Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of herpesvirus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is an important tool in the diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) syndromes. The corresponding viral infections present with diverse clinical signs, which are often classical although no sign can be considered as specific. This retrospective study aims to describe atypical symptoms in patients with herpesvirus DNA detected in CSF by PCR. A total of 3452 cerebrospinal fluid samples from patients with suspected herpesvirus infection of the CNS were investigated between 1998 and 2003 in our clinical virology laboratory. "In-house" PCRs for each herpesvirus [herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein Barr virus (EBV), or human herpes virus 6 (HHV6)] were used until 2001 and a commercially available "Herpes Consensus PCR" was used thereafter. One of the five herpesviruses investigated in this study was found in 71 (2.1%) of CSF samples (37 HSV, 14 VZV, 1 CMV, 9 EBV and 10 HHV6). These samples were obtained from 62 patients whose clinical findings were generally consistent with the PCR data. However, some little known features of herpesvirus-related symptoms, such as partial seizure associated with HSV infection, and unusual VZV or HHV6-related myelitis were also observed.