Clarification of the hard carbon electrochemical (de)lithiation
Clarification de la (dé)lithiation électrochimique du carbone dur
Résumé
Given the strong growth of the global battery demand and the criticality of graphite, diversifying anode materials in Li-ion systems has become increasingly important. In this context, because of numerous favorable properties, hard carbon is positioned as an interesting alternative. However, due to its structural, textural and chemical complexity, its electrochemical lithiation mechanism remains to clarify. In this paper, a review of the various lithiation mechanisms in hard carbon and their impact on the galvanostatic curves extracted from literature is realized. Thanks to a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the literature, the impact of the surface parameters (specific surface area, defects, heteroatoms, porosity), the turbostratic domains features (size, proportion, interlayer distance) and the closed porosity (size, quantity) on the electrochemical lithiation are highlighted. Their beneficial or detrimental role is discussed, even if some uncertainties remain concerning some aspects such as closed porosity. Finally, other key parameters mandatory for the application are discussed (irreversible capacity, lithium plating).
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