This work describes the sewer system as an integrated part of the wastewater treatment system. The main objectives of this study were: identification and quantification of water sources collected in sewer system, referring to isotopic signatures of water and dissolved sulfates; identification of the mineralogical nature of trace element carriers and determination of their geochemical evolution within the sewer by TEM and SEM coupled with EDSX ; Evidencing exchanges between sewage and biofilms, using CLSM and TEM, and investigating hydrodynamic conditions controlling this exchange in an experimental set-up (Couette-Poiseuille reactor). The results indicate that isotopic data may be used to study the tightness of sewer lines and to evaluate the evolution of element concentrations along sewer. Implication of the sewer system as a true biophysicochemical reactor is evidenced in our study by the evolution of the mineralogical nature of phosphate phases downstream of the sewer and by heavy metal precipitations in anaerobic conditions as neoformed sulfide phases. Sump pit deposits and biofilms represent the earlier stage of this neoformation. Organic matter biodegradation was revealed by TEM examination of SM whereas the exchange between biofilms and SM was shown by CLSM. Cellulose fibers from SM were found embedded in exopolymer biofilm matrices and detached fragments from biofilms were identified in sewage. The majority of these evolutions are located upstream of sewer system in which the contrast in physicochemical properties are the most significant. Finally, biofilm model investigations and image processing showed that hydrodynamic conditions are largely implicated in biofilm detachment