardas Radisauskas
- Function : Author
Rafel Ramos
- Function : Author
Josep Redon
- Function : Author
Fernando Rigo
- Function : Author
Maríadelcristo Rodriguez-Perez
- Function : Author
Kimmo Ronkainen
- Function : Author
Joel Roy
- Function : Author
Marcin Rutkowski
- Function : Author
Jukkat Salonen
- Function : Author
Massimo Salvetti
- Function : Author
Susana Sans
- Function : Author
Joukol Saramies
- Function : Author
Kai-Uwe Saum
- Function : Author
Christa Scheidt-Nave
- Function : Author
Anja Schienkiewitz
- Function : Author
Sabine Schipf
- Function : Author
Carsteno Schmidt
- Function : Author
Sylvain Sebert
- Function : Author
Jonathane Shaw
- Function : Author
Kenji Shibuya
- Function : Author
Dong Wookshin
- Function : Author
Rahman Shiri
- Function : Author
Judith Simons
- Function : Author
Leona Simons
- Function : Author
Przemyslaw Slusarczyk
- Function : Author
Jana Staessen
- Function : Author
Mariag Stathopoulou
- Function : Author
Jostein Steene-Johannessen
- Function : Author
Jutta Stieber
- Function : Author
Doris Stöckl
- Function : Author
Jakub Stokwiszewski
- Function : Author
Johan Sundström
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 764509
- ORCID : 0000-0003-2247-8454
Paibul Suriyawongpaisal
- Function : Author
Abdonas Tamosiunas
- Function : Author
Eng Jootan
- Function : Author
Anne Taylor
- Function : Author
Grethe Tell
- Function : Author
Lutgarde Thijs
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 783009
- ORCID : 0000-0002-8108-2356
Hannak Tolonen
- Function : Author
Roman Topór-Madry
- Function : Author
María Josétormo
- Function : Author
Maties Torrent
- Function : Author
Christophe Tzourio
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 758563
- ORCID : 0000-0002-6517-2984
- IdRef : 069829209
Koen Vanherck
- Function : Author
Diego Vanuzzo
- Function : Author
Tomas Vega
- Function : Author
Giovanni Veronesi
- Function : Author
Jyrkik Virtanen
- Function : Author
Sophie Visvikis-Siest
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 740132
- IdHAL : sofia-siest
- ORCID : 0000-0001-8104-8425
- IdRef : 101311532
Martine Vrijheid
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 763761
- ORCID : 0000-0002-7090-1758
- IdRef : 225451581
Anne Wagner
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 786376
- IdRef : 087249448
Ming-Dong Wang
- Function : Author
Qian Wang
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 759991
- ORCID : 0000-0002-8325-7869
Ya Xingwang
- Function : Author
S Goya Wannamethee
- Function : Author
Wenbin Wei
- Function : Author
Peterh Whincup
- Function : Author
Johann Willeit
- Function : Author
Andrew Wong
- Function : Author
Aleksander Giwercmanwu
- Function : Author
Frederickc Wu
- Function : Author
Shouling Wu
- Function : Author
Haiquan Xu
- Function : Author
Weili Yan
- Function : Author
Xiaoguang Yang
- Function : Author
Xingwang Ye
- Function : Author
Akihiro Yoshihara
- Function : Author
Sabina Zambon
- Function : Author
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Although high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and non-HDL cholesterol have opposite associations with coronary heart disease, multi-country reports of lipid trends only use total cholesterol (TC). Our aim was to compare trends in total, HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and the total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio in Asian and Western countries.
METHODS:
We pooled 458 population-based studies with 82.1 million participants in 23 Asian and Western countries. We estimated changes in mean total, HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and mean total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio by country, sex and age group.
RESULTS:
Since ∼1980, mean TC increased in Asian countries. In Japan and South Korea, the TC rise was due to rising HDL cholesterol, which increased by up to 0.17 mmol/L per decade in Japanese women; in China, it was due to rising non-HDL cholesterol. TC declined in Western countries, except in Polish men. The decline was largest in Finland and Norway, at ∼0.4 mmol/L per decade. The decline in TC in most Western countries was the net effect of an increase in HDL cholesterol and a decline in non-HDL cholesterol, with the HDL cholesterol increase largest in New Zealand and Switzerland. Mean total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio declined in Japan, South Korea and most Western countries, by as much as ∼0.7 per decade in Swiss men (equivalent to ∼26% decline in coronary heart disease risk per decade). The ratio increased in China.
CONCLUSIONS:
HDL cholesterol has risen and the total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio has declined in many Western countries, Japan and South Korea, with only a weak correlation with changes in TC or non-HDL cholesterol.
Origin : Publisher files allowed on an open archive
Loading...