Strategies to recover and minimize boil-off losses during liquid hydrogen storage
Résumé
Liquid hydrogen (LH 2) offers the highest storage density compared to other forms of storage, without requiring a chemical reaction. However, it requires the hydrogen be cooled to 20 K using an energy-intensive refrigeration process. LH 2 storage is associated with the unavoidable evaporation of a fraction of the LH 2 , known as "boil-off", which results in process inefficiency and energy losses. To ensure proper deployment and increased competitiveness of LH 2 storage, evaporation should be minimized as much as possible or, alternatively, recovered in liquid or gaseous form. This review covers, for the first time in a single document, the key elements including definition, current challenges, and state of the art of the hydrogen storage in the form of LH 2 and the three different recovery strategies to minimize hydrogen evaporation or recover boil-off hydrogen, namely: zero boiloff (ZBO), hydrogen reliquefaction, and commercial solutions for boil-off hydrogen compression. The expertise gained on ZBO over decades in combining active and passive insulation technologies for cryogenic storage can be beneficial for other applications beyond the spacecraft industry. H 2 reliquefaction requires considering its costeffectiveness, while effectively integrating reliquefaction systems with cryogenic LH 2 tanks to harness the low temperature of boil-off hydrogen. Ultimately, the development of non-mechanical compressors capable of operating at the temperature of boil-off hydrogen is an attractive option for advancing the logistics of LH 2 .
Domaines
Physique [physics]
Origine : Fichiers produits par l'(les) auteur(s)
Licence : CC BY NC ND - Paternité - Pas d'utilisation commerciale - Pas de modification
Licence : CC BY NC ND - Paternité - Pas d'utilisation commerciale - Pas de modification